HOST.1
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- ." ++Copyright++ 1993
- ." -
- ." Copyright (c) 1993
- ." The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
- ."
- ." Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- ." modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- ." are met:
- ." 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- ." notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- ." 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- ." notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- ." documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- ." 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
- ." must display the following acknowledgement:
- ." This product includes software developed by the University of
- ." California, Berkeley and its contributors.
- ." 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
- ." may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
- ." without specific prior written permission.
- ."
- ." THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
- ." ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- ." IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- ." ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
- ." FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- ." DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
- ." OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- ." HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
- ." LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
- ." OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- ." SUCH DAMAGE.
- ." -
- ." Portions Copyright (c) 1993 by Digital Equipment Corporation.
- ."
- ." Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
- ." purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- ." copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies, and that
- ." the name of Digital Equipment Corporation not be used in advertising or
- ." publicity pertaining to distribution of the document or software without
- ." specific, written prior permission.
- ."
- ." THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. DISCLAIMS ALL
- ." WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES
- ." OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL DIGITAL EQUIPMENT
- ." CORPORATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- ." DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
- ." PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
- ." ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
- ." SOFTWARE.
- ." -
- ." --Copyright--
- ." $Id: host.1,v 4.9.1.1 1993/05/02 23:50:13 vixie Rel vixie $
- .TH HOST 1
- .SH NAME
- host - look up host names using domain server
- .SH SYNOPSIS
- host [-l] [-v] [-w] [-r] [-d] [-t querytype] [-a] host [ server ]
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- .I Host
- looks for information about Internet hosts. It gets this information
- from a set of interconnected servers that are spread across the
- country. By default, it simply converts between host names and
- Internet addresses. However with the -t or -a options, it can be used
- to find all of the information about this host that is maintained
- by the domain server.
- .PP
- The arguments can be either host names or host numbers. The program
- first attempts to interpret them as host numbers. If this fails,
- it will treat them as host names. A host number consists of
- first decimal numbers separated by dots, e.g. 128.6.4.194
- A host name
- consists of names separated by dots, e.g. topaz.rutgers.edu.
- Unless the name ends in a dot, the local domain
- is automatically tacked on the end. Thus a Rutgers user can say
- "host topaz", and it will actually look up "topaz.rutgers.edu".
- If this fails, the name is tried unchanged (in this case, "topaz").
- This same convention is used for mail and other network utilities.
- The actual suffix to tack on the end is obtained
- by looking at the results of a "hostname" call, and using everything
- starting at the first dot. (See below for a description of
- how to customize the host name lookup.)
- .PP
- The first argument is the host name you want to look up.
- If this is a number, an "inverse query" is done, i.e. the domain
- system looks in a separate set of databases used to convert numbers
- to names.
- .PP
- The second argument is optional. It
- allows you to specify a particular server to query. If you don't
- specify this argument, the default server (normally the local machine)
- is used.
- .PP
- If a name is specified, you may see output of three different kinds.
- Here is an example that shows all of them:
- .br
- % host sun4
- .br
- sun4.rutgers.edu is a nickname for ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU
- .br
- ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU has address 128.6.5.46
- .br
- ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU has address 128.6.4.4
- .br
- ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU mail is handled by ARAMIS.RUTGERS.EDU
- .br
- The user has typed the command "host sun4". The first line indicates
- that the name "sun4.rutgers.edu" is actually a nickname. The official
- host name is "ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU'. The next two lines show the
- address. If a system has more than one network interface, there
- will be a separate address for each. The last line indicates
- that ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU does not receive its own mail. Mail for
- it is taken by ARAMIS.RUTGERS.EDU. There may be more than one
- such line, since some systems have more than one other system
- that will handle mail for them. Technically, every system that
- can receive mail is supposed to have an entry of this kind. If
- the system receives its own mail, there should be an entry
- the mentions the system itself, for example
- "XXX mail is handled by XXX". However many systems that receive
- their own mail do not bother to mention that fact. If a system
- has a "mail is handled by" entry, but no address, this indicates
- that it is not really part of the Internet, but a system that is
- on the network will forward mail to it. Systems on Usenet, Bitnet,
- and a number of other networks have entries of this kind.
- .PP
- There are a number of options that can be used before the
- host name. Most of these options are meaningful only to the
- staff who have to maintain the domain database.
- .PP
- The option -w causes host to wait forever for a response. Normally
- it will time out after around a minute.
- .PP
- The option -v causes printout to be in a "verbose" format. This
- is the official domain master file format, which is documented
- in the man page for "named". Without this option, output still follows
- this format in general terms, but some attempt is made to make it
- more intelligible to normal users. Without -v,
- "a", "mx", and "cname" records
- are written out as "has address", "mail is handled by", and
- "is a nickname for", and TTL and class fields are not shown.
- .PP
- The option -r causes recursion to be turned off in the request.
- This means that the name server will return only data it has in
- its own database. It will not ask other servers for more
- information.
- .PP
- The option -d turns on debugging. Network transactions are shown
- in detail.
- .PP
- The option -t allows you to specify a particular type of information
- to be looked up. The arguments are defined in the man page for
- "named". Currently supported types are a, ns, md, mf, cname,
- soa, mb, mg, mr, null, wks, ptr, hinfo, minfo, mx, uinfo,
- uid, gid, unspec, and the wildcard, which may be written
- as either "any" or "*". Types must be given in lower case.
- Note that the default is to look first for "a", and then "mx", except
- that if the verbose option is turned on, the default is only "a".
- .PP
- The option -a (for "all") is equivalent to "-v -t any".
- .PP
- The option -l causes a listing of a complete domain. E.g.
- .br
- host -l rutgers.edu
- .br
- will give a listing of all hosts in the rutgers.edu domain. The -t
- option is used to filter what information is presented, as you
- would expect. The default is address information, which also
- include PTR and NS records. The command
- .br
- host -l -v -t any rutgers.edu
- .br
- will give a complete download of the zone data for rutgers.edu,
- in the official master file format. (However the SOA record is
- listed twice, for arcane reasons.) NOTE: -l is implemented by
- doing a complete zone transfer and then filtering out the information
- the you have asked for. This command should be used only if it
- is absolutely necessary.
- .SH CUSTOMIZING HOST NAME LOOKUP
- In general, if the name supplied by the user does not
- have any dots in it, a default domain is appended to the end.
- This domain can be defined in /etc/resolv.conf, but is normally derived
- by taking the local hostname after its first dot. The user can override
- this, and specify a different default domain, using the environment
- variable
- .IR LOCALDOMAIN .
- In addition, the user can supply his own abbreviations for host names.
- They should be in a file consisting of one line per abbreviation.
- Each line contains an abbreviation, a space, and then the full
- host name. This file must be pointed to by an environment variable
- .IR HOSTALIASES ,
- which is the name of the file.
- .SH "See Also"
- named (8)
- .SH BUGS
- Unexpected effects can happen when you type a name that is not
- part of the local domain. Please always keep in mind the
- fact that the local domain name is tacked onto the end of every
- name, unless it ends in a dot. Only if this fails is the name
- used unchanged.
- .PP
- The -l option only tries the first name server listed for the
- domain that you have requested. If this server is dead, you
- may need to specify a server manually. E.g. to get a listing
- of foo.edu, you could try "host -t ns foo.edu" to get a list
- of all the name servers for foo.edu, and then try "host -l foo.edu xxx"
- for all xxx on the list of name servers, until you find one that
- works.