USAGE.8
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- USAGE(8) Minix Programmer's Manual USAGE(8)
- NAME
- usage - installing and using Minix
- DESCRIPTION
- This manual page describes the installation and use of Minix from a
- System Administrators point of view. It contains an installation guide,
- instructions on how to do the initial configuration and some other info.
- Please read this document entirely before attempting to install Minix.
- The installation steps are in the proper order, but not all the
- information you may need is presented at the right moment. Other
- detailed information that may be useful can be found in boot(8) and
- hier(7).
- 1. REQUIREMENTS
- The minimum system Minix can be installed on comfortably is an IBM PC/AT
- or PS/2 with a 286 processor, 2 Mb memory, a 720 kb diskette drive, and
- 30 Mb free space on an AT, ESDI, or SCSI hard disk (the latter controlled
- by an Adaptec 1540.) Minix for the 386 (Minix-386 for short) can be
- installed on a machine with at least a 386sx processor and 3 Mb memory.
- 2. MINIX INSTALLATION BACKGROUND
- The objective of the installation is to create a partition on your disk
- and to put Minix into it. Minix really requires two partitions however,
- so the single "primary" partition is split into two subpartitions. The a
- subpartition will contain the root file system, and the c subpartition
- will contain the /usr file system. What MS-DOS calls "drives", i.e C:,
- D:, E:, Minix calls "file systems". Minix does not use drive letters,
- but requires that one file system is made a part of another file system
- by "mounting" one on the other. The "root" file system is always present
- and starts with the directory "/", the root of the directory tree. The
- root file system contains a few programs in /bin, device files in /dev,
- and configuration files in /etc. This is just enough to get the system
- started. Minix will soon extend its directory tree by mounting a file
- system on the /usr directory. What is henceforth known as the /usr file
- system contains all Minix programs in /usr/bin, file system sources in
- /usr/src, etc, etc. The ROOT image contains the complete Minix root file
- system, but USR contains just a small subset of the /usr file system,
- with just enough utilities to install Minix. The complete /usr file
- system is split up into the USR.TAZ, SYS.TAZ and CMD.TAZ archives that
- are installed later to fill /usr.
- Let's suppose your first hard disk, which has device name /dev/hd0, has
- MS-DOS already present in the first primary partition (/dev/hd1), and
- some free space left after that. After Minix is installed in that free
- space the disk will look like this:
- /dev/hd0 Whole hard disk #0
- /dev/hd1 MS-DOS C: drive
- /dev/hd2 Minix primary partition
- /dev/hd2a Minix root partition
- 1
- USAGE(8) Minix Programmer's Manual USAGE(8)
- /dev/hd2c Minix /usr partition
- /dev/hd0 is the sum of a partition table, /dev/hd1 and /dev/hd2.
- Likewise is /dev/hd2 the sum of a subpartition table, /dev/hd2a and
- /dev/hd2c. Read the "DEVICES" sections for more information on Minix
- devices.
- 3. INSTALLATION
- You can install Minix automatically or manually as described the sections
- below. The end result is the same, but manual installation allows one to
- deviate from the preconfigured choices. You may wish to read the manual
- pages of the programs used below before you start. You may especially
- want to read boot(8) if your machine is different from what the majority
- buys, because you may need to set a few boot parameters to configure
- drivers. To do this type ESC to get to the Boot Monitor prompt, set the
- appropriate variables, use save to store the settings and menu to
- continue where you left off.
- To install the system you need two diskettes: a bootable root diskette
- and a diskette full of binaries to use as /usr. These diskettes are
- named ROOT and USR. These two diskettes may also be combined on a single
- high density diskette. In that case the USR part is on the c partition.
- Insert the ROOT diskette, boot the machine and type '=' to the menu. The
- Minix kernel is loaded and takes control when you see the copyright
- banner. After loading the root diskette into the RAM disk you will be
- asked to finish the name of the device to mount on /usr. Type fd0c for a
- diskette that contains both ROOT and USR, otherwise replace ROOT by USR
- and type fd0. Login as root.
- 4. AUTOMATIC INSTALLATION
- Type setup to start the installation script. First it offers to install
- a national keyboard map. The names should be clear, except for us-swap,
- which swaps the CTRL and CAPS LOCK keys of a standard US style keyboard
- for people who believe that the natural place of CTRL is next to A. The
- default suggested between [ and ] is the US standard keyboard.
- The next thing to do is to make a partition, for this you are placed in a
- partition table editor named part. This partition table editor is very
- easy to use (in the author's opinion), but you will probably hate it.
- You can move all over the place with the arrow keys, change values, and
- make a mess of your partition table real quick. So if you get into
- trouble, type 'q' to quit, 'n' to not write the table, and RETURN to
- start over. Use the '?' key to get help.
- With the '+' and '-' keys you can select the disk device to install on,
- probably /dev/hd0, the first hard disk. Type 'r' to load the partition
- table of the selected disk. Either create one new partition by modifying
- a partition marked "None", or reuse an existing partition by changing its
- type to "MINIX" (hex code 81). The FIPS program can be used under MS-DOS
- 2
- USAGE(8) Minix Programmer's Manual USAGE(8)
- to shrink an MS-DOS partition. FIPS splits the DOS partition in two, so
- one of the two can be used for Minix. You have to be absolutely sure
- which one. When in doubt, first use the FDISK program under DOS to
- delete the extra partition, and let Minix part create a new one. DO NOT
- use part to shrink an existing partition! Minix needs a partition of at
- least 20 Mb, but not larger than 128 Mb (Minix-86) or 1 Gb (Minix-386).
- The system needs 30 Mb in compiled state.
- The script then wants to know the name of the partition you've created,
- this name is probably still visible on the screen (hd2, hd6, something
- like that.) The new partition table is reloaded into the disk driver,
- and the new Minix partition is carved up into two subpartitions, a 1440
- kb root and the rest for /usr.
- After making /usr, it is immediately put to use to replace the
- installation /usr file system so that you can remove the USR diskette and
- insert the ROOT diskette (unless they are one and the same). The root
- file system is filled with the contents of the ROOT diskette and slightly
- patched up to work on the hard disk (/etc/fstab.)
- To compute the size of the so-called "second level block cache" you are
- asked to specify the RAM size of your machine. If you have plenty, i.e 4
- Mb or more then simply hit RETURN, otherwise enter the size of your
- system RAM in kilobytes.
- You can now skip the next section and move to "TESTING", but it may be
- instructive to read it anyway.
- 5. MANUAL INSTALLATION
- The instructions that follow are at a very low level and require you to
- be very careful. The big advantage is that you know precisely what tools
- have been used and how everything works. The disadvantage is that you
- may easily make a mistake that either forces you to start over if you are
- lucky, or wipes out the contents of your hard disk if you are not. Only
- if you really want to do something different should you use a manual
- installation. Slavishly following the steps shown below will only make
- you end up with the same result as an automatic installation.
- Run part to make partitions to load the system into. The best thing to
- do is to make one large primary partition of type "MINIX" and to carve
- this partition up into three subpartitions for root and /usr. The
- assumption is that you will use the second partition on the first hard
- disk, /dev/hd2, and that hd2a is the root subpartition and hd2c is /usr.
- If you want to use the first partition on the second hard disk for
- instance, then substitute hd6 and hd6[ac] for the above. On a SCSI disk
- it will be /dev/sd2 for the second partition on the disk at target 0.
- See the section on devices below, and the manual pages of part(8), hd(4),
- and sd(4). Start part and select the whole hard disk device (the
- "multiple of 5" device) that you want to install Minix onto. In our
- example it will be /dev/hd0.
- 3
- USAGE(8) Minix Programmer's Manual USAGE(8)
- Use part to make a single partition in the primary partition table of
- type "MINIX", then hit '>' on this new partition to make a subpartition
- table.
- For the root subpartition you are advised to use 1440 kb exactly. You
- can make it larger if you want to, but it is advisable never to let the
- contents outgrow a floppy. (The ROOT diskette is a copy of a root file
- system, and will be used to fill your root subpartition.)
- The second subpartition is either empty or a "scratch" partition. Minix
- no longer uses the b subpartition for anything useful anymore, but it has
- become customary to have root on a and /usr on c. (You are free to
- ignore this convention, of course.)
- Use the rest of the partition for the /usr c subpartition.
- When you are done check that /dev/hd2a is active (the * after the
- partition number) so you can boot from it later.
- If your disk has bad blocks then don't put the root or scratch
- subpartition on top of them. Make sure the inode tables in the other
- partitions don't have bad blocks either. You can put the subpartitions
- out of order on the disk if that helps. Subpartition tables, other than
- the main partition table, are not sorted by the driver.
- After making the partitions you do not have to reboot. The disk driver
- reloads the partition tables on the next access if the disk is not in
- use. (Open or mounted.)
- To be able to boot from /dev/hd2a you must place a master bootstrap in
- /dev/hd2. It has been placed there by part if it told you that it was
- creating a new partition table, but
- installboot -m /dev/hd2 /usr/mdec/masterboot
- will put it there for sure.
- You will start by making a file system for /usr and filling it partially.
- This may seem to be out of order, but you can't insert the ROOT floppy
- right now.
- mkfs /dev/hd2c
- readall -b /dev/hd2c | sh
- mount /dev/hd2c /mnt
- cpdir -v /usr /mnt
- This will create a file system on /dev/hd2c, mount it on /mnt, and copy
- the contents of the USR floppy onto it. The call to readall marks bad
- blocks on the file system as unusable, you can omit this on a drive known
- to be spotless (IDE or SCSI.)
- 4
- USAGE(8) Minix Programmer's Manual USAGE(8)
- You can now use the new /usr in place of the USR floppy:
- umount /dev/hd2c
- umount /dev/fd0 # fd0c if combined
- mount /dev/hd2c /usr
- This little dance has freed up your floppy drive, so please remove the
- USR diskette and replace it by the ROOT diskette. Make a file system for
- the root with at least 512 inodes (files), and fill it from the floppy:
- mkfs -i 512 /dev/hd2a
- mount /dev/fd0 /fd0
- mount /dev/hd2a /mnt
- cpdir -v /fd0 /mnt
- umount /dev/fd0
- Remove /mnt/etc/issue to get rid of the "use setup" message that greets
- you when you boot, and edit the file /mnt/etc/fstab to name the devices
- Minix has been installed on. In our example it should look like this:
- root=/dev/hd2a
- usr=/dev/hd2c
- Unmount the new root:
- umount /dev/hd2a
- Make it bootable:
- installboot -d /dev/hd2a /usr/mdec/bootblock boot
- The automatic script would now set the rootdev and ramimagedev boot
- variables. You can do this now using the edparams command, but it is
- easier to postpone it until the testing phase. The settings should be:
- rootdev=hd2a
- ramimagedev=hd2a
- 6. TESTING
- By now a new Minix system is present on your hard disk. Time to see if
- it works. Leave the ROOT diskette in the drive and type halt. You are
- now going to use the power of the Boot Monitor on the diskette to boot
- the Minix partition on the hard disk. Use the monitor command boot hd2
- to boot the primary partition Minix has been installed in. (It is "hd2"
- in our example.) For a SCSI disk you will have to use a 'hd' name too.
- The monitor uses the BIOS, so you will have to treat it as a "normal"
- disk at this point.
- 5
- USAGE(8) Minix Programmer's Manual USAGE(8)
- The hard disk bootstrap is now showing the menu again. You can type '='
- to start Minix, but you probably want to change the boot parameters. Hit
- ESC once more to get to the command prompt. The command set shows what
- the current parameters are. Here is an example that shows how to make a
- menu to either start Minix or boot MS-DOS:
- minix(=,Minix) {boot}
- dos(d,MS-DOS) {boot hd1}
- save
- MS-DOS is assumed to be in the first partition in the example above
- (hd1). When finished type menu to see if the menu looks right. If so
- hit '=' to start Minix.
- 7. ADDING PROGRAMS AND SOURCES TO /usr
- The setup command can also be used to add files from floppy sets to the
- system. The USR.TAZ (programs and stuff), SYS.TAZ (system sources), and
- CMD.TAZ (commands sources) are all installed relative to the /usr
- directory, so the command to use three times is
- setup /usr
- Setup will ask for the size of data on the floppies, which is by default
- simply the entire floppy. Don't worry if you see a few "File exists"
- errors while extracting, as some directories already exist. You need the
- USR.TAZ set if you want a working Minix system, SYS.TAZ if you want
- recompile the system or study it, and CMD.TAZ if you also want the
- sources of the simple commands. On a disk space starved machine you
- could opt to do without the commands sources, as they are not absolutely
- necessary to understand Minix.
- If your machine does not have enough memory to run setup /usr then type
- these commands manually:
- cd /usr
- vol /dev/fd0 | uncompress | tar xvfp -
- 8. NAMES
- A standalone machine will have to be given a name. As root type
- echo name >/etc/hostname.file
- to change the host name of your machine to name.
- 9. ACTIVE ON BOOT
- You may want to make the Minix partition active so that it is
- automatically booted. With DOS fdisk or Minix part, mark the primary
- partition that contains Minix active. Using the menu you made earlier
- you can boot either Minix or DOS at a keypress. You can even set
- timeouts. To boot Minix automatically after 5 seconds:
- 6
- USAGE(8) Minix Programmer's Manual USAGE(8)
- main() {trap 5000 minix; menu}
- See monitor(8) for all the details on the monitor.
- If you don't trust this then you can rig up a diskette that boots the
- Minix partition when left in the drive:
- installboot -m 2 /dev/fd0 /usr/mdec/masterboot
- The number 2 indicates the hard disk partition that must be booted, you
- can use the numbers 1 to 9 for hd1 to hd9.
- 10. DEVICES
- A crash course on the Minix devices in /dev: The two hard disks are
- named hd0 and hd5. These "multiple of five" devices address the entire
- hard disk, from the first to the last byte. Each disk has four
- partitions, for disk 0 they are hd1, hd2, hd3, and hd4. And for disk 1
- they are named hd6, hd7, hd8, and hd9. These partitions may contain file
- systems, hd1 often contains the MS-DOS "C:" file system. Minix can use
- these partitions for file systems too, but you can also partition one of
- these "primary partitions" into four so-called "subpartitions". The
- subpartitions of hd1 are named hd1a, hd1b, hd1c, and hd1d. The other
- partitions may have four subpartitions that are named in the same way by
- adding a letter from a to d. So one disk may have four partitions, and
- 16 subpartititions total. SCSI disks are named in the same way, from sd0
- to sd39d for all possible devices for all eight SCSI targets. The two
- floppy disks are fd0 and fd1. Each may have four partitions named fd0a,
- fd0b, ... fd1d. The command MAKEDEV knows how to make devices, and
- DESCRIBE can tell you what an unknown device may be, or even what all
- devices in /dev may be if called without arguments. Devices are
- described fully in dev(4), and in the device specific manual pages like
- fd(4) and hd(4).
- 11. EDITORS
- The editors available are elvis (a vi clone), elle (a simple emacs
- clone), and the old Minix mined editor. Of these editors only elvis can
- recover your file after a system crash. Only mined is available at
- installation time. (All you need to know about mined right now is that
- CTRL-X gets you out of it.)
- 12. INSTALLING ON A SCSI DISK
- Using a disk other than a hd disk complicates things a bit. The Boot
- Monitor uses the BIOS, so it names all disks with hd names. So it is
- boot hd1 to boot partition 1, and ramimagedev=sd2a to tell Minix its root
- partition. If you have both a normal and a SCSI disk then the disks may
- be hd0 and hd5 to the Monitor, and hd0 and sd0 to Minix.
- 7
- USAGE(8) Minix Programmer's Manual USAGE(8)
- 13. NATIONAL KEYBOARDS
- The directory /usr/lib/keymaps contains keymap tables for several
- national keyboards. If you have a German keyboard for instance, then
- loadkeys /usr/lib/keymaps/german.map
- will load the German key translation table into the keyboard driver.
- Copy the map to /etc/keymap once Minix is installed on the hard disk,
- because having to type a key sequence like one of these:
- loadkezs -usr-lib-kezmaps-german.map
- loqdkeys =usr=lib=key,qps=french.,qp
- on a reboot gets a bit annoying after a while. Send corrections and new
- keymaps to the person named below. (Do not send a Dutch keymap, buy
- yourself a real keyboard instead.)
- SUGGESTIONS
- Below are a few useful suggestions. Some of the information can be of
- use in other situations than described here.
- 14. VIRTUAL CONSOLES
- Hold down the ALT key and press the left or right arrow key, F1, or F2.
- This switches the console between two login sessions. (Unless you have
- an old mono adapter, because virtual consoles sit in video memory, and a
- mono adapter only has memory for one.)
- Note that kernel messages, including function key output, only appear on
- the first console. This may be confusing, but it keeps the other
- consoles clean.
- 15. LOW ON MEMORY
- The normal installation requires that you have enough memory for a large
- RAM disk. You can still install Minix normally if you either have a high
- density diskette drive for a combined root+usr floppy, or you have two
- floppy drives of at least 720 kb. Before booting you have to set the
- variable rootdev to the same value as ramimagedev. This is slower then a
- RAM disk, but saves a lot of memory.
- The automatic installation script knows how to handle this new situation.
- If you install manually then you have to use
- cpdir -vx / /mnt
- to copy the root device to disk. When it is time to fill /usr and you
- only have one floppy drive then hit DEL to get out of the installation
- script and reboot as described in "TESTING". You can then finish the
- installation manually.
- 8
- USAGE(8) Minix Programmer's Manual USAGE(8)
- 16. LOW ON MEMORY AND ONLY ONE 720 KB FLOPPY DRIVE
- If you only have one 720 kb floppy drive and your system is low on memory
- then you can use the TINYROOT boot image. This image contains a small
- kernel with only the BIOS disk driver, and a small root file system. You
- can use this disk to boot your machine. Use the normal ROOT to install
- the root file system. Keep booting your machine with TINYROOT until you
- have compiled a small kernel for your system. Use the rootdev boot
- variable to select the hard disk root file system. Do not use TINYROOT
- for anything other than booting, always use ROOT when mentioned.
- 17. FLOPPY DRIVE 1 IS A HIGH DENSITY DRIVE
- If you would like to install from floppy drive 1 then you need to copy at
- least one sector from the USR image onto a diskette for drive 0. The USR
- bootstrap has been rigged to boot the other drive.
- 18. INSTALLING ON A SECOND HARD DISK
- Minix doesn't care if it is installed on the second disk of a system with
- two disks. The only problem is to get it booted. You can either rig up
- a diskette to boot Minix as shown earlier, or you can use the same trick
- on the first disk. The command
- installboot -m 5 /dev/hd0 /usr/mdec/masterboot
- will lock the first disk into booting the second disk. Note that this
- command modifies the disk outside a Minix partition, overwriting a bit of
- code that has likely been put there by DOS fdisk. First verify that the
- Boot Monitor can boot a DOS partition, because then the Minix master
- bootstrap can do it too.
- 19. LOTS OF MEMORY ON A 286
- You will have a hard time making Minix run out of 3 Mb memory. Memory
- you can spare can be used for a "second level block cache" on the RAM
- disk. The File System uses the second level cache to store copies of
- disk blocks that are pushed out of the normal (primary) block cache. The
- size of the primary cache is compiled into the FS server, but the size of
- the second level cache can be set with the ramsize boot variable. Set it
- to a number between 0 and 512. 512 kilobytes is enough to keep most of
- the compiler cached.
- 20. LOTS OF MEMORY ON A 386+
- Processes can be as big as you'd like on a 386, but in practice 4 Mb is
- nice. The installation script sets up a second level cache for Minix-386
- of up to 1024 kilobytes. This is because the default file system cache
- is only 80 kb. Your first point of call is to get rid of the poorly
- performing second level cache and to assign the memory used by it to the
- normal block cache by enlarging the appropriate NR_BUFS and NR_BUF_HASH
- constants in <minix/config.h> with as much as you can spare. (1024 for
- NR_BUFS is the minimum to keep cc -c cached. 2048 is then a nice value
- for NR_BUF_HASH.) Disable the second level cache, compile a new kernel,
- reboot and set ramsize to 0.
- 9
- USAGE(8) Minix Programmer's Manual USAGE(8)
- 21. LOTS OF DISK SPACE
- The maximum file system size is 1 Gb for Minix-386 and 128 Mb for Minix-
- 86. (Minix-86 can handle larger file systems, but fsck can't check
- them.) Note that a Minix file system can only contain 65535 inodes
- (files), so the average file should be 16 kb to completely fill it. It
- may be better to make two smaller file systems. Besides, fsck takes
- forever on a large file system.
- SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION
- The system has been set up with the idea that working as root is a bad
- thing to do. As root you are in no way protected from doing stupid
- things. So don't do development as root, but work as bin! Only in
- exceptional cases do you want to become root. Being root is fun for
- wannabe hackers; administrators know better.
- To make life easier for bin, some programs like su(1), install(1) and
- shutdown(8) treat bin and other members of the operator group as special
- and allow them the privileges of root. (One is an operator if one's
- group id is zero.) Operators should share the shadow password of root by
- having ##root in their password field. This way they all have one face
- (password) to the outside world, forming no greater security risk than
- root alone.
- The home directory of bin contains one important Makefile. You can use
- it to recompile all the commands and libraries of the system. Type make
- to see the usage message. If you want to compile just one command then
- you can simply type make to do so. To put it in its proper place you
- have to type make install. Read the Makefiles in the commands and lib
- subdirectories to understand how everything is put together. If you are
- tight on memory then make may fail to traverse down the source tree and
- also compile things. You will have to type make in each subdirectory.
- You can run make in /usr/src at the end to see if you've missed something
- or not.
- The login shell of bin is ash, the BSD shell. It has been modified to
- offer simple line editing using the editline(3) library. Ash is rather
- big, so you may have to change bin's shell back to /bin/sh with chsh(1)
- if you are low on memory. Do not change root's shell to ash, and do not
- replace /bin/sh by ash. It may run out of memory at the wrong moment.
- The kernel is not compiled from the master Makefile. To make a new
- kernel you have to step into the tools directory. There you can run four
- different make commands:
- make This makes all the different kernel parts and combines them in the
- file named image.
- make fdboot
- As above and then makes a boot floppy that you can use to restart
- your system with. You are prompted for the floppy device name.
- 10
- USAGE(8) Minix Programmer's Manual USAGE(8)
- make hdboot
- First makes the image file and then copies it into the directory
- /minix. If there are already two images in that directory then the
- newest image will be removed to make space for this newer image. It
- is assumed that the oldest image is the most stable system image,
- one that always works, and that the newest image is experimental.
- Check beforehand what /minix contains before you run make hdboot.
- Remove the oldest image if you want another image to become the
- stable image. The Boot Monitor chooses the newest image in /minix
- to boot. You can use the monitor command ls minix to view the
- images present, and set the image variable to the full name of the
- image you want to use instead if the newest doesn't work. The
- images in /minix are named using the Minix release and version
- numbers with an extra revision number added to distinguish the
- images.
- The first new kernel you would like to make is one configured for your
- system. The kernel you are running now contains several hard disk
- drivers you don't need, and it does not have a TCP/IP server that you may
- want to have. In <minix/config.h> you can find a number of ENABLE_XXX
- variables that can be set to 0 to exclude, or 1 to include a particular
- driver. Another driver related variable is DMA_SECTORS. This variable
- sets the size of a buffer used by DMA based disk drivers (all but the
- floppy, AT/IDE, and Adaptec drivers). Raise its value to greatly improve
- throughput, especially writing. A value of 16 shows good results. (The
- BIOS driver benefits most, because it is a long way to the BIOS from
- protected mode, especially from 286 protected mode.) You can increase
- NR_CONS if you want to have more virtual consoles. Having more consoles
- costs little memory, because all the consoles are kept in video memory.
- Scrolling speed of the console will go down if more virtual consoles
- share the available memory. CGA cards have space for 4 consoles, EGA and
- VGA can have 8 consoles. The NR_PTYS variable sets the number of pseudo-
- ttys. You need pseudo-ttys to be able to login remotely over a network
- with the rlogin command. Each remote login session needs one pseudo-tty.
- If you fear that the system will now run out of processes then increase
- NR_PROCS. Configuring a new kernel is sometimes not enough to enable new
- devices, you sometimes need to use the MAKEDEV command to make new device
- files in /dev. For pseudo-ttys you also have to check if /etc/ttytab
- mentiones the new devices.
- New additions to the system can be made in the /usr/local tree. An empty
- directory tree has been set up for you and binaries and manual pages are
- already in the search paths. You can make a new user entry with the
- adduser command.
- The TZ variable in /etc/profile tells the time zone offset from the wall
- clock time to GMT. You have to change it for your time zone. (See
- TZ(5).)
- 11
- USAGE(8) Minix Programmer's Manual USAGE(8)
- The function keys produce debug dumps, showing various interesting data
- about the system. F1 lists processes and F5 shows ethernet stats, which
- may be of use now. Read console(4) to know all the details of the screen
- and keyboard.
- 22. SYSTEM SHUTDOWN
- You can't just turn a Minix system off. Minix must be told to flush the
- modified data in the file system cache first. The following
- commands/keystrokes can be used to exit Minix properly:
- shutdown
- First alert all users and then all processes of the impending
- shutdown then halt or reboot the system in one of various ways. See
- shutdown(8).
- reboot / halt
- Alert all processes of the system shutdown then reboot or halt.
- CTRL-ALT-DEL
- Halt the system by running shutdown -h now.
- Minix halts by returning to the Boot Monitor, Minix reboots by
- instructing the monitor to reboot Minix. (Minix is just a subprocess to
- the monitor.) Either halt Minix and use monitor commands to escape
- Minix, or use shutdown -R to reset the system.
- FILES
- /usr/ast Honorary home directory of Andew S. Tanenbaum. Doubles as
- the place where the default setup for a new user is found.
- SEE ALSO
- monitor(8), boot(8), part(8), mkfs(1), mount(8), M(8), fstab(5), hier(7),
- console(4), dev(4), adduser(8), TZ(5), mkdist(8), shutdown(8).
- "Operating Systems - Design and Implementation" by Andrew S. Tanenbaum.
- NOTES
- The notation <file.h> refers to a C language include file in
- /usr/include.
- Root and bin do not have the current directory in their program search
- path to avoid executing programs left around by malicious people. This
- means that to run foo from the current directory, ./foo must be typed.
- Some of the commands have changed since earlier Minix versions. For
- instance mkfs doesn't need a size argument anymore, and vol automagically
- determines if it needs to read or write. Keep this in mind if you use an
- older Minix version to examine the newer system.
- 12
- USAGE(8) Minix Programmer's Manual USAGE(8)
- BUGS
- There are many PS/2 models, all different. Some will run Minix, some
- won't, some crippled if you lie to Minix by setting processor to 86.
- Almost no PS/2 has a standard disk, so setting hd to esdi or bios will be
- necessary.
- While testing a full library rebuild of this distribution it sometimes
- happened that some things were not put back into the library. This seems
- to be fixed, but we do not understand why the fix fixed the problem. So
- if you see strange "undefined" errors when compiling a program after a
- library rebuild then run make install again in /usr/src/lib/ to try and
- add the missing pieces.
- Except for the floppy driver none of the DMA based drivers know about DMA
- being limited to a 24 bits address, i.e. the first 16 Mb. So under
- Minix-386 you run a slight risk that a tar or dd command may use a buffer
- above 16 Mb for reading or writing to a character device. This only
- happens if the low 16 Mb is taken by some huge processes, and you have
- more than 16 Mb, of course.
- AUTHOR
- Kees J. Bot (kjb@cs.vu.nl)
- 13