BC.1
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- ."
- ." bc.1 - the *roff document processor source for the bc manual
- ."
- ." This file is part of bc written for MINIX.
- ." Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- ."
- ." This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
- ." it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- ." the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License , or
- ." (at your option) any later version.
- ."
- ." This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- ." but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- ." MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
- ." GNU General Public License for more details.
- ."
- ." You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- ." along with this program; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
- ." the Free Software Foundation, 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- ."
- ." You may contact the author by:
- ." e-mail: phil@cs.wwu.edu
- ." us-mail: Philip A. Nelson
- ." Computer Science Department, 9062
- ." Western Washington University
- ." Bellingham, WA 98226-9062
- ."
- ."
- .TH bc 1 ." "Command Manual" v1.02 "Feb 3, 1992"
- .SH NAME
- bc - An arbitrary precision calculator language
- .SH SYNTAX
- fBbcfR [ fB-lwsfR ] [ fI file ...fR ]
- .SH VERSION
- This man page documents GNU bc version 1.02.
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- fBbcfR is a language that supports arbitrary precision numbers
- with interactive execution of statements. There are some similarities
- in the syntax to the C programming language.
- A standard math library is available by command line option.
- If requested, the math library is defined before processing any files.
- fBbcfR starts by processing code from all the files listed
- on the command line in the order listed. After all files have been
- processed, fBbcfR reads from the standard input. All code is
- executed as it is read. (If a file contains a command to halt the
- processor, fBbcfR will never read from the standard input.)
- .PP
- This version of fBbcfR contains several extensions beyond
- traditional fBbcfR implementations and the POSIX draft standard.
- Command line options can cause these extensions to print a warning
- or to be rejected. This
- document describes the language accepted by this processor.
- Extensions will be identified as such.
- .SS OPTIONS
- .IP -l
- Define the standard math library.
- .IP -w
- Give warnings for extensions to POSIX fBbcfR.
- .IP -s
- Process exactly the POSIX fBbcfR language.
- .SS NUMBERS
- The most basic element in fBbcfR is the number. Numbers are
- arbitrary precision numbers. This precision is both in the integer
- part and the fractional part. All numbers are represented internally
- in decimal and all computation is done in decimal. (This version
- truncates results from divide and multiply operations.) There are two
- attributes of numbers, the length and the scale. The length is the
- total number of significant decimal digits in a number and the scale
- is the total number of decimal digits after the decimal point. For
- example:
- .nf
- .RS
- .000001 has a length of 6 and scale of 6.
- 1935.000 has a length of 7 and a scale of 3.
- .RE
- .fi
- .SS VARIABLES
- Numbers are stored in two types of variables, simple variables and
- arrays. Both simple variables and array variables are named. Names
- begin with a letter followed by any number of letters, digits and
- underscores. All letters must be lower case. (Full alpha-numeric
- names are an extension. In POSIX fBbcfR all names are a single
- lower case letter.) The type of variable is clear by the context
- because all array variable names will be followed by brackets ([]).
- .PP
- There are four special variables, fBscale, ibase, obase,fR and
- fBlastfR. fBscalefR defines how some operations use digits after the
- decimal point. The default value of fBscalefR is 0. fBibasefR
- and fBobasefR define the conversion base for input and output
- numbers. The default for both input and output is base 10.
- fBlastfR (an extension) is a variable that has the value of the last
- printed number. These will be discussed in further detail where
- appropriate. All of these variables may have values assigned to them
- as well as used in expressions.
- .SS COMMENTS
- Comments in fBbcfR start with the characters fB/*fR and end with
- the characters fB*/fR. Comments may start anywhere and appear as a
- single space in the input. (This causes comments to delimit other
- input items. For example, a comment can not be found in the middle of
- a variable name.) Comments include any newlines (end of line) between
- the start and the end of the comment.
- .SS EXPRESSIONS
- The numbers are manipulated by expressions and statements. Since
- the language was designed to be interactive, statements and expressions
- are executed as soon as possible. There is no "main" program. Instead,
- code is executed as it is encountered. (Functions, discussed in
- detail later, are defined when encountered.)
- .PP
- A simple expression is just a constant. fBbcfR converts constants
- into internal decimal numbers using the current input base, specified
- by the variable fBibasefR. (There is an exception in functions.)
- The legal values of fBibasefR are 2 through 16 (F). Assigning a
- value outside this range to fBibasefR will result in a value of 2
- or 16. Input numbers may contain the characters 0-9 and A-F. (Note:
- They must be capitals. Lower case letters are variable names.)
- Single digit numbers always have the value of the digit regardless of
- the value of fBibasefR. (i.e. A = 10.) For multi-digit numbers,
- fBbcfR changes all input digits greater or equal to ibase to the
- value of fBibasefR-1. This makes the number fBFFFfR always be
- the largest 3 digit number of the input base.
- .PP
- Full expressions are similar to many other high level languages.
- Since there is only one kind of number, there are no rules for mixing
- types. Instead, there are rules on the scale of expressions. Every
- expression has a scale. This is derived from the scale of original
- numbers, the operation performed and in many cases, the value of the
- variable fBscalefR. Legal values of the variable fBscalefR are
- 0 to the maximum number representable by a C integer.
- .PP
- In the following descriptions of legal expressions, "expr" refers to a
- complete expression and "var" refers to a simple or an array variable.
- A simple variable is just a
- .RS
- fInamefR
- .RE
- and an array variable is specified as
- .RS
- fInamefR[fIexprfR]
- .RE
- Unless specifically
- mentioned the scale of the result is the maximum scale of the
- expressions involved.
- .IP "- expr"
- The result is the negation of the expression.
- .IP "++ var"
- The variable is incremented by one and the new value is the result of
- the expression.
- .IP "-- var"
- The variable
- is decremented by one and the new value is the result of the
- expression.
- .IP "var ++"
- The result of the expression is the value of
- the variable and then the variable is incremented by one.
- .IP "var --"
- The result of the expression is the value of the variable and then
- the variable is decremented by one.
- .IP "expr + expr"
- The result of the expression is the sum of the two expressions.
- .IP "expr - expr"
- The result of the expression is the difference of the two expressions.
- .IP "expr * expr"
- The result of the expression is the product of the two expressions.
- .IP "expr / expr"
- The result of the expression is the quotient of the two expressions.
- The scale of the result is the value of the variable fBscalefR.
- .IP "expr % expr"
- The result of the expression is the "remainder" and it is computed in the
- following way. To compute a%b, first a/b is computed to fBscalefR
- digits. That result is used to compute a-(a/b)*b to the scale of the
- maximum of fBscalefR+scale(b) and scale(a). If fBscalefR is set
- to zero and both expressions are integers this expression is the
- integer remainder function.
- .IP "expr ^ expr"
- The result of the expression is the value of the first raised to the
- second. The second expression must be an integer. (If the second
- expression is not an integer, a warning is generated and the
- expression is truncated to get an integer value.) The scale of the
- result is fBscalefR if the exponent is negative. If the exponent
- is positive the scale of the result is the minimum of the scale of the
- first expression times the value of the exponent and the maximum of
- fBscalefR and the scale of the first expression. (e.g. scale(a^b)
- = min(scale(a)*b, max( fBscale,fR scale(a))).) It should be noted
- that expr^0 will always return the value of 1.
- .IP "( expr )"
- This alters the standard precedence to force the evaluation of the
- expression.
- .IP "var = expr"
- The variable is assigned the value of the expression.
- .IP "var <op>= expr"
- This is equivalent to "var = var <op> expr" with the exception that
- the "var" part is evaluated only once. This can make a difference if
- "var" is an array.
- .PP
- Relational expressions are a special kind of expression
- that always evaluate to 0 or 1, 0 if the relation is false and 1 if
- the relation is true. These may appear in any legal expression.
- (POSIX bc requires that relational expressions are used only in if,
- while, and for statements and that only one relational test may be
- done in them.) The relational operators are
- .IP "expr1 < expr2"
- The result is 1 if expr1 is strictly less than expr2.
- .IP "expr1 <= expr2"
- The result is 1 if expr1 is less than or equal to expr2.
- .IP "expr1 > expr2"
- The result is 1 if expr1 is strictly greater than expr2.
- .IP "expr1 >= expr2"
- The result is 1 if expr1 is greater than or equal to expr2.
- .IP "expr1 == expr2"
- The result is 1 if expr1 is equal to expr2.
- .IP "expr1 != expr2"
- The result is 1 if expr1 is not equal to expr2.
- .PP
- Boolean operations are also legal. (POSIX fBbcfR does NOT have
- boolean operations). The result of all boolean operations are 0 and 1
- (for false and true) as in relational expressions. The boolean
- operators are:
- .IP "!expr"
- The result is 1 if expr is 0.
- .IP "expr && expr"
- The result is 1 if both expressions are non-zero.
- .IP "expr || expr"
- The result is 1 if either expression is non-zero.
- .PP
- The expression precedence is as follows: (lowest to highest)
- .nf
- .RS
- || operator, left associative
- && operator, left associative
- ! operator, nonassociative
- Relational operators, left associative
- Assignment operator, right associative
- + and - operators, left associative
- *, / and % operators, left associative
- ^ operator, right associative
- unary - operator, nonassociative
- ++ and -- operators, nonassociative
- .RE
- .fi
- .PP
- This precedence was chosen so that POSIX compliant fBbcfR programs
- will run correctly. This will cause the use of the relational and
- logical operators to have some unusual behavior when used with
- assignment expressions. Consider the expression:
- .RS
- a = 3 < 5
- .RE
- .PP
- Most C programmers would assume this would assign the result of "3 <
- 5" (the value 1) to the variable "a". What this does in fBbcfR is
- assign the value 3 to the variable "a" and then compare 3 to 5. It is
- best to use parenthesis when using relational and logical operators
- with the assignment operators.
- .PP
- There are a few more special expressions that are provided in fBbcfR.
- These have to do with user defined functions and standard
- functions. They all appear as "fInamefB(fIparametersfB)fR".
- See the section on functions for user defined functions. The standard
- functions are:
- .IP "length ( expression )"
- The value of the length function is the number of significant digits in the
- expression.
- .IP "read ( )"
- The read function (an extension) will read a number from the standard
- input, regardless of where the function occurs. Beware, this can
- cause problems with the mixing of data and program in the standard input.
- The best use for this function is in a previously written program that
- needs input from the user, but never allows program code to be input
- from the user. The value of the read function is the number read from
- the standard input using the current value of the variable
- fBibasefR for the conversion base.
- .IP "scale ( expression )"
- The value of the scale function is the number of digits after the decimal
- point in the expression.
- .IP "sqrt ( expression )"
- The value of the sqrt function is the square root of the expression. If
- the expression is negative, a run time error is generated.
- .SS STATEMENTS
- Statements (as in most algebraic languages) provide the sequencing of
- expression evaluation. In fBbcfR statements are executed "as soon
- as possible." Execution happens when a newline in encountered and
- there is one or more complete statements. Due to this immediate
- execution, newlines are very important in fBbcfR. In fact, both a
- semicolon and a newline are used as statement separators. An
- improperly placed newline will cause a syntax error. Because newlines
- are statement separators, it is possible to hide a newline by using
- the backslash character. The sequence "e<nl>", where <nl> is the
- newline appears to fBbcfR as whitespace instead of a newline. A
- statement list is a series of statements separated by semicolons and
- newlines. The following is a list of fBbcfR statements and what
- they do: (Things enclosed in brackets ([]) are optional parts of the
- statement.)
- .IP "expression"
- This statement does one of two things. If the expression starts with
- "<variable> <assignment> ...", it is considered to be an assignment
- statement. If the expression is not an assignment statement, the
- expression is evaluated and printed to the output. After the number
- is printed, a newline is printed. For example, "a=1" is an assignment
- statement and "(a=1)" is an expression that has an embedded
- assignment. All numbers that are printed are printed in the base
- specified by the variable fBobasefR. The legal values for fB
- obasefR are 2 through BC_BASE_MAX. (See the section LIMITS.) For
- bases 2 through 16, the usual method of writing numbers is used. For
- bases greater than 16, fBbcfR uses a multi-character digit method
- of printing the numbers where each higher base digit is printed as a
- base 10 number. The multi-character digits are separated by spaces.
- Each digit contains the number of characters required to represent the
- base ten value of "obase-1". Since numbers are of arbitrary
- precision, some numbers may not be printable on a single output line.
- These long numbers will be split across lines using the "e" as the
- last character on a line. The maximum number of characters printed
- per line is 70. Due to the interactive nature of fBbcfR printing
- a number cause the side effect of assigning the printed value the the
- special variable fBlastfR. This allows the user to recover the
- last value printed without having to retype the expression that
- printed the number. Assigning to fBlastfR is legal and will
- overwrite the last printed value with the assigned value. The newly
- assigned value will remain until the next number is printed or another
- value is assigned to fBlastfR.
- .IP "string"
- The string is printed to the output. Strings start with a double quote
- character and contain all characters until the next double quote character.
- All characters are take literally, including any newline. No newline
- character is printed after the string.
- .IP "fBprintfR list"
- The print statement (an extension) provides another method of output.
- The "list" is a list of strings and expressions separated by commas.
- Each string or expression is printed in the order of the list. No
- terminating newline is printed. Expressions are evaluated and their
- value is printed and assigned the the variable fBlastfR. Strings
- in the print statement are printed to the output and may contain
- special characters. Special characters start with the backslash
- character (e). The special characters recognized by fBbcfR are
- "b" (bell), "f" (form feed), "n" (newline), "r" (carriage return), "t"
- (tab), and "e" (backslash). Any other character following the
- backslash will be ignored. This still does not allow the double quote
- character to be part of any string.
- .IP "{ statement_list }"
- This is the compound statement. It allows multiple statements to be
- grouped together for execution.
- .IP "fBiffR ( expression ) fBthenfR statement1 [fBelsefR statement2]"
- The if statement evaluates the expression and executes statement1 or
- statement2 depending on the value of the expression. If the expression
- is non-zero, statement1 is executed. If statement2 is present and
- the value of the expression is 0, then statement2 is executed. (The
- else clause is an extension.)
- .IP "fBwhilefR ( expression ) statement"
- The while statement will execute the statement while the expression
- is non-zero. It evaluates the expression before each execution of
- the statement. Termination of the loop is caused by a zero
- expression value or the execution of a break statement.
- .IP "fBforfR ( [expression1] ; [expression2] ; [expression3] ) statement"
- The for statement controls repeated execution of the statement.
- Expression1 is evaluated before the loop. Expression2 is evaluated
- before each execution of the statement. If it is non-zero, the statement
- is evaluated. If it is zero, the loop is terminated. After each
- execution of the statement, expression3 is evaluated before the reevaluation
- of expression2. If expression1 or expression3 are missing, nothing is
- evaluated at the point they would be evaluated.
- If expression2 is missing, it is the same as substituting
- the value 1 for expression2. (The optional expressions are an
- extension. POSIX fBbcfR requires all three expressions.)
- The following is equivalent code for the for statement:
- .nf
- .RS
- expression1;
- while (expression2) {
- statement;
- expression3;
- }
- .RE
- .fi
- .IP "fBbreakfR"
- This statement causes a forced exit of the most recent enclosing while
- statement or for statement.
- .IP "fBcontinuefR"
- The continue statement (an extension) causes the most recent enclosing
- for statement to start the next iteration.
- .IP "fBhaltfR"
- The halt statement (an extension) is an executed statement that causes
- the fBbcfR processor to quit only when it is executed. For example,
- "if (0 == 1) halt" will not cause fBbcfR to terminate because the halt is
- not executed.
- .IP "fBreturnfR"
- Return the value 0 from a function. (See the section on functions.)
- .IP "fBreturnfR ( expression )"
- Return the value of the expression from a function. (See the section on
- functions.)
- .SS PSEUDO STATEMENTS
- These statements are not statements in the traditional sense. They are
- not executed statements. Their function is performed at "compile" time.
- .IP "fBlimitsfR"
- Print the local limits enforced by the local version of fBbcfR. This
- is an extension.
- .IP "fBquitfR"
- When the quit statement is read, the fBbcfR processor
- is terminated, regardless of where the quit statement is found. For
- example, "if (0 == 1) quit" will cause fBbcfR to terminate.
- .IP "fBwarrantyfR"
- Print a longer warranty notice. This is an extension.
- .SS FUNCTIONS
- Functions provide a method of defining a computation that can be executed
- later. Functions in
- .B bc
- always compute a value and return it to the caller. Function definitions
- are "dynamic" in the sense that a function is undefined until a definition
- is encountered in the input. That definition is then used until another
- definition function for the same name is encountered. The new definition
- then replaces the older definition. A function is defined as follows:
- .nf
- .RS
- fBdefine fIname fB( fIparameters fB) { fInewline
- fI auto_list statement_list fB}fR
- .RE
- .fi
- A function call is just an expression of the form
- "fInamefB(fIparametersfB)fR".
- .PP
- Parameters are numbers or arrays (an extension). In the function definition,
- zero or more parameters are defined by listing their names separated by
- commas. Numbers are only call by value parameters. Arrays are only
- call by variable. Arrays are specified in the parameter definition by
- the notation "fInamefB[]fR". In the function call, actual parameters
- are full expressions for number parameters. The same notation is used
- for passing arrays as for defining array parameters. The named array is
- passed by variable to the function. Since function definitions are dynamic,
- parameter numbers and types are checked when a function is called. Any
- mismatch in number or types of parameters will cause a runtime error.
- A runtime error will also occur for the call to an undefined function.
- .PP
- The fIauto_listfR is an optional list of variables that are for
- "local" use. The syntax of the auto list (if present) is "fBauto
- fInamefR, ... ;". (The semicolon is optional.) Each fInamefR is
- the name of an auto variable. Arrays may be specified by using the
- same notation as used in parameters. These variables have their
- values pushed onto a stack at the start of the function. The
- variables are then initialized to zero and used throughout the
- execution of the function. At function exit, these variables are
- popped so that the original value (at the time of the function call)
- of these variables are restored. The parameters are really auto
- variables that are initialized to a value provided in the function
- call. Auto variables are different than traditional local variables
- in the fact that if function A calls function B, B may access function
- A's auto variables by just using the same name, unless function B has
- called them auto variables. Due to the fact that auto variables and
- parameters are pushed onto a stack, fBbcfR supports recursive functions.
- .PP
- The function body is a list of fBbcfR statements. Again, statements
- are separated by semicolons or newlines. Return statements cause the
- termination of a function and the return of a value. There are two
- versions of the return statement. The first form, "fBreturnfR", returns
- the value 0 to the calling expression. The second form,
- "fBreturn ( fIexpression fB)fR", computes the value of the expression
- and returns that value to the calling expression. There is an implied
- "fBreturn (0)fR" at the end of every function. This allows a function
- to terminate and return 0 without an explicit return statement.
- .PP
- Functions also change the usage of the variable fBibasefR. All
- constants in the function body will be converted using the value of
- fBibasefR at the time of the function call. Changes of fBibasefR
- will be ignored during the execution of the function except for the
- standard function fBreadfR, which will always use the current value
- of fBibasefR for conversion of numbers.
- .SS MATH LIBRARY
- If fBbcfR is invoked with the fB-lfR option, a math library is preloaded
- and the default scale is set to 20. The math functions will calculate their
- results to the scale set at the time of their call.
- The math library defines the following functions:
- .IP "s (fIxfR)"
- The sine of x in radians.
- .IP "c (fIxfR)"
- The cosine of x in radians.
- .IP "a (fIxfR)"
- The arctangent of x.
- .IP "l (fIxfR)"
- The natural logarithm of x.
- .IP "e (fIxfR)"
- The exponential function of raising e to the value x.
- .IP "j (fIn,xfR)"
- The bessel function of integer order n of x.
- .SS EXAMPLES
- In /bin/sh, the following will assign the value of "pi" to the shell
- variable fBpifR.
- .RS
- fB
- pi=$(echo "scale=10; 4*a(1)" | bc -l)
- fR
- .RE
- .PP
- The following is the definition of the exponential function used in the
- math library. This function is written in POSIX fBbcfR.
- .nf
- .RS
- fB
- scale = 20
- /* Uses the fact that e^x = (e^(x/2))^2
- When x is small enough, we use the series:
- e^x = 1 + x + x^2/2! + x^3/3! + ...
- */
- define e(x) {
- auto a, d, e, f, i, m, v, z
- /* Check the sign of x. */
- if (x<0) {
- m = 1
- x = -x
- }
- /* Precondition x. */
- z = scale;
- scale = 4 + z + .44*x;
- while (x > 1) {
- f += 1;
- x /= 2;
- }
- /* Initialize the variables. */
- v = 1+x
- a = x
- d = 1
- for (i=2; 1; i++) {
- e = (a *= x) / (d *= i)
- if (e == 0) {
- if (f>0) while (f--) v = v*v;
- scale = z
- if (m) return (1/v);
- return (v/1);
- }
- v += e
- }
- }
- fR
- .RE
- .fi
- .PP
- The following is code that uses the extended features of fBbcfR to
- implement a simple program for calculating checkbook balances. This
- program is best kept in a file so that it can be used many times
- without having to retype it at every use.
- .nf
- .RS
- fB
- scale=2
- print "enCheck book program!en"
- print " Remember, deposits are negative transactions.en"
- print " Exit by a 0 transaction.enen"
- print "Initial balance? "; bal = read()
- bal /= 1
- print "en"
- while (1) {
- "current balance = "; bal
- "transaction? "; trans = read()
- if (trans == 0) break;
- bal -= trans
- bal /= 1
- }
- quit
- fR
- .RE
- .fi
- .PP
- The following is the definition of the recursive factorial function.
- .nf
- .RS
- fB
- define f (x) {
- if (x <= 1) return (1);
- return (f(x-1) * x);
- }
- fR
- .RE
- .fi
- .SS DIFFERENCES
- This version of
- .B bc
- was implemented from the POSIX P1003.2/D11 draft and contains
- several differences and extensions relative to the draft and
- traditional implementations.
- It is not implemented in the traditional way using
- .I dc(1).
- This version is a single process which parses and runs a byte code
- translation of the program. There is an "undocumented" option (-c)
- that causes the program to output the byte code to
- the standard output instead of running it. It was mainly used for
- debugging the parser and preparing the math library.
- .PP
- A major source of differences is
- extensions, where a feature is extended to add more functionality and
- additions, where new features are added.
- The following is the list of differences and extensions.
- .IP LANG 11n
- This version does not conform to the POSIX standard in the processing
- of the LANG environment variable and all environment variables starting
- with LC_.
- .IP names
- Traditional and POSIX
- .B bc
- have single letter names for functions, variables and arrays. They have
- been extended to be multi-character names that start with a letter and
- may contain letters, numbers and the underscore character.
- .IP Strings
- Strings are not allowed to contain NUL characters. POSIX says all characters
- must be included in strings.
- .IP last
- POSIX fBbcfR does not have a fBlastfR variable. Some implementations
- of fBbcfR use the period (.) in a similar way.
- .IP comparisons
- POSIX fBbcfR allows comparisons only in the if statement, the while
- statement, and the second expression of the for statement. Also, only
- one relational operation is allowed in each of those statements.
- .IP "if statement, else clause"
- POSIX fBbcfR does not have an else clause.
- .IP "for statement"
- POSIX fBbcfR requires all expressions to be present in the for statement.
- .IP "&&, ||, !"
- POSIX fBbcfR does not have the logical operators.
- .IP "read function"
- POSIX fBbcfR does not have a read function.
- .IP "print statement"
- POSIX fBbcfR does not have a print statement .
- .IP "continue statement"
- POSIX fBbcfR does not have a continue statement.
- .IP "array parameters"
- POSIX fBbcfR does not have array parameters. Other implementations
- of fBbcfR may have call by value array parameters.
- .IP "=+, =-, =*, =/, =%, =^"
- POSIX fBbcfR does not require these "old style" assignment operators to
- be defined. This version may allow these "old style" assignments. Use
- the limits statement to see if the installed version supports them. If
- it does support the "old style" assignment operators, the statement
- "a =- 1" will decrement fBafR by 1 instead of setting fBafR to the
- value -1.
- .IP "spaces in numbers"
- Other implementations of fBbcfR allow spaces in numbers. For example,
- "x=1 3" would assign the value 13 to the variable x. The same statement
- would cause a syntax error in this version of fBbcfR.
- .IP "errors and execution"
- This implementation varies from other implementations in terms of what
- code will be executed when syntax and other errors are found in the
- program. If a syntax error is found in a function definition, error
- recovery tries to find the beginning of a statement and continue to
- parse the function. Once a syntax error is found in the function, the
- function will not be callable and becomes undefined.
- Syntax errors in the interactive execution code will invalidate the
- current execution block. The execution block is terminated by an
- end of line that appears after a complete sequence of statements.
- For example,
- .nf
- .RS
- a = 1
- b = 2
- .RE
- .fi
- has two execution blocks and
- .nf
- .RS
- { a = 1
- b = 2 }
- .RE
- .fi
- has one execution block. Any runtime error will terminate the execution
- of the current execution block. A runtime warning will not terminate the
- current execution block.
- .IP "Interrupts"
- During an interactive session, the SIGINT signal (usually generated by
- the control-C character from the terminal) will cause execution of the
- current execution block to be interrupted. It will display a "runtime"
- error indicating which function was interrupted. After all runtime
- structures have been cleaned up, a message will be printed to notify the
- user that fBbcfR is ready for more input. All previously defined functions
- remain defined and the value of all non-auto variables are the value at
- the point of interruption. All auto variables and function parameters
- are removed during the
- clean up process. During a non-interactive
- session, the SIGINT signal will terminate the entire run of fBbcfR.
- .SS LIMITS
- The following are the limits currently in place for this
- .B bc
- processor. Some of them may have been changed by an installation.
- Use the limits statement to see the actual values.
- .IP BC_BASE_MAX
- The maximum output base is currently set at 999. The maximum input base
- is 16.
- .IP BC_DIM_MAX
- This is currently an arbitrary limit of 65535 as distributed. Your
- installation may be different.
- .IP BC_SCALE_MAX
- The number of digits after the decimal point is limited to INT_MAX digits.
- Also, the number of digits before the decimal point is limited to INT_MAX
- digits.
- .IP BC_STRING_MAX
- The limit on the number of characters in a string is INT_MAX characters.
- .IP exponent
- The value of the exponent in the raise operation (^) is limited to LONG_MAX.
- .IP multiply
- The multiply routine may yield incorrect results if a number
- has more than LONG_MAX / 90 total digits. For 32 bit longs, this number is
- 23,860,929 digits.
- .IP "code size"
- Each function and the "main" program are limited to 10240 bytes of
- compiled byte code each. This limit (BC_MAX_SEGS) can be easily changed
- to have more than 10 segments of 1024 bytes.
- .IP "variable names"
- The current limit on the number of unique names is 32767 for each of
- simple variables, arrays and functions.
- .SH FILES
- In most installations, fBbcfR is completely self-contained.
- Where executable size is of importance or the C compiler does
- not deal with very long strings, fBbcfR will read
- the standard math library from the file /usr/local/lib/libmath.b.
- (The actual location may vary. It may be /lib/libmath.b.)
- .SH DIAGNOSTICS
- If any file on the command line can not be opened, fBbcfR will report
- that the file is unavailable and terminate. Also, there are compile
- and run time diagnostics that should be self-explanatory.
- .SH BUGS
- Error recovery is not very good yet.
- .SH AUTHOR
- .nf
- Philip A. Nelson
- phil@cs.wwu.edu
- .fi
- .SH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- The author would like to thank Steve Sommars (sesv@iwtsf.att.com) for
- his extensive help in testing the implementation. Many great suggestions
- were given. This is a much better product due to his involvement.