INTERNALS
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流媒体/Mpeg4/MP4
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Visual C++
- January 7, 2002
- MP4V2 LIBRARY INTERNALS
- =======================
- This document provides an overview of the interals of the mp4v2 library
- to aid those who wish to modify and extend it. Before reading this document,
- I recommend familiarizing yourself with the MP4 (or Quicktime) file format
- standard and the mp4v2 library API. The API is described in a set of man pages
- in mpeg4ip/doc/mp4v2, or if you prefer by looking at mp4.h.
- All the library code is written in C++, however the library API follows uses
- C calling conventions hence is linkable by both C and C++ programs. The
- library has been compiled and used on Linux, BSD, Windows, and Mac OS X.
- Other than libc, the library has no external dependencies, and hence can
- be used independently of the mpeg4ip package if desired. The library is
- used for both real-time recording and playback in mpeg4ip, and its runtime
- performance is up to those tasks. On the IA32 architecture compiled with gcc,
- the stripped library is approximately 600 KB code and initialized data.
- It is useful to think of the mp4v2 library as consisting of four layers:
- infrastructure, file format, generic tracks, and type specific track helpers.
- A description of each layer follows, from the fundamental to the optional.
- Infrastructure
- ==============
- The infrastructure layer provides basic file I/O, memory allocation,
- error handling, string utilities, and protected arrays. The source files
- for this layer are mp4file_io, mp4util, and mp4array.
- Note that the array classes uses preprocessor macros instead of C++
- templates. The rationale for this is to increase portability given the
- sometimes incomplete support by some compilers for templates.
- File Format
- ===========
- The file format layer provides the translation from the on-disk MP4 file
- format to in-memory C++ structures and back to disk. It is intended
- to exactly match the MP4 specification in syntax and semantics. It
- represents the majority of the code.
- There are three key structures at the file format layer: atoms, properties,
- and descriptors.
- Atoms are the primary containers within an mp4 file. They can contain
- any combination of properties, other atoms, or descriptors.
- The mp4atom files contain the base class for all the atoms, and provide
- generic functions that cover most cases. However, each atom has it's own
- subclass contained in file atom_<name>.cpp, where <name> is the four
- letter name of the atom defined in the MP4 specification. Typically this
- atom file just specifies the properties of the atom or the possible child
- atoms in the case of a container atom. In more specialized cases the atom
- specific file provides routines to initialize, read, or write the atom.
- Properties are the atomic pieces of information. The basic types of
- properties are integers, floats, strings, and byte arrays. For integers
- and floats there are subclasses that represent the different storage sizes,
- e.g. 8, 16, 24, 32, and 64 bit integers. For strings, there is 1 property
- class with a number of options regarding exact storage details, e.g. null
- terminated, fixed length, counted.
- For implementation reasons, there are also two special properties, table
- and descriptor, that are actually containers for groups of properties.
- I.e by making these containers provide a property interface much code can
- be written in a generic fashion.
- The mp4property files contain all the property related classes.
- Descriptors are containers that derive from the MPEG conventions and use
- different encoding rules than the atoms derived from the QuickTime file
- format. This means more use of bitfields and conditional existence with
- an emphasis on bit efficiency at the cost of encoding/decoding complexity.
- Descriptors can contain other descriptors and/or properties.
- The mp4descriptor files contain the generic base class for descriptors.
- Also the mp4property files have a descriptor wrapper class that allows a
- descriptor to behave as if it were a property. The specific descriptors
- are implemented as subclasses of the base class descriptor in manner similar
- to that of atoms. The descriptors, ocidescriptors, and qosqualifiers files
- contain these implementations.
- Each atom/property/descriptor has a name closely related to that in the
- MP4 specification. The difference being that the mp4v2 library doesn't
- use '-' or '_' in property names and capitalizes the first letter of each
- word, e.g. "thisIsAPropertyName". A complete name specifies the complete
- container path. The names follow the C/C++ syntax for elements and array
- indices.
- Examples are:
- "moov.mvhd.duration"
- "moov.trak[2].tkhd.duration"
- "moov.trak[3].minf.mdia.stbl.stsz[101].sampleSize"
- Note "*" can be used as a wildcard for an atom name (only). This is most
- useful when dealing with the stsd atom which contains child atoms with
- various names, but shared property names.
- Note that internally when performance matters the code looks up a property
- by name once, and then stores the returned pointer to the property class.
- Generic Tracks
- ==============
- The two entities at this level are the mp4 file as a whole and the tracks
- which are contained with it. The mp4file and mp4track files contain the
- implementation.
- The critical work done by this layer is to map the collection of atoms,
- properties, and descriptors that represent a media track into a useful,
- and consistent set of operations. For example, reading or writing a media
- sample of a track is a relatively simple operation from the library API
- perspective. However there are numerous pieces of information in the mp4
- file that need to be properly used and updated to do this. This layer
- handles all those details.
- Given familiarity with the mp4 spec, the code should be straight-forward.
- What may not be immediately obvious are the functions to handle chunks of
- media samples. These exist to allow optimization of the mp4 file layout by
- reordering the chunks on disk to interleave the media sample chunks of
- multiple tracks in time order. (See MP4Optimize API doc).
- Type Specific Track Helpers
- ===========================
- This specialized code goes beyond the meta-information about tracks in
- the mp4 file to understanding and manipulating the information in the
- track samples. There are currently two helpers in the library:
- the MPEG-4 Systems Helper, and the RTP Hint Track Helper.
- The MPEG-4 Systems Helper is currently limited to creating the OD, BIFS,
- and SDP information about a minimal audio/video scene consistent with
- the Internet Streaming Media Alliance (ISMA) specifications. We will be
- evaluating how best to generalize the library's helper functions for
- MPEG-4 Systems without overburdening the implementation. The code for
- this helper is found in the isma and odcommands files.
- The RTP Hint Track Helper is more extensive in its support. The hint
- tracks contain the track packetization information needed to build
- RTP packets for streaming. The library can construct RTP packets based
- on the hint track making RTP based servers significantly easier to write.
- All code related to rtp hint tracks is in the rtphint files. It would also
- be useful to look at test/mp4broadcaster and mpeg4ip/server/mp4creator for
- examples of how this part of the library API can be used.
- Library API
- ===========
- The library API is defined and implemented in the mp4 files. The API uses
- C linkage conventions, and the mp4.h file adapts itself according to whether
- C or C++ is the compilation mode.
- All API calls are implemented in mp4.cpp and basically pass thru's to the
- MP4File member functions. This ensures that the library has internal access
- to the same functions as available via the API. All the calls in mp4.cpp use
- C++ try/catch blocks to protect against any runtime errors in the library.
- Upon error the library will print a diagnostic message if the verbostiy level
- has MP4_DETAILS_ERROR set, and return a distinguished error value, typically
- 0 or -1.
- The test and util subdirectories contain useful examples of how to
- use the library. Also the mp4creator and mp4live programs within
- mpeg4ip demonstrate more complete usage of the library API.
- Debugging
- =========
- Since mp4 files are fairly complicated, extensive debugging support is
- built into the library. Multi-level diagnostic messages are available
- under the control of a verbosity bitmask described in the API.
- Also the library provides the MP4Dump() call which provides an ASCII
- version of the mp4 file meta-information. The mp4dump utilitity is a
- wrapper executable around this function.
- The mp4extract program is also provided in the utilities directory
- which is useful for extracting a track from an mp4file and putting the
- media data back into it's own file. It can also extract each sample of
- a track into its own file it that is desired.
- When all else fails, mp4 files are amenable to debugging by direct
- examination. Since the atom names are four letter ASCII codes finding
- reference points in a hex dump is feasible. On UNIX, the od command
- is your friend: "od -t x1z -A x [-j 0xXXXXXX] foo.mp4" will print
- a hex and ASCII dump, with hex addresses, starting optionally from
- a specified offset. The library diagnostic messages can provide
- information on where the library is reading or writing.
- General caveats
- ===============
- The coding convention is to use the C++ throw operator whenever an
- unrecoverable error occurs. This throw is caught at the API layer
- in mp4.cpp and translated into an error value.
- Be careful about indices. Internally, we follow the C/C++ convention
- to use zero-based indices. However the MP4 spec uses one-based indices
- for things like samples and hence the library API uses this convention.