TraceVar.3
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- '"
- '" Copyright (c) 1989-1993 The Regents of the University of California.
- '" Copyright (c) 1994-1996 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
- '"
- '" See the file "license.terms" for information on usage and redistribution
- '" of this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.
- '"
- '" RCS: @(#) $Id: TraceVar.3,v 1.8 2002/08/05 03:24:39 dgp Exp $
- '"
- .so man.macros
- .TH Tcl_TraceVar 3 7.4 Tcl "Tcl Library Procedures"
- .BS
- .SH NAME
- Tcl_TraceVar, Tcl_TraceVar2, Tcl_UntraceVar, Tcl_UntraceVar2, Tcl_VarTraceInfo, Tcl_VarTraceInfo2 - monitor accesses to a variable
- .SH SYNOPSIS
- .nf
- fB#include <tcl.h>fR
- .sp
- int
- fBTcl_TraceVar(fIinterp, varName, flags, proc, clientDatafB)fR
- .sp
- int
- fBTcl_TraceVar2(fIinterp, name1, name2, flags, proc, clientDatafB)fR
- .sp
- fBTcl_UntraceVar(fIinterp, varName, flags, proc, clientDatafB)fR
- .sp
- fBTcl_UntraceVar2(fIinterp, name1, name2, flags, proc, clientDatafB)fR
- .sp
- ClientData
- fBTcl_VarTraceInfo(fIinterp, varName, flags, proc, prevClientDatafB)fR
- .sp
- ClientData
- fBTcl_VarTraceInfo2(fIinterp, name1, name2, flags, proc, prevClientDatafB)fR
- .SH ARGUMENTS
- .AS Tcl_VarTraceProc prevClientData
- .AP Tcl_Interp *interp in
- Interpreter containing variable.
- .AP "CONST char" *varName in
- Name of variable. May refer to a scalar variable, to
- an array variable with no index, or to an array variable
- with a parenthesized index.
- .AP int flags in
- OR-ed combination of the values TCL_TRACE_READS, TCL_TRACE_WRITES,
- TCL_TRACE_UNSETS, TCL_TRACE_ARRAY, TCL_GLOBAL_ONLY, TCL_NAMESPACE_ONLY,
- TCL_TRACE_RESULT_DYNAMIC and TCL_TRACE_RESULT_OBJECT.
- Not all flags are used by all
- procedures. See below for more information.
- .AP Tcl_VarTraceProc *proc in
- Procedure to invoke whenever one of the traced operations occurs.
- .AP ClientData clientData in
- Arbitrary one-word value to pass to fIprocfR.
- .AP "CONST char" *name1 in
- Name of scalar or array variable (without array index).
- .AP "CONST char" *name2 in
- For a trace on an element of an array, gives the index of the
- element. For traces on scalar variables or on whole arrays,
- is NULL.
- .AP ClientData prevClientData in
- If non-NULL, gives last value returned by fBTcl_VarTraceInfofR or
- fBTcl_VarTraceInfo2fR, so this call will return information about
- next trace. If NULL, this call will return information about first
- trace.
- .BE
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- .PP
- fBTcl_TraceVarfR allows a C procedure to monitor and control
- access to a Tcl variable, so that the C procedure is invoked
- whenever the variable is read or written or unset.
- If the trace is created successfully then fBTcl_TraceVarfR returns
- TCL_OK. If an error occurred (e.g. fIvarNamefR specifies an element
- of an array, but the actual variable isn't an array) then TCL_ERROR
- is returned and an error message is left in the interpreter's result.
- .PP
- The fIflagsfR argument to fBTcl_TraceVarfR indicates when the
- trace procedure is to be invoked and provides information
- for setting up the trace. It consists of an OR-ed combination
- of any of the following values:
- .TP
- fBTCL_GLOBAL_ONLYfR
- Normally, the variable will be looked up at the current level of
- procedure call; if this bit is set then the variable will be looked
- up at global level, ignoring any active procedures.
- .TP
- fBTCL_NAMESPACE_ONLYfR
- Normally, the variable will be looked up at the current level of
- procedure call; if this bit is set then the variable will be looked
- up in the current namespace, ignoring any active procedures.
- .TP
- fBTCL_TRACE_READSfR
- Invoke fIprocfR whenever an attempt is made to read the variable.
- .TP
- fBTCL_TRACE_WRITESfR
- Invoke fIprocfR whenever an attempt is made to modify the variable.
- .TP
- fBTCL_TRACE_UNSETSfR
- Invoke fIprocfR whenever the variable is unset.
- A variable may be unset either explicitly by an fBunsetfR command,
- or implicitly when a procedure returns (its local variables are
- automatically unset) or when the interpreter is deleted (all
- variables are automatically unset).
- .TP
- fBTCL_TRACE_ARRAYfR
- Invoke fIprocfR whenever the array command is invoked.
- This gives the trace procedure a chance to update the array before
- array names or array get is called. Note that this is called
- before an array set, but that will trigger write traces.
- .VS 8.4
- .TP
- fBTCL_TRACE_RESULT_DYNAMICfR
- The result of invoking the fIprocfR is a dynamically allocated
- string that will be released by the Tcl library via a call to
- fBckfreefR. Must not be specified at the same time as
- TCL_TRACE_RESULT_OBJECT.
- .TP
- fBTCL_TRACE_RESULT_OBJECTfR
- The result of invoking the fIprocfR is a Tcl_Obj* (cast to a char*)
- with a reference count of at least one. The ownership of that
- reference will be transferred to the Tcl core for release (when the
- core has finished with it) via a call to fBTcl_DecrRefCountfR. Must
- not be specified at the same time as TCL_TRACE_RESULT_DYNAMIC.
- .VE 8.4
- .PP
- Whenever one of the specified operations occurs on the variable,
- fIprocfR will be invoked.
- It should have arguments and result that match the type
- fBTcl_VarTraceProcfR:
- .CS
- typedef char *Tcl_VarTraceProc(
- ClientData fIclientDatafR,
- Tcl_Interp *fIinterpfR,
- char *fIname1fR,
- char *fIname2fR,
- int fIflagsfR);
- .CE
- The fIclientDatafR and fIinterpfR parameters will
- have the same values as those passed to fBTcl_TraceVarfR when the
- trace was created.
- fIClientDatafR typically points to an application-specific
- data structure that describes what to do when fIprocfR
- is invoked.
- fIName1fR and fIname2fR give the name of the traced variable
- in the normal two-part form (see the description of fBTcl_TraceVar2fR
- below for details).
- fIFlagsfR is an OR-ed combination of bits providing several
- pieces of information.
- One of the bits TCL_TRACE_READS, TCL_TRACE_WRITES, TCL_TRACE_ARRAY,
- or TCL_TRACE_UNSETS
- will be set in fIflagsfR to indicate which operation is being performed
- on the variable.
- The bit TCL_GLOBAL_ONLY will be set whenever the variable being
- accessed is a global one not accessible from the current level of
- procedure call: the trace procedure will need to pass this flag
- back to variable-related procedures like fBTcl_GetVarfR if it
- attempts to access the variable.
- The bit TCL_NAMESPACE_ONLY will be set whenever the variable being
- accessed is a namespace one not accessible from the current level of
- procedure call: the trace procedure will need to pass this flag
- back to variable-related procedures like fBTcl_GetVarfR if it
- attempts to access the variable.
- The bit TCL_TRACE_DESTROYED will be set in fIflagsfR if the trace is
- about to be destroyed; this information may be useful to fIprocfR
- so that it can clean up its own internal data structures (see
- the section TCL_TRACE_DESTROYED below for more details).
- Lastly, the bit TCL_INTERP_DESTROYED will be set if the entire
- interpreter is being destroyed.
- When this bit is set, fIprocfR must be especially careful in
- the things it does (see the section TCL_INTERP_DESTROYED below).
- The trace procedure's return value should normally be NULL; see
- ERROR RETURNS below for information on other possibilities.
- .PP
- fBTcl_UntraceVarfR may be used to remove a trace.
- If the variable specified by fIinterpfR, fIvarNamefR, and fIflagsfR
- has a trace set with fIflagsfR, fIprocfR, and
- fIclientDatafR, then the corresponding trace is removed.
- If no such trace exists, then the call to fBTcl_UntraceVarfR
- has no effect.
- The same bits are valid for fIflagsfR as for calls to fBTcl_TraceVarfR.
- .PP
- fBTcl_VarTraceInfofR may be used to retrieve information about
- traces set on a given variable.
- The return value from fBTcl_VarTraceInfofR is the fIclientDatafR
- associated with a particular trace.
- The trace must be on the variable specified by the fIinterpfR,
- fIvarNamefR, and fIflagsfR arguments (only the TCL_GLOBAL_ONLY and
- TCL_NAMESPACE_ONLY bits from fIflagsfR is used; other bits are
- ignored) and its trace procedure must the same as the fIprocfR
- argument.
- If the fIprevClientDatafR argument is NULL then the return
- value corresponds to the first (most recently created) matching
- trace, or NULL if there are no matching traces.
- If the fIprevClientDatafR argument isn't NULL, then it should
- be the return value from a previous call to fBTcl_VarTraceInfofR.
- In this case, the new return value will correspond to the next
- matching trace after the one whose fIclientDatafR matches
- fIprevClientDatafR, or NULL if no trace matches fIprevClientDatafR
- or if there are no more matching traces after it.
- This mechanism makes it possible to step through all of the
- traces for a given variable that have the same fIprocfR.
- .SH "TWO-PART NAMES"
- .PP
- The procedures fBTcl_TraceVar2fR, fBTcl_UntraceVar2fR, and
- fBTcl_VarTraceInfo2fR are identical to fBTcl_TraceVarfR,
- fBTcl_UntraceVarfR, and fBTcl_VarTraceInfofR, respectively,
- except that the name of the variable consists of two parts.
- fIName1fR gives the name of a scalar variable or array,
- and fIname2fR gives the name of an element within an array.
- .VS 8.1
- When fIname2fR is NULL,
- fIname1fR may contain both an array and an element name:
- if the name contains an open parenthesis and ends with a
- close parenthesis, then the value between the parentheses is
- treated as an element name (which can have any string value) and
- the characters before the first open
- parenthesis are treated as the name of an array variable.
- If fIname2fR is NULL and fIname1fR does not refer
- to an array element
- .VE
- it means that either the variable is
- a scalar or the trace is to be set on the entire array rather
- than an individual element (see WHOLE-ARRAY TRACES below for
- more information).
- .SH "ACCESSING VARIABLES DURING TRACES"
- .PP
- During read, write, and array traces, the
- trace procedure can read, write, or unset the traced
- variable using fBTcl_GetVar2fR, fBTcl_SetVar2fR, and
- other procedures.
- While fIprocfR is executing, traces are temporarily disabled
- for the variable, so that calls to fBTcl_GetVar2fR and
- fBTcl_SetVar2fR will not cause fIprocfR or other trace procedures
- to be invoked again.
- Disabling only occurs for the variable whose trace procedure
- is active; accesses to other variables will still be traced.
- However, if a variable is unset during a read or write trace then unset
- traces will be invoked.
- .PP
- During unset traces the variable has already been completely
- expunged.
- It is possible for the trace procedure to read or write the
- variable, but this will be a new version of the variable.
- Traces are not disabled during unset traces as they are for
- read and write traces, but existing traces have been removed
- from the variable before any trace procedures are invoked.
- If new traces are set by unset trace procedures, these traces
- will be invoked on accesses to the variable by the trace
- procedures.
- .SH "CALLBACK TIMING"
- .PP
- When read tracing has been specified for a variable, the trace
- procedure will be invoked whenever the variable's value is
- read. This includes fBsetfR Tcl commands, fB$fR-notation
- in Tcl commands, and invocations of the fBTcl_GetVarfR
- and fBTcl_GetVar2fR procedures.
- fIProcfR is invoked just before the variable's value is
- returned.
- It may modify the value of the variable to affect what
- is returned by the traced access.
- If it unsets the variable then the access will return an error
- just as if the variable never existed.
- .PP
- When write tracing has been specified for a variable, the
- trace procedure will be invoked whenever the variable's value
- is modified. This includes fBsetfR commands,
- commands that modify variables as side effects (such as
- fBcatchfR and fBscanfR), and calls to the fBTcl_SetVarfR
- and fBTcl_SetVar2fR procedures).
- fIProcfR will be invoked after the variable's value has been
- modified, but before the new value of the variable has been
- returned.
- It may modify the value of the variable to override the change
- and to determine the value actually returned by the traced
- access.
- If it deletes the variable then the traced access will return
- an empty string.
- .PP
- When array tracing has been specified, the trace procedure
- will be invoked at the beginning of the array command implementation,
- before any of the operations like get, set, or names have been invoked.
- The trace procedure can modify the array elements with fBTcl_SetVarfR
- and fBTcl_SetVar2fR.
- .PP
- When unset tracing has been specified, the trace procedure
- will be invoked whenever the variable is destroyed.
- The traces will be called after the variable has been
- completely unset.
- .SH "WHOLE-ARRAY TRACES"
- .PP
- If a call to fBTcl_TraceVarfR or fBTcl_TraceVar2fR specifies
- the name of an array variable without an index into the array,
- then the trace will be set on the array as a whole.
- This means that fIprocfR will be invoked whenever any
- element of the array is accessed in the ways specified by
- fIflagsfR.
- When an array is unset, a whole-array trace will be invoked
- just once, with fIname1fR equal to the name of the array
- and fIname2fR NULL; it will not be invoked once for each
- element.
- .SH "MULTIPLE TRACES"
- .PP
- It is possible for multiple traces to exist on the same variable.
- When this happens, all of the trace procedures will be invoked on each
- access, in order from most-recently-created to least-recently-created.
- When there exist whole-array traces for an array as well as
- traces on individual elements, the whole-array traces are invoked
- before the individual-element traces.
- If a read or write trace unsets the variable then all of the unset
- traces will be invoked but the remainder of the read and write traces
- will be skipped.
- .SH "ERROR RETURNS"
- .PP
- Under normal conditions trace procedures should return NULL, indicating
- successful completion.
- If fIprocfR returns a non-NULL value it signifies that an
- error occurred.
- The return value must be a pointer to a static character string
- containing an error message,
- .VS 8.4
- unless (fIexactlyfR one of) the TCL_TRACE_RESULT_DYNAMIC and
- TCL_TRACE_RESULT_OBJECT flags is set, which specify that the result is
- either a dynamic string (to be released with fBckfreefR) or a
- Tcl_Obj* (cast to char* and to be released with
- fBTcl_DecrRefCountfR) containing the error message.
- .VE 8.4
- If a trace procedure returns an error, no further traces are
- invoked for the access and the traced access aborts with the
- given message.
- Trace procedures can use this facility to make variables
- read-only, for example (but note that the value of the variable
- will already have been modified before the trace procedure is
- called, so the trace procedure will have to restore the correct
- value).
- .PP
- The return value from fIprocfR is only used during read and
- write tracing.
- During unset traces, the return value is ignored and all relevant
- trace procedures will always be invoked.
- .SH "RESTRICTIONS"
- .PP
- A trace procedure can be called at any time, even when there
- is a partially-formed result in the interpreter's result area. If
- the trace procedure does anything that could damage this result (such
- as calling fBTcl_EvalfR) then it must save the original values of
- the interpreter's fBresultfR and fBfreeProcfR fields and restore
- them before it returns.
- .SH "UNDEFINED VARIABLES"
- .PP
- It is legal to set a trace on an undefined variable.
- The variable will still appear to be undefined until the
- first time its value is set.
- If an undefined variable is traced and then unset, the unset will fail
- with an error (``no such variable''), but the trace
- procedure will still be invoked.
- .SH "TCL_TRACE_DESTROYED FLAG"
- .PP
- In an unset callback to fIprocfR, the TCL_TRACE_DESTROYED bit
- is set in fIflagsfR if the trace is being removed as part
- of the deletion.
- Traces on a variable are always removed whenever the variable
- is deleted; the only time TCL_TRACE_DESTROYED isn't set is for
- a whole-array trace invoked when only a single element of an
- array is unset.
- .SH "TCL_INTERP_DESTROYED"
- .PP
- When an interpreter is destroyed, unset traces are called for
- all of its variables.
- The TCL_INTERP_DESTROYED bit will be set in the fIflagsfR
- argument passed to the trace procedures.
- Trace procedures must be extremely careful in what they do if
- the TCL_INTERP_DESTROYED bit is set.
- It is not safe for the procedures to invoke any Tcl procedures
- on the interpreter, since its state is partially deleted.
- All that trace procedures should do under these circumstances is
- to clean up and free their own internal data structures.
- .SH BUGS
- .PP
- Tcl doesn't do any error checking to prevent trace procedures
- from misusing the interpreter during traces with TCL_INTERP_DESTROYED
- set.
- .PP
- Array traces are not yet integrated with the Tcl "info exists" command,
- nor is there Tcl-level access to array traces.
- .SH KEYWORDS
- clientData, trace, variable