BOOT.8
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上传日期:2007-02-01
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操作系统开发
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C/C++
- .TH BOOT 8
- .SH NAME
- boot - from power on to the login prompt
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- .de SP
- .if t .sp 0.4
- .if n .sp
- ..
- At power on the machine reads the first sector of the boot device into memory
- and executes it. This bootstrap code loads
- .BR /boot ,
- the Minix Boot Monitor. The monitor loads the kernel binaries from
- .BR /minix ,
- or the newest file in
- .B /minix
- if it is a directory.
- .PP
- The Minix system is now running, the different tasks initialize themselves
- and control is transferred to the last one,
- .BR init .
- .PP
- .B Init
- is the grandparent of all Minix processes, it is responsible for starting
- login processes on each terminal, but first it runs
- .BR /etc/rc .
- .PP
- .B /etc/rc
- checks the state of the system and starts daemons. First it sets the
- keyboard translation to the mapping in
- .B /etc/keymap
- if present, then it reads the time zone from
- .B /etc/timeinfo
- followed by a call to
- .BR readclock (8)
- to set Minix time from the hardware clock. Next the file systems are checked
- if necessary and the
- .B /usr
- file system is mounted.
- .PP
- The system is now ready for multiuser startup,
- .B /etc/rc
- starts the
- .BR update (8)
- and
- .BR cron (8)
- daemons, and initializes the network services.
- .B /etc/rc
- finally recovers crashed editor buffers and cleans out the
- .B tmp
- directories.
- .PP
- .B Init
- reads
- .B /etc/ttytab
- and starts a
- .BR getty (8)
- for each enabled terminal line to allow a user to log in.
- .SH "BOOT ENVIRONMENT"
- Many features of the drivers inside the kernel are controlled by settings in
- the boot environment. The values of these variables are usually colon or
- comma separated numbers configuring the driver.
- .B "DPETH0 = 300:10"
- tells the ethernet driver to use I/O address 0x300, interrupt request
- 10, and the default memory address (0xD0000, values may be omitted) for the
- first ethernet board. (Note that IRQ 2 is redirected to IRQ 9 on AT's and
- PS/2's, so use 9 if a device is jumpered for 2.)
- .PP
- Variables that are special to both the monitor and the kernel are described
- in
- .BR monitor (8).
- This section lists extra variables or variable settings:
- .TP
- fBhdfR = fBatfR | fBbiosfP | fBesdifR | fBxtfR
- Choose the driver that is to be used for the hard disk, in order: IBM/AT
- (classic AT or newer IDE), BIOS (generic driver), ESDI (some PS/2's), or
- IBM/XT. By default the first of these drivers that is enabled is used.
- Most drivers are present in the kernel as distributed, but may be taken out
- by modifying
- .BR /usr/include/minix/config.h .
- (An XT should always use the BIOS driver, not the XT driver, because BIOS
- calls are cheap on an XT. The XT driver can be used on AT machines with an
- old XT controller.)
- .TP
- fBDPETHfInfR = fBonfR | fBofffR
- Turn an ethernet board on or off. The driver is by default in "sink" mode
- for all boards. The sink mode allows one to use the driver without an
- ethernet board installed. The driver will play /dev/null for that device,
- i.e. nothing comes in, and anything send out is dropped on the floor. If
- the board is turned on then the driver will use it to send out packets, if
- it is turned off then the driver will fail for that board.
- .TP
- fBDPETHfInfR = fII/O-addrfR:fIirqfR:fImem_addrfR
- Set the I/O address (hex), IRQ (decimal) and memory address (hex) of the
- .IR n -th
- ethernet board and turn it on. By default they are configured as
- 280:3:D0000 and 300:5:CC000. The memory address is ignored for the Novell
- ethernet boards, but may be explicitly set to zero to indicate that the board
- .B is
- a Novell ethernet board. You do not need to specify the IRQ with modern
- Western Digital 8013 compatible ethernet cards, the driver asks the board
- what its IRQ is.
- (Note that the default IRQ conflicts with the second serial line, so the
- serial line is turned off if the ethernet board is configured for IRQ 3.)
- .TP
- fBDPETHfInfB_EAfR = fIe0fR:fIe1fR:fIe2fR:fIe3fR:fIe4fR:fIe5fR
- Set the ethernet address of the
- .IR n -th
- ethernet board. The address is normally obtained from the ethernet board,
- so only in exceptional circumstances is this setting ever needed. (Use the
- address of the main server if you want a career change.)
- .TP
- fBAHA0fR = fII/O-addrfR:fIbus-onfR:fIbus-offfR:fItr-speedfR
- Configure the Adaptec 154xA SCSI host adapter to use the given I/O address
- (hex), Bus-on time (decimal), Bus-off time (decimal) and transfer speed
- (hex). The default is 330:15:1:00. The default transfer speed is always
- 5.0 Mb/s (code 00) ignoring the jumper settings.
- .TP
- fBsdfInfR = fItargetfR,fIlunfR
- Program SCSI disk
- .BI sd n
- to have the given target and logical unit number. The target and lun
- of a tape or other SCSI device may be changed by setting the
- .BI sd n
- variable that would be used had it been a disk. So tape device st7 can be
- set to target 4, lun 1 with sd35=4,1.
- .TP
- fBMCDfR = fII/O-addrfR:fIirqfR
- I/O address (hex) and IRQ (decimal) of the Mitsumi CD-ROM driver, by default
- 300:10.
- .SH "TCP/IP CONFIGURATION"
- To use TCP/IP you have to compile a kernel with networking enabled, and
- unless you are running standalone you have to enable the ethernet driver.
- See the
- .BI DPETH n
- boot variable above. The driver supports these ethernet cards: Western
- Digital 8003, Western Digital 8013, SMC Elite Ultra 16, Novell NE1000,
- Novell NE2000. Many newer variants of the WD8013, now under the SMC brand,
- are also supported.
- .PP
- You are likely to use TCP/IP in one of three situations:
- .PP
- .RS
- Standalone with no connection to a network.
- .SP
- In a small network with no support from a "big" host.
- .SP
- Connected to a large network with address and name servers.
- .RE
- .PP
- In each situation you need a different set of configuration files.
- .SS Standalone
- The machine is configured with a fixed IP address:
- .BR 192.9.200.1 .
- This is one of the addresses Sun used to give to machines without a
- registered network address. This address is normally blocked at gateways,
- so it can do no damage if used in a real net by accident. You need one
- file,
- .BR /etc/hosts ,
- that should look like this (using the name "darask" as an example):
- .PP
- .RS
- .ta +15n
- 127.0.0.1 localhost
- .br
- 192.9.200.1 darask
- .RE
- .SS "Small Network"
- In a network where the Minix machine can't obtain its IP address and name
- from a different host you need specify the ethernet address to host name
- translation in the
- .B /etc/ethers
- file for use by the RARP daemon. Suppose you have two machines in your
- network then
- .B /etc/ethers
- could look like this:
- .PP
- .RS
- .ta +20n
- 0:0:c0:a:77:23 darask
- .br
- 0:0:c0:a:68:ce burask
- .RE
- .PP
- Use
- .B hostaddr -e
- to find out what the six octet ethernet address of a host is. Use the address
- as printed: lowercase hex digits, no leading zeros. The
- .B /etc/hosts
- file shows their IP addresses:
- .PP
- .RS
- .ta +15n
- 127.0.0.1 localhost
- .br
- 192.9.200.1 darask
- .br
- 192.9.200.2 burask
- .RE
- .PP
- .B Warning!
- Do not add ethernet addresses of diskless workstations to your ethers file.
- A Sun for instance has the stupid habit of booting from the first RARP server
- that answers, probably your Minix machine...
- .SS "Large Network"
- In a network with a central network administration your machine's IP address
- and name are given by the RARP and name services of the special servers on
- the network. For a new machine you need to apply for an IP address and host
- name with your network administrator supplying the ethernet address of your
- machine. You don't need any configuration files now, the
- .B irdpd
- and
- .B nonamed
- daemons automatically find a router and a name server.
- .PP
- Note that no knowledge of the IP address or hostname of the Minix machine
- itself is necessary, it all comes from the RARP and name servers. A series
- of Minix machines can therefore set up identically. Even if you have no RARP
- or name servers you can still set them up identically if you list all the
- Minix hosts in the hosts and ethers files.
- .SS "Simpler configuration tools"
- The
- .BR rarpd ,
- .BR irdpd
- and
- .BR nonamed
- daemons are complex little programs that try to obtain information about
- their surroundings automatically to tell the machine what its place in the
- network is. It should come as no surprise that there are simpler utilities
- to configure a machine. On a memory starved machine it may even be wise to
- configure a machine statically to get rid of the daemons. The first daemon,
- .BR rarpd ,
- can be replaced by:
- .PP
- .RS
- .B ifconfig -h
- .I host-IP-address
- .RE
- .PP
- to set the IP address of the machine. Note that this is only necessary if
- there is no external RARP service. The second daemon
- .B irdpd
- can be replaced by setting a static route:
- .PP
- .RS
- .B add_route -g
- .I router-IP-address
- .RE
- .PP
- (if there is a router.) The last daemon,
- .BR nonamed ,
- can be replaced by an entry in
- .B /etc/resolv.conf
- that specifies an external name daemon:
- .PP
- .RS
- .B nameserver
- .I nameserver-IP-address
- .RE
- .PP
- The
- .B ifconfig
- and
- .B add_route
- calls can be placed in the file
- .BR /etc/rc.net .
- The calls to the daemons will have to be edited out of
- .BR /etc/rc .
- Note that these changes undo all the efforts to make Minix TCP/IP
- autoconfigurable. Make very sure that all the IP addresses are correct, and
- that the IP address of your machine is unique. (Mistakenly using the
- address of a main server will make all other machines look at your machine,
- and will make all the users of all other machines look at you.)
- .SH FILES
- .TP 20n
- /boot
- Minix Boot Monitor.
- .TP
- /minix
- Kernel image, or directory containing them.
- .TP
- /etc/rc
- First of the system initialization files.
- .TP
- /etc/hosts
- Name to IP address mapping.
- .TP
- /etc/ethers
- Name to ethernet address mapping.
- .SH "SEE ALSO"
- .BR monitor (8),
- .BR init (8),
- .BR inet (8),
- .BR loadkeys (8),
- .BR readclock (8),
- .BR fsck (1),
- .BR update (8),
- .BR cron (8),
- .BR ttytab (5),
- .BR getty (8),
- .BR hostaddr (1),
- .BR ifconfig (8),
- .BR irdpd (8),
- .BR nonamed (8),
- .BR rarpd (8),
- .BR hosts (5),
- .BR ethers (5),
- .BR set_net_default (8).
- .SH DIAGNOSTICS
- .TP 5n
- Checking File Systems.
- If the system has crashed then
- .B fsck
- is called for the root and /usr file systems. It is wise to reboot if the
- root file system must be fixed.
- .TP
- Finish the name of device to mount as /usr: /dev/
- If the name of the /usr file system has not been set in /etc/fstab.
- You can type a device name, say
- .BR fd0 .
- .TP
- hostaddr: unable to fetch IP address
- TCP/IP misconfiguration. The RARP may have failed because the ethernet
- address of the machine is not entered in either the remote or the local
- ethers file. Either talk to your Network Administrator, or make an ethers
- and a hosts file.
- .TP
- 1.2.3.4 login:
- If you see an IP address instead of a host name then the system failed to
- translate the IP address. Either talk to your Network Administrator to
- have the reverse address translation tables fixed, or make a hosts file.
- .SH NOTES
- The names "darask" and "burask" are names of cities from the Dutch
- translation of the novel "The Many-Colored Land" by Julian May. The author
- of this text likes names of hosts to be things that contain people, like
- cities and ships.
- .SH BUGS
- Indefinite hangs are possible if I/O addresses or IRQ's are wrong. A driver
- may babble about addresses and IRQ's, but that does not mean that what it
- says is true, it may just be configured that way. It is very difficult to
- find peripherals on a PC automatically, and Minix doesn't even try.
- .SH AUTHOR
- Kees J. Bot (kjb@cs.vu.nl)