FLEX.1
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- .TH FLEX 1 "26 May 1990" "Version 2.3"
- .SH NAME
- flex, lex - fast lexical analyzer generator
- .SH SYNOPSIS
- .B flex
- .B [-bcdfinpstvFILT8 -C[efmF] -Sskeleton]
- .I [filename ...]
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- .I flex
- is a tool for generating
- .I scanners:
- programs which recognized lexical patterns in text.
- .I flex
- reads
- the given input files, or its standard input if no file names are given,
- for a description of a scanner to generate. The description is in
- the form of pairs
- of regular expressions and C code, called
- .I rules. flex
- generates as output a C source file,
- .B lex.yy.c,
- which defines a routine
- .B yylex().
- This file is compiled and linked with the
- .B -lfl
- library to produce an executable. When the executable is run,
- it analyzes its input for occurrences
- of the regular expressions. Whenever it finds one, it executes
- the corresponding C code.
- .LP
- For full documentation, see
- .B flexdoc(1).
- This manual entry is intended for use as a quick reference.
- .SH OPTIONS
- .I flex
- has the following options:
- .TP
- .B -b
- Generate backtracking information to
- .I lex.backtrack.
- This is a list of scanner states which require backtracking
- and the input characters on which they do so. By adding rules one
- can remove backtracking states. If all backtracking states
- are eliminated and
- .B -f
- or
- .B -F
- is used, the generated scanner will run faster.
- .TP
- .B -c
- is a do-nothing, deprecated option included for POSIX compliance.
- .IP
- .B NOTE:
- in previous releases of
- .I flex
- .B -c
- specified table-compression options. This functionality is
- now given by the
- .B -C
- flag. To ease the the impact of this change, when
- .I flex
- encounters
- .B -c,
- it currently issues a warning message and assumes that
- .B -C
- was desired instead. In the future this "promotion" of
- .B -c
- to
- .B -C
- will go away in the name of full POSIX compliance (unless
- the POSIX meaning is removed first).
- .TP
- .B -d
- makes the generated scanner run in
- .I debug
- mode. Whenever a pattern is recognized and the global
- .B yy_flex_debug
- is non-zero (which is the default), the scanner will
- write to
- .I stderr
- a line of the form:
- .nf
- --accepting rule at line 53 ("the matched text")
- .fi
- The line number refers to the location of the rule in the file
- defining the scanner (i.e., the file that was fed to flex). Messages
- are also generated when the scanner backtracks, accepts the
- default rule, reaches the end of its input buffer (or encounters
- a NUL; the two look the same as far as the scanner's concerned),
- or reaches an end-of-file.
- .TP
- .B -f
- specifies (take your pick)
- .I full table
- or
- .I fast scanner.
- No table compression is done. The result is large but fast.
- This option is equivalent to
- .B -Cf
- (see below).
- .TP
- .B -i
- instructs
- .I flex
- to generate a
- .I case-insensitive
- scanner. The case of letters given in the
- .I flex
- input patterns will
- be ignored, and tokens in the input will be matched regardless of case. The
- matched text given in
- .I yytext
- will have the preserved case (i.e., it will not be folded).
- .TP
- .B -n
- is another do-nothing, deprecated option included only for
- POSIX compliance.
- .TP
- .B -p
- generates a performance report to stderr. The report
- consists of comments regarding features of the
- .I flex
- input file which will cause a loss of performance in the resulting scanner.
- .TP
- .B -s
- causes the
- .I default rule
- (that unmatched scanner input is echoed to
- .I stdout)
- to be suppressed. If the scanner encounters input that does not
- match any of its rules, it aborts with an error.
- .TP
- .B -t
- instructs
- .I flex
- to write the scanner it generates to standard output instead
- of
- .B lex.yy.c.
- .TP
- .B -v
- specifies that
- .I flex
- should write to
- .I stderr
- a summary of statistics regarding the scanner it generates.
- .TP
- .B -F
- specifies that the
- .I fast
- scanner table representation should be used. This representation is
- about as fast as the full table representation
- .RB ( -f ),
- and for some sets of patterns will be considerably smaller (and for
- others, larger). See
- .B flexdoc(1)
- for details.
- .IP
- This option is equivalent to
- .B -CF
- (see below).
- .TP
- .B -I
- instructs
- .I flex
- to generate an
- .I interactive
- scanner, that is, a scanner which stops immediately rather than
- looking ahead if it knows
- that the currently scanned text cannot be part of a longer rule's match.
- Again, see
- .B flexdoc(1)
- for details.
- .IP
- Note,
- .B -I
- cannot be used in conjunction with
- .I full
- or
- .I fast tables,
- i.e., the
- .B -f, -F, -Cf,
- or
- .B -CF
- flags.
- .TP
- .B -L
- instructs
- .I flex
- not to generate
- .B #line
- directives in
- .B lex.yy.c.
- The default is to generate such directives so error
- messages in the actions will be correctly
- located with respect to the original
- .I flex
- input file, and not to
- the fairly meaningless line numbers of
- .B lex.yy.c.
- .TP
- .B -T
- makes
- .I flex
- run in
- .I trace
- mode. It will generate a lot of messages to
- .I stdout
- concerning
- the form of the input and the resultant non-deterministic and deterministic
- finite automata. This option is mostly for use in maintaining
- .I flex.
- .TP
- .B -8
- instructs
- .I flex
- to generate an 8-bit scanner.
- On some sites, this is the default. On others, the default
- is 7-bit characters. To see which is the case, check the verbose
- .B (-v)
- output for "equivalence classes created". If the denominator of
- the number shown is 128, then by default
- .I flex
- is generating 7-bit characters. If it is 256, then the default is
- 8-bit characters.
- .TP
- .B -C[efmF]
- controls the degree of table compression.
- .IP
- .B -Ce
- directs
- .I flex
- to construct
- .I equivalence classes,
- i.e., sets of characters
- which have identical lexical properties.
- Equivalence classes usually give
- dramatic reductions in the final table/object file sizes (typically
- a factor of 2-5) and are pretty cheap performance-wise (one array
- look-up per character scanned).
- .IP
- .B -Cf
- specifies that the
- .I full
- scanner tables should be generated -
- .I flex
- should not compress the
- tables by taking advantages of similar transition functions for
- different states.
- .IP
- .B -CF
- specifies that the alternate fast scanner representation (described in
- .B flexdoc(1))
- should be used.
- .IP
- .B -Cm
- directs
- .I flex
- to construct
- .I meta-equivalence classes,
- which are sets of equivalence classes (or characters, if equivalence
- classes are not being used) that are commonly used together. Meta-equivalence
- classes are often a big win when using compressed tables, but they
- have a moderate performance impact (one or two "if" tests and one
- array look-up per character scanned).
- .IP
- A lone
- .B -C
- specifies that the scanner tables should be compressed but neither
- equivalence classes nor meta-equivalence classes should be used.
- .IP
- The options
- .B -Cf
- or
- .B -CF
- and
- .B -Cm
- do not make sense together - there is no opportunity for meta-equivalence
- classes if the table is not being compressed. Otherwise the options
- may be freely mixed.
- .IP
- The default setting is
- .B -Cem,
- which specifies that
- .I flex
- should generate equivalence classes
- and meta-equivalence classes. This setting provides the highest
- degree of table compression. You can trade off
- faster-executing scanners at the cost of larger tables with
- the following generally being true:
- .nf
- slowest & smallest
- -Cem
- -Cm
- -Ce
- -C
- -C{f,F}e
- -C{f,F}
- fastest & largest
- .fi
- .IP
- .B -C
- options are not cumulative; whenever the flag is encountered, the
- previous -C settings are forgotten.
- .TP
- .B -Sskeleton_file
- overrides the default skeleton file from which
- .I flex
- constructs its scanners. You'll never need this option unless you are doing
- .I flex
- maintenance or development.
- .SH SUMMARY OF FLEX REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
- The patterns in the input are written using an extended set of regular
- expressions. These are:
- .nf
- x match the character 'x'
- . any character except newline
- [xyz] a "character class"; in this case, the pattern
- matches either an 'x', a 'y', or a 'z'
- [abj-oZ] a "character class" with a range in it; matches
- an 'a', a 'b', any letter from 'j' through 'o',
- or a 'Z'
- [^A-Z] a "negated character class", i.e., any character
- but those in the class. In this case, any
- character EXCEPT an uppercase letter.
- [^A-Z\n] any character EXCEPT an uppercase letter or
- a newline
- r* zero or more r's, where r is any regular expression
- r+ one or more r's
- r? zero or one r's (that is, "an optional r")
- r{2,5} anywhere from two to five r's
- r{2,} two or more r's
- r{4} exactly 4 r's
- {name} the expansion of the "name" definition
- (see above)
- "[xyz]\"foo"
- the literal string: [xyz]"foo
- \X if X is an 'a', 'b', 'f', 'n', 'r', 't', or 'v',
- then the ANSI-C interpretation of \x.
- Otherwise, a literal 'X' (used to escape
- operators such as '*')
- \123 the character with octal value 123
- \x2a the character with hexadecimal value 2a
- (r) match an r; parentheses are used to override
- precedence (see below)
- rs the regular expression r followed by the
- regular expression s; called "concatenation"
- r|s either an r or an s
- r/s an r but only if it is followed by an s. The
- s is not part of the matched text. This type
- of pattern is called as "trailing context".
- ^r an r, but only at the beginning of a line
- r$ an r, but only at the end of a line. Equivalent
- to "r/\n".
- <s>r an r, but only in start condition s (see
- below for discussion of start conditions)
- <s1,s2,s3>r
- same, but in any of start conditions s1,
- s2, or s3
- <<EOF>> an end-of-file
- <s1,s2><<EOF>>
- an end-of-file when in start condition s1 or s2
- .fi
- The regular expressions listed above are grouped according to
- precedence, from highest precedence at the top to lowest at the bottom.
- Those grouped together have equal precedence.
- .LP
- Some notes on patterns:
- .IP -
- Negated character classes
- .I match newlines
- unless "\n" (or an equivalent escape sequence) is one of the
- characters explicitly present in the negated character class
- (e.g., "[^A-Z\n]").
- .IP -
- A rule can have at most one instance of trailing context (the '/' operator
- or the '$' operator). The start condition, '^', and "<<EOF>>" patterns
- can only occur at the beginning of a pattern, and, as well as with '/' and '$',
- cannot be grouped inside parentheses. The following are all illegal:
- .nf
- foo/bar$
- foo|(bar$)
- foo|^bar
- <sc1>foo<sc2>bar
- .fi
- .SH SUMMARY OF SPECIAL ACTIONS
- In addition to arbitrary C code, the following can appear in actions:
- .IP -
- .B ECHO
- copies yytext to the scanner's output.
- .IP -
- .B BEGIN
- followed by the name of a start condition places the scanner in the
- corresponding start condition.
- .IP -
- .B REJECT
- directs the scanner to proceed on to the "second best" rule which matched the
- input (or a prefix of the input).
- .B yytext
- and
- .B yyleng
- are set up appropriately. Note that
- .B REJECT
- is a particularly expensive feature in terms scanner performance;
- if it is used in
- .I any
- of the scanner's actions it will slow down
- .I all
- of the scanner's matching. Furthermore,
- .B REJECT
- cannot be used with the
- .I -f
- or
- .I -F
- options.
- .IP
- Note also that unlike the other special actions,
- .B REJECT
- is a
- .I branch;
- code immediately following it in the action will
- .I not
- be executed.
- .IP -
- .B yymore()
- tells the scanner that the next time it matches a rule, the corresponding
- token should be
- .I appended
- onto the current value of
- .B yytext
- rather than replacing it.
- .IP -
- .B yyless(n)
- returns all but the first
- .I n
- characters of the current token back to the input stream, where they
- will be rescanned when the scanner looks for the next match.
- .B yytext
- and
- .B yyleng
- are adjusted appropriately (e.g.,
- .B yyleng
- will now be equal to
- .I n
- ).
- .IP -
- .B unput(c)
- puts the character
- .I c
- back onto the input stream. It will be the next character scanned.
- .IP -
- .B input()
- reads the next character from the input stream (this routine is called
- .B yyinput()
- if the scanner is compiled using
- .B C++).
- .IP -
- .B yyterminate()
- can be used in lieu of a return statement in an action. It terminates
- the scanner and returns a 0 to the scanner's caller, indicating "all done".
- .IP
- By default,
- .B yyterminate()
- is also called when an end-of-file is encountered. It is a macro and
- may be redefined.
- .IP -
- .B YY_NEW_FILE
- is an action available only in <<EOF>> rules. It means "Okay, I've
- set up a new input file, continue scanning".
- .IP -
- .B yy_create_buffer( file, size )
- takes a
- .I FILE
- pointer and an integer
- .I size.
- It returns a YY_BUFFER_STATE
- handle to a new input buffer large enough to accomodate
- .I size
- characters and associated with the given file. When in doubt, use
- .B YY_BUF_SIZE
- for the size.
- .IP -
- .B yy_switch_to_buffer( new_buffer )
- switches the scanner's processing to scan for tokens from
- the given buffer, which must be a YY_BUFFER_STATE.
- .IP -
- .B yy_delete_buffer( buffer )
- deletes the given buffer.
- .SH VALUES AVAILABLE TO THE USER
- .IP -
- .B char *yytext
- holds the text of the current token. It may not be modified.
- .IP -
- .B int yyleng
- holds the length of the current token. It may not be modified.
- .IP -
- .B FILE *yyin
- is the file which by default
- .I flex
- reads from. It may be redefined but doing so only makes sense before
- scanning begins. Changing it in the middle of scanning will have
- unexpected results since
- .I flex
- buffers its input. Once scanning terminates because an end-of-file
- has been seen,
- .B
- void yyrestart( FILE *new_file )
- may be called to point
- .I yyin
- at the new input file.
- .IP -
- .B FILE *yyout
- is the file to which
- .B ECHO
- actions are done. It can be reassigned by the user.
- .IP -
- .B YY_CURRENT_BUFFER
- returns a
- .B YY_BUFFER_STATE
- handle to the current buffer.
- .SH MACROS THE USER CAN REDEFINE
- .IP -
- .B YY_DECL
- controls how the scanning routine is declared.
- By default, it is "int yylex()", or, if prototypes are being
- used, "int yylex(void)". This definition may be changed by redefining
- the "YY_DECL" macro. Note that
- if you give arguments to the scanning routine using a
- K&R-style/non-prototyped function declaration, you must terminate
- the definition with a semi-colon (;).
- .IP -
- The nature of how the scanner
- gets its input can be controlled by redefining the
- .B YY_INPUT
- macro.
- YY_INPUT's calling sequence is "YY_INPUT(buf,result,max_size)". Its
- action is to place up to
- .I max_size
- characters in the character array
- .I buf
- and return in the integer variable
- .I result
- either the
- number of characters read or the constant YY_NULL (0 on Unix systems)
- to indicate EOF. The default YY_INPUT reads from the
- global file-pointer "yyin".
- A sample redefinition of YY_INPUT (in the definitions
- section of the input file):
- .nf
- %{
- #undef YY_INPUT
- #define YY_INPUT(buf,result,max_size) \
- { \
- int c = getchar(); \
- result = (c == EOF) ? YY_NULL : (buf[0] = c, 1); \
- }
- %}
- .fi
- .IP -
- When the scanner receives an end-of-file indication from YY_INPUT,
- it then checks the
- .B yywrap()
- function. If
- .B yywrap()
- returns false (zero), then it is assumed that the
- function has gone ahead and set up
- .I yyin
- to point to another input file, and scanning continues. If it returns
- true (non-zero), then the scanner terminates, returning 0 to its
- caller.
- .IP
- The default
- .B yywrap()
- always returns 1. Presently, to redefine it you must first
- "#undef yywrap", as it is currently implemented as a macro. It is
- likely that
- .B yywrap()
- will soon be defined to be a function rather than a macro.
- .IP -
- YY_USER_ACTION
- can be redefined to provide an action
- which is always executed prior to the matched rule's action.
- .IP -
- The macro
- .B YY_USER_INIT
- may be redefined to provide an action which is always executed before
- the first scan.
- .IP -
- In the generated scanner, the actions are all gathered in one large
- switch statement and separated using
- .B YY_BREAK,
- which may be redefined. By default, it is simply a "break", to separate
- each rule's action from the following rule's.
- .SH FILES
- .TP
- .I flex.skel
- skeleton scanner.
- .TP
- .I lex.yy.c
- generated scanner (called
- .I lexyy.c
- on some systems).
- .TP
- .I lex.backtrack
- backtracking information for
- .B -b
- flag (called
- .I lex.bck
- on some systems).
- .TP
- .B -lfl
- library with which to link the scanners.
- .SH "SEE ALSO"
- .LP
- flexdoc(1), lex(1), yacc(1), sed(1), awk(1).
- .LP
- M. E. Lesk and E. Schmidt,
- .I LEX - Lexical Analyzer Generator
- .SH DIAGNOSTICS
- .I reject_used_but_not_detected undefined
- or
- .LP
- .I yymore_used_but_not_detected undefined -
- These errors can occur at compile time. They indicate that the
- scanner uses
- .B REJECT
- or
- .B yymore()
- but that
- .I flex
- failed to notice the fact, meaning that
- .I flex
- scanned the first two sections looking for occurrences of these actions
- and failed to find any, but somehow you snuck some in (via a #include
- file, for example). Make an explicit reference to the action in your
- .I flex
- input file. (Note that previously
- .I flex
- supported a
- .B %used/%unused
- mechanism for dealing with this problem; this feature is still supported
- but now deprecated, and will go away soon unless the author hears from
- people who can argue compellingly that they need it.)
- .LP
- .I flex scanner jammed -
- a scanner compiled with
- .B -s
- has encountered an input string which wasn't matched by
- any of its rules.
- .LP
- .I flex input buffer overflowed -
- a scanner rule matched a string long enough to overflow the
- scanner's internal input buffer (16K bytes - controlled by
- .B YY_BUF_MAX
- in "flex.skel").
- .LP
- .I scanner requires -8 flag -
- Your scanner specification includes recognizing 8-bit characters and
- you did not specify the -8 flag (and your site has not installed flex
- with -8 as the default).
- .LP
- .I
- fatal flex scanner internal error--end of buffer missed -
- This can occur in an scanner which is reentered after a long-jump
- has jumped out (or over) the scanner's activation frame. Before
- reentering the scanner, use:
- .nf
- yyrestart( yyin );
- .fi
- .LP
- .I too many %t classes! -
- You managed to put every single character into its own %t class.
- .I flex
- requires that at least one of the classes share characters.
- .SH AUTHOR
- Vern Paxson, with the help of many ideas and much inspiration from
- Van Jacobson. Original version by Jef Poskanzer.
- .LP
- See flexdoc(1) for additional credits and the address to send comments to.
- .SH DEFICIENCIES / BUGS
- .LP
- Some trailing context
- patterns cannot be properly matched and generate
- warning messages ("Dangerous trailing context"). These are
- patterns where the ending of the
- first part of the rule matches the beginning of the second
- part, such as "zx*/xy*", where the 'x*' matches the 'x' at
- the beginning of the trailing context. (Note that the POSIX draft
- states that the text matched by such patterns is undefined.)
- .LP
- For some trailing context rules, parts which are actually fixed-length are
- not recognized as such, leading to the abovementioned performance loss.
- In particular, parts using '|' or {n} (such as "foo{3}") are always
- considered variable-length.
- .LP
- Combining trailing context with the special '|' action can result in
- .I fixed
- trailing context being turned into the more expensive
- .I variable
- trailing context. For example, this happens in the following example:
- .nf
- %%
- abc |
- xyz/def
- .fi
- .LP
- Use of unput() invalidates yytext and yyleng.
- .LP
- Use of unput() to push back more text than was matched can
- result in the pushed-back text matching a beginning-of-line ('^')
- rule even though it didn't come at the beginning of the line
- (though this is rare!).
- .LP
- Pattern-matching of NUL's is substantially slower than matching other
- characters.
- .LP
- .I flex
- does not generate correct #line directives for code internal
- to the scanner; thus, bugs in
- .I flex.skel
- yield bogus line numbers.
- .LP
- Due to both buffering of input and read-ahead, you cannot intermix
- calls to <stdio.h> routines, such as, for example,
- .B getchar(),
- with
- .I flex
- rules and expect it to work. Call
- .B input()
- instead.
- .LP
- The total table entries listed by the
- .B -v
- flag excludes the number of table entries needed to determine
- what rule has been matched. The number of entries is equal
- to the number of DFA states if the scanner does not use
- .B REJECT,
- and somewhat greater than the number of states if it does.
- .LP
- .B REJECT
- cannot be used with the
- .I -f
- or
- .I -F
- options.
- .LP
- Some of the macros, such as
- .B yywrap(),
- may in the future become functions which live in the
- .B -lfl
- library. This will doubtless break a lot of code, but may be
- required for POSIX-compliance.
- .LP
- The
- .I flex
- internal algorithms need documentation.