ACD.1
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- ACD(1) Minix Programmer's Manual ACD(1)
- NAME
- acd - a compiler driver
- SYNOPSIS
- acd -v[n] -vn[n] -name name -descr descr -T dir [arg ...]
- DESCRIPTION
- Acd is a compiler driver, a program that calls the several passes that
- are needed to compile a source file. It keeps track of all the temporary
- files used between the passes. It also defines the interface of the
- compiler, the options the user gets to see.
- This text only describes acd itself, it says nothing about the different
- options the C-compiler accepts. (It has nothing to do with any language,
- other than being a tool to give a compiler a user interface.)
- OPTIONS
- Acd itself takes five options:
- -v[n]
- Sets the diagnostic level to n (by default 2). The higher n is, the
- more output acd generates: -v0 does not produce any output. -v1
- prints the basenames of the programs called. -v2 prints names and
- arguments of the programs called. -v3 shows the commands executed
- from the description file too. -v4 shows the program read from the
- description file too. Levels 3 and 4 use backspace overstrikes that
- look good when viewing the output with a smart pager.
- -vn[n]
- Like -v except that no command is executed. The driver is just
- play-acting.
- -name name
- Acd is normally linked to the name the compiler is to be called with
- by the user. The basename of this, say cc, is the call name of the
- driver. It plays a role in selecting the proper description file.
- With the -name option one can change this. Acd -name cc has the
- same effect as calling the program as cc.
- -descr descr
- Allows one to choose the pass description file of the driver. By
- default descr is the same as name, the call name of the program. If
- descr doesn't start with /, ./, or ../ then the file
- /usr/lib/descr/descr will be used for the description, otherwise
- descr itself. Thus cc -descr newcc calls the C-compiler with a
- different description file without changing the call name. Finally,
- if descr is "-", standard input is read. (The default lib directory
- /usr/lib, may be changed to dir at compile time by -DLIB="dir".
- The default descr may be set with -DDESCR="descr" for simple
- installations on a system without symlinks.)
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- ACD(1) Minix Programmer's Manual ACD(1)
- -T dir
- Temporary files are made in /tmp by default, which may be overridden
- by the environment variable TMPDIR, which may be overridden by the
- -T option.
- THE DESCRIPTION FILE
- The description file is a program interpreted by the driver. It has
- variables, lists of files, argument parsing commands, and rules for
- transforming input files.
- Syntax
- There are four simple objects:
- Words, Substitutions, Letters, and Operators.
- And there are two ways to group objects:
- Lists, forming sequences of anything but letters,
- Strings, forming sequences of anything but Words and Operators.
- Each object has the following syntax:
- Words
- They are sequences of characters, like cc, -I/usr/include, /lib/cpp.
- No whitespace and no special characters. The backslash character
- () may be used to make special characters common, except
- whitespace. A backslash followed by whitespace is completely
- removed from the input. The sequence n is changed to a newline.
- Substitutions
- A substitution (henceforth called 'subst') is formed with a $, e.g.
- $opt, $PATH, ${lib}, $*. The variable name after the $ is made of
- letters, digits and underscores, or any sequence of characters
- between parentheses or braces, or a single other character. A subst
- indicates that the value of the named variable must be substituted
- in the list or string when fully evaluated.
- Letters
- Letters are the single characters that would make up a word.
- Operators
- The characters =, +, -, *, <, and > are the operators. The first
- four must be surrounded by whitespace if they are to be seen as
- special (they are often used in arguments). The last two are always
- special.
- Lists
- One line of objects in the description file forms a list. Put
- parentheses around it and you have a sublist. The values of
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- ACD(1) Minix Programmer's Manual ACD(1)
- variables are lists.
- Strings
- Anything that is not yet a word is a string. All it needs is that
- the substs in it are evaluated, e.g. $LIBPATH/lib$key.a. A single
- subst doesn't make a string, it expands to a list. You need at
- least one letter or other subst next to it. Strings (and words) may
- also be formed by enclosing them in double quotes. Only and $
- keep their special meaning within quotes.
- Evaluation
- One thing has to be carefully understood: Substitutions are delayed until
- the last possible moment, and description files make heavy use of this.
- Only if a subst is tainted, either because its variable is declared
- local, or because a subst in its variable's value is tainted, is it
- immediately substituted. So if a list is assigned to a variable then
- this list is only checked for tainted substs. Those substs are replaced
- by the value of their variable. This is called partial evaluation.
- Full evaluation expands all substs, the list is flattened, i.e. all
- parentheses are removed from sublists.
- Implosive evaluation is the last that has to be done to a list before it
- can be used as a command to execute. The substs within a string have
- been evaluated to lists after full expansion, but a string must be turned
- into a single word, not a list. To make this happen, a string is first
- exploded to all possible combinations of words choosing one member of the
- lists within the string. These words are tried one by one to see if they
- exist as a file. The first one that exists is taken, if none exists than
- the first choice is used. As an example, assume LIBPATH equals (/lib
- /usr/lib), key is (c) and key happens to be local. Then we have:
- "$LIBPATH/lib$key.a"
- before evaluation,
- "$LIBPATH/lib(c).a"
- after partial evaluation,
- "(/lib/libc.a /usr/lib/libc.a)"
- after full evaluation, and finally
- /usr/lib/libc.a
- after implosion, if the file exists.
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- ACD(1) Minix Programmer's Manual ACD(1)
- Operators
- The operators modify the way evaluation is done and perform a special
- function on a list:
- * Forces full evaluation on all the list elements following it. Use
- it to force substitution of the current value of a variable. This
- is the only operator that forces immediate evaluation.
- + When a + exists in a list that is fully evaluated, then all the
- elements before the + are imploded and all elements after the + are
- imploded and added to the list if they are not already in the list.
- So this operator can be used either for set addition, or to force
- implosive expansion within a sublist.
- - Like +, except that elements after the - are removed from the list.
- The set operators can be used to gather options that exclude each other
- or for their side effect of implosive expansion. You may want to write:
- cpp -I$LIBPATH/include
- to call cpp with an extra include directory, but $LIBPATH is expanded
- using a filename starting with -I so this won't work. Given that any
- problem in Computer Science can be solved with an extra level of
- indirection, use this instead:
- cpp -I$INCLUDE
- INCLUDE = $LIBPATH/include +
- Special Variables
- There are three special variables used in a description file: $*, $<,
- and $>. These variables are always local and mostly read-only. They
- will be explained later.
- A Program
- The lists in a description file form a program that is executed from the
- first to the last list. The first word in a list may be recognized as a
- builtin command (only if the first list element is indeed simply a word.)
- If it is not a builtin command then the list is imploded and used as a
- UNIX command with arguments.
- Indentation (by tabs or spaces) is not just makeup for a program, but are
- used to group lines together. Some builtin commands need a body. These
- bodies are simply lines at a deeper indentation.
- Empty lines are not ignored either, they have the same indentation level
- as the line before it. Comments (starting with a # and ending at end of
- line) have an indentation of their own and can be used as null commands.
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- ACD(1) Minix Programmer's Manual ACD(1)
- Acd will complain about unexpected indentation shifts and empty bodies.
- Commands can share the same body by placing them at the same indentation
- level before the indented body. They are then "guards" to the same body,
- and are tried one by one until one succeeds, after which the body is
- executed.
- Semicolons may be used to separate commands instead of newlines. The
- commands are then all at the indentation level of the first.
- Execution phases
- The driver runs in three phases: Initialization, Argument scanning, and
- Compilation. Not all commands work in all phases. This is further
- explained below.
- The Commands
- The commands accept arguments that are usually generic expressions that
- implode to a word or a list of words. When var is specified, then a
- single word or subst needs to be given, so an assignment can be either
- name = value, or $name = value.
- var = expr ...
- The partially evaluated list of expressions is assigned to var.
- During the evaluation is var marked as local, and after the
- assignment set from undefined to defined.
- unset var
- Var is set to null and is marked as undefined.
- import var
- If var is defined in the environment of acd then it is assigned to
- var. The environment variable is split into words at whitespace and
- colons. Empty space between two colons (::) is changed to a dot.
- mktemp var [suffix]
- Assigns to var the name of a new temporary file, usually something
- like /tmp/acd12345x. If suffix is present then it will be added to
- the temporary file's name. (Use it because some programs require
- it, or just because it looks good.) Acd remembers this file, and
- will delete it as soon as you stop referencing it.
- temporary word
- Mark the file named by word as a temporary file. You have to make
- sure that the name is stored in some list in imploded form, and not
- just temporarily created when word is evaluated, because then it
- will be immediately removed and forgotten.
- stop suffix
- Sets the target suffix for the compilation phase. Something like
- stop .o means that the source files must be compiled to object
- files. At least one stop command must be executed before the
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- ACD(1) Minix Programmer's Manual ACD(1)
- compilation phase begins. It may not be changed during the
- compilation phase. (Note: There is no restriction on suffix, it
- need not start with a dot.)
- treat file suffix
- Marks the file as having the given suffix for the compile phase.
- Useful for sending a -l option directly to the loader by treating it
- as having the .a suffix.
- numeric arg
- Checks if arg is a number. If not then acd will exit with a nice
- error message.
- error expr ...
- Makes the driver print the error message expr ... and exit.
- if expr = expr
- If tests if the two expressions are equal using set comparison, i.e.
- each expression should contain all the words in the other
- expression. If the test succeeds then the if-body is executed.
- ifdef var
- Executes the ifdef-body if var is defined.
- ifndef var
- Executes the ifndef-body if var is undefined.
- iftemp arg
- Executes the iftemp-body if arg is a temporary file. Use it when a
- command has the same file as input and output and you don't want to
- clobber the source file:
- transform .o .o
- iftemp $*
- $> = $*
- else
- cp $* $>
- optimize $>
- ifhash arg
- Executes the ifhash-body if arg is an existing file with a '#' as
- the very first character. This usually indicates that the file must
- be pre-processed:
- transform .s .o
- ifhash $*
- mktemp ASM .s
- $CPP $* > $ASM
- else
- ASM = $*
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- ACD(1) Minix Programmer's Manual ACD(1)
- $AS -o $> $ASM
- unset ASM
- else Executes the else-body if the last executed if, ifdef, ifndef,
- iftemp, or ifhash was unsuccessful. Note that else need not
- immediately follow an if, but you are advised not to make use of
- this. It is a "feature" that may not last.
- apply suffix1 suffix2
- Executed inside a transform rule body to transform the input file
- according to another transform rule that has the given input and
- output suffixes. The file under $* will be replaced by the new
- file. So if there is a .c .i preprocessor rule then the example of
- ifhash can be replaced by:
- transform .s .o
- ifhash $*
- apply .c .i
- $AS -o $> $*
- include descr
- Reads another description file and replaces the include with it.
- Execution continues with the first list in the new program. The
- search for descr is the same as used for the -descr option. Use
- include to switch in different front ends or back ends, or to call a
- shared description file with a different initialization. Note that
- descr is only evaluated the first time the include is called. After
- that the include has been replaced with the included program, so
- changing its argument won't get you a different file.
- arg string ...
- Arg may be executed in the initialization and scanning phase to post
- an argument scanning rule, that's all the command itself does. Like
- an if that fails it allows more guards to share the same body.
- transform suffix1 suffix2
- Transform, like arg, only posts a rule to transform a file with the
- suffix suffix1 into a file with the suffix suffix2.
- prefer suffix1 suffix2
- Tells that the transformation rule from suffix1 to suffix2 is to be
- preferred when looking for a transformation path to the stop suffix.
- Normally the shortest route to the stop suffix is used. Prefer is
- ignored on a combine, because the special nature of combines does
- not allow ambiguity.
- The two suffixes on a transform or prefer may be the same, giving a
- rule that is only executed when preferred.
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- ACD(1) Minix Programmer's Manual ACD(1)
- combine suffix-list suffix
- Combine is like transform except that it allows a list of input
- suffixes to match several types of input files that must be combined
- into one.
- scan The scanning phase may be run early from the initialization phase
- with the scan command. Use it if you need to make choices based on
- the arguments before posting the transformation rules. After
- running this, scan and arg become no-ops.
- compile
- Move on to the compilation phase early, so that you have a chance to
- run a few extra commands before exiting. This command implies a
- scan.
- Any other command is seen as a UNIX command. This is where the < and >
- operators come into play. They redirect standard input and standard
- output to the file mentioned after them, just like the shell. Acd will
- stop with an error if the command is not successful.
- The Initialization Phase
- The driver starts by executing the program once from top to bottom to
- initialize variables and post argument scanning and transformation rules.
- The Scanning Phase
- In this phase the driver makes a pass over the command line arguments to
- process options. Each arg rule is tried one by one in the order they
- were posted against the front of the argument list. If a match is made
- then the matched arguments are removed from the argument list and the
- arg-body is executed. If no match can be made then the first argument is
- moved to the list of files waiting to be transformed and the scan is
- restarted.
- The match is done as follows: Each of the strings after arg must match
- one argument at the front of the argument list. A character in a string
- must match a character in an argument word, a subst in a string may match
- 1 to all remaining characters in the argument, preferring the shortest
- possible match. The hyphen in a argument starting with a hyphen cannot
- be matched by a subst. Therefore:
- arg -i
- matches only the argument -i.
- arg -O$n
- matches any argument that starts with -O and is at least three characters
- long. Lastly,
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- ACD(1) Minix Programmer's Manual ACD(1)
- arg -o $out
- matches -o and the argument following it, unless that argument starts
- with a hyphen.
- The variable $* is set to all the matched arguments before the arg-body
- is executed. All the substs in the arg strings are set to the characters
- they match. The variable $> is set to null. All the values of the
- variables are saved and the variables marked local. All variables except
- $> are marked read-only. After the arg-body is executed is the value of
- $> concatenated to the file list. This allows one to stuff new files
- into the transformation phase. These added names are not evaluated until
- the start of the next phase.
- The Compilation Phase
- The files gathered in the file list in the scanning phase are now
- transformed one by one using the transformation rules. The shortest, or
- preferred route is computed for each file all the way to the stop suffix.
- Each file is transformed until it lands at the stop suffix, or at a
- combine rule. After a while all files are either fully transformed or at
- a combine rule.
- The driver chooses a combine rule that is not on a path from another
- combine rule and executes it. The file that results is then transformed
- until it again lands at a combine rule or the stop suffix. This
- continues until all files are at the stop suffix and the program exits.
- The paths through transform rules may be ambiguous and have cycles, they
- will be resolved. But paths through combines must be unambiguous,
- because of the many paths from the different files that meet there. A
- description file will usually have only one combine rule for the loader.
- However if you do have a combine conflict then put a no-op transform rule
- in front of one to resolve the problem.
- If a file matches a long and a short suffix then the long suffix is
- preferred. By putting a null input suffix ("") in a rule one can match
- any file that no other rule matches. You can send unknown files to the
- loader this way.
- The variable $* is set to the file to be transformed or the files to be
- combined before the transform or combine-body is executed. $> is set to
- the output file name, it may again be modified. $< is set to the
- original name of the first file of $* with the leading directories and
- the suffix removed. $* will be made up of temporary files after the
- first rule. $> will be another temporary file or the name of the target
- file ($< plus the stop suffix), if the stop suffix is reached.
- $> is passed to the next rule; it is imploded and checked to be a single
- word. This driver does not store intermediate object files in the
- current directory like most other compilers, but keeps them in /tmp too.
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- ACD(1) Minix Programmer's Manual ACD(1)
- (Who knows if the current directory can have files created in?) As an
- example, here is how you can express the "normal" method:
- transform .s .o
- if $> = $<.o
- # Stop suffix is .o
- else
- $> = $<.o
- temporary $>
- $AS -o $> $*
- Note that temporary is not called if the target is already the object
- file, or you would lose the intended result! $> is known to be a word,
- because $< is local. (Any string whose substs are all expanded changes
- to a word.)
- Predefined Variables
- The driver has three variables predefined: PROGRAM, set to the call name
- of the driver, VERSION, the driver's version number, and ARCH, set to the
- name of the default output architecture. The latter is optional, and
- only defined if acd was compiled with -DARCH="arch-name".
- EXAMPLE
- As an example a description file for a C compiler is given. It has a
- front end (ccom), an intermediate code optimizer (opt), a code generator
- (cg), an assembler (as), and a loader (ld). The compiler can pre-
- process, but there is also a separate cpp. If the -D and options like it
- are changed to look like -o then this example is even as required by
- POSIX.
- # The compiler support search path.
- C = /lib /usr/lib /usr/local/lib
- # Compiler passes.
- CPP = $C/cpp $CPP_F
- CCOM = $C/ccom $CPP_F
- OPT = $C/opt
- CG = $C/cg
- AS = $C/as
- LD = $C/ld
- # Predefined symbols.
- CPP_F = -D__EXAMPLE_CC__
- # Library path.
- LIBPATH = $USERLIBPATH $C
- # Default transformation target.
- stop .out
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- ACD(1) Minix Programmer's Manual ACD(1)
- # Preprocessor directives.
- arg -D$name
- arg -U$name
- arg -I$dir
- CPP_F = $CPP_F $*
- # Stop suffix.
- arg -c
- stop .o
- arg -E
- stop .E
- # Optimization.
- arg -O
- prefer .m .m
- OPT = $OPT -O1
- arg -O$n
- numeric $n
- prefer .m .m
- OPT = $OPT $*
- # Add debug info to the executable.
- arg -g
- CCOM = $CCOM -g
- # Add directories to the library path.
- arg -L$dir
- USERLIBPATH = $USERLIBPATH $dir
- # -llib must be searched in $LIBPATH later.
- arg -l$lib
- $> = $LIBPATH/lib$lib.a
- # Change output file.
- arg -o$out
- arg -o $out
- OUT = $out
- # Complain about a missing argument.
- arg -o
- error "argument expected after '$*'"
- # Any other option (like -s) are for the loader.
- arg -$any
- LD = $LD $*
- # Preprocess C-source.
- transform .c .i
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- ACD(1) Minix Programmer's Manual ACD(1)
- $CPP $* > $>
- # Preprocess C-source and send it to standard output or $OUT.
- transform .c .E
- ifndef OUT
- $CPP $*
- else
- $CPP $* > $OUT
- # Compile C-source to intermediate code.
- transform .c .m
- transform .i .m
- $CCOM $* $>
- # Intermediate code optimizer.
- transform .m .m
- $OPT $* > $>
- # Intermediate to assembly.
- transform .m .s
- $CG $* > $>
- # Assembler to object code.
- transform .s .o
- if $> = $<.o
- ifdef OUT
- $> = $OUT
- $AS -o $> $*
- # Combine object files and libraries to an executable.
- combine (.o .a) .out
- ifndef OUT
- OUT = a.out
- $LD -o $OUT $C/crtso.o $* $C/libc.a
- FILES
- /usr/lib/descr/descr - compiler driver description file.
- SEE ALSO
- cc(1).
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- Even though the end result doesn't look much like it, many ideas were
- nevertheless derived from the ACK compiler driver by Ed Keizer.
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- BUGS
- POSIX requires that if compiling one source file to an object file fails
- then the compiler should continue with the next source file. There is no
- way acd can do this, it always stops after error. It doesn't even know
- what an object file is! (The requirement is stupid anyhow.)
- If you don't think that tabs are 8 spaces wide, then don't mix them with
- spaces for indentation.
- AUTHOR
- Kees J. Bot (kjb@cs.vu.nl)
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