bzip2.1
资源名称:bzip.tar.gz [点击查看]
上传用户:zswatin
上传日期:2007-01-06
资源大小:440k
文件大小:14k
源码类别:
压缩解压
开发平台:
C/C++
- .PU
- .TH bzip2 1
- .SH NAME
- bzip2, bunzip2 - a block-sorting file compressor, v0.9.0
- .br
- bzcat - decompresses files to stdout
- .br
- bzip2recover - recovers data from damaged bzip2 files
- .SH SYNOPSIS
- .ll +8
- .B bzip2
- .RB [ " -cdfkstvzVL123456789 " ]
- [
- .I "filenames &..."
- ]
- .ll -8
- .br
- .B bunzip2
- .RB [ " -fkvsVL " ]
- [
- .I "filenames &..."
- ]
- .br
- .B bzcat
- .RB [ " -s " ]
- [
- .I "filenames &..."
- ]
- .br
- .B bzip2recover
- .I "filename"
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- .I bzip2
- compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block-sorting
- text compression algorithm, and Huffman coding.
- Compression is generally considerably
- better than that
- achieved by more conventional LZ77/LZ78-based compressors,
- and approaches the performance of the PPM family of statistical
- compressors.
- The command-line options are deliberately very similar to
- those of
- .I GNU Gzip,
- but they are not identical.
- .I bzip2
- expects a list of file names to accompany the command-line flags.
- Each file is replaced by a compressed version of itself,
- with the name "original_name.bz2".
- Each compressed file has the same modification date and permissions
- as the corresponding original, so that these properties can be
- correctly restored at decompression time. File name handling is
- naive in the sense that there is no mechanism for preserving
- original file names, permissions and dates in filesystems
- which lack these concepts, or have serious file name length
- restrictions, such as MS-DOS.
- .I bzip2
- and
- .I bunzip2
- will by default not overwrite existing files;
- if you want this to happen, specify the -f flag.
- If no file names are specified,
- .I bzip2
- compresses from standard input to standard output.
- In this case,
- .I bzip2
- will decline to write compressed output to a terminal, as
- this would be entirely incomprehensible and therefore pointless.
- .I bunzip2
- (or
- .I bzip2 -d
- ) decompresses and restores all specified files whose names
- end in ".bz2".
- Files without this suffix are ignored.
- Again, supplying no filenames
- causes decompression from standard input to standard output.
- .I bunzip2
- will correctly decompress a file which is the concatenation
- of two or more compressed files. The result is the concatenation
- of the corresponding uncompressed files. Integrity testing
- (-t) of concatenated compressed files is also supported.
- You can also compress or decompress files to
- the standard output by giving the -c flag.
- Multiple files may be compressed and decompressed like this.
- The resulting outputs are fed sequentially to stdout.
- Compression of multiple files in this manner generates
- a stream containing multiple compressed file representations.
- Such a stream can be decompressed correctly only by
- .I bzip2
- version 0.9.0 or later. Earlier versions of
- .I bzip2
- will stop after decompressing the first file in the stream.
- .I bzcat
- (or
- .I bzip2 -dc
- ) decompresses all specified files to the standard output.
- Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is
- slightly larger than the original. Files of less than about
- one hundred bytes tend to get larger, since the compression
- mechanism has a constant overhead in the region of 50 bytes.
- Random data (including the output of most file compressors)
- is coded at about 8.05 bits per byte, giving an expansion of
- around 0.5%.
- As a self-check for your protection,
- .I bzip2
- uses 32-bit CRCs to make sure that the decompressed
- version of a file is identical to the original.
- This guards against corruption of the compressed data,
- and against undetected bugs in
- .I bzip2
- (hopefully very unlikely).
- The chances of data corruption going undetected is
- microscopic, about one chance in four billion
- for each file processed. Be aware, though, that the check
- occurs upon decompression, so it can only tell you that
- that something is wrong. It can't help you recover the
- original uncompressed data.
- You can use
- .I bzip2recover
- to try to recover data from damaged files.
- Return values:
- 0 for a normal exit,
- 1 for environmental
- problems (file not found, invalid flags, I/O errors, &c),
- 2 to indicate a corrupt compressed file,
- 3 for an internal consistency error (eg, bug) which caused
- .I bzip2
- to panic.
- .SH MEMORY MANAGEMENT
- .I Bzip2
- compresses large files in blocks. The block size affects both the
- compression ratio achieved, and the amount of memory needed both for
- compression and decompression. The flags -1 through -9
- specify the block size to be 100,000 bytes through 900,000 bytes
- (the default) respectively. At decompression-time, the block size used for
- compression is read from the header of the compressed file, and
- .I bunzip2
- then allocates itself just enough memory to decompress the file.
- Since block sizes are stored in compressed files, it follows that the flags
- -1 to -9
- are irrelevant to and so ignored during decompression.
- Compression and decompression requirements, in bytes, can be estimated as:
- Compression: 400k + ( 7 x block size )
- Decompression: 100k + ( 4 x block size ), or
- .br
- 100k + ( 2.5 x block size )
- Larger block sizes give rapidly diminishing marginal returns; most
- of the
- compression comes from the first two or three hundred k of block size,
- a fact worth bearing in mind when using
- .I bzip2
- on small machines. It is also important to appreciate that the
- decompression memory requirement is set at compression-time by the
- choice of block size.
- For files compressed with the default 900k block size,
- .I bunzip2
- will require about 3700 kbytes to decompress.
- To support decompression of any file on a 4 megabyte machine,
- .I bunzip2
- has an option to decompress using approximately half this
- amount of memory, about 2300 kbytes. Decompression speed is
- also halved, so you should use this option only where necessary.
- The relevant flag is -s.
- In general, try and use the largest block size
- memory constraints allow, since that maximises the compression
- achieved. Compression and decompression
- speed are virtually unaffected by block size.
- Another significant point applies to files which fit in a single
- block -- that means most files you'd encounter using a large
- block size. The amount of real memory touched is proportional
- to the size of the file, since the file is smaller than a block.
- For example, compressing a file 20,000 bytes long with the flag
- -9
- will cause the compressor to allocate around
- 6700k of memory, but only touch 400k + 20000 * 7 = 540
- kbytes of it. Similarly, the decompressor will allocate 3700k but
- only touch 100k + 20000 * 4 = 180 kbytes.
- Here is a table which summarises the maximum memory usage for
- different block sizes. Also recorded is the total compressed
- size for 14 files of the Calgary Text Compression Corpus
- totalling 3,141,622 bytes. This column gives some feel for how
- compression varies with block size. These figures tend to understate
- the advantage of larger block sizes for larger files, since the
- Corpus is dominated by smaller files.
- Compress Decompress Decompress Corpus
- Flag usage usage -s usage Size
- -1 1100k 500k 350k 914704
- -2 1800k 900k 600k 877703
- -3 2500k 1300k 850k 860338
- -4 3200k 1700k 1100k 846899
- -5 3900k 2100k 1350k 845160
- -6 4600k 2500k 1600k 838626
- -7 5400k 2900k 1850k 834096
- -8 6000k 3300k 2100k 828642
- -9 6700k 3700k 2350k 828642
- .SH OPTIONS
- .TP
- .B -c --stdout
- Compress or decompress to standard output. -c will decompress
- multiple files to stdout, but will only compress a single file to
- stdout.
- .TP
- .B -d --decompress
- Force decompression.
- .I bzip2,
- .I bunzip2
- and
- .I bzcat
- are really the same program, and the decision about what actions
- to take is done on the basis of which name is
- used. This flag overrides that mechanism, and forces
- .I bzip2
- to decompress.
- .TP
- .B -z --compress
- The complement to -d: forces compression, regardless of the invokation
- name.
- .TP
- .B -t --test
- Check integrity of the specified file(s), but don't decompress them.
- This really performs a trial decompression and throws away the result.
- .TP
- .B -f --force
- Force overwrite of output files. Normally,
- .I bzip2
- will not overwrite existing output files.
- .TP
- .B -k --keep
- Keep (don't delete) input files during compression or decompression.
- .TP
- .B -s --small
- Reduce memory usage, for compression, decompression and
- testing.
- Files are decompressed and tested using a modified algorithm which only
- requires 2.5 bytes per block byte. This means any file can be
- decompressed in 2300k of memory, albeit at about half the normal
- speed.
- During compression, -s selects a block size of 200k, which limits
- memory use to around the same figure, at the expense of your
- compression ratio. In short, if your machine is low on memory
- (8 megabytes or less), use -s for everything. See
- MEMORY MANAGEMENT above.
- .TP
- .B -v --verbose
- Verbose mode -- show the compression ratio for each file processed.
- Further -v's increase the verbosity level, spewing out lots of
- information which is primarily of interest for diagnostic purposes.
- .TP
- .B -L --license -V --version
- Display the software version, license terms and conditions.
- .TP
- .B -1 to -9
- Set the block size to 100 k, 200 k .. 900 k when
- compressing. Has no effect when decompressing.
- See MEMORY MANAGEMENT above.
- .TP
- .B --repetitive-fast
- .I bzip2
- injects some small pseudo-random variations
- into very repetitive blocks to limit
- worst-case performance during compression.
- If sorting runs into difficulties, the block
- is randomised, and sorting is restarted.
- Very roughly,
- .I bzip2
- persists for three times as long as a well-behaved input
- would take before resorting to randomisation.
- This flag makes it give up much sooner.
- .TP
- .B --repetitive-best
- Opposite of --repetitive-fast; try a lot harder before
- resorting to randomisation.
- .SH RECOVERING DATA FROM DAMAGED FILES
- .I bzip2
- compresses files in blocks, usually 900kbytes long.
- Each block is handled independently. If a media or
- transmission error causes a multi-block .bz2
- file to become damaged,
- it may be possible to recover data from the undamaged blocks
- in the file.
- The compressed representation of each block is delimited by
- a 48-bit pattern, which makes it possible to find the block
- boundaries with reasonable certainty. Each block also carries
- its own 32-bit CRC, so damaged blocks can be
- distinguished from undamaged ones.
- .I bzip2recover
- is a simple program whose purpose is to search for
- blocks in .bz2 files, and write each block out into
- its own .bz2 file. You can then use
- .I bzip2 -t
- to test the integrity of the resulting files,
- and decompress those which are undamaged.
- .I bzip2recover
- takes a single argument, the name of the damaged file,
- and writes a number of files "rec0001file.bz2", "rec0002file.bz2",
- etc, containing the extracted blocks. The output filenames
- are designed so that the use of wildcards in subsequent processing
- -- for example, "bzip2 -dc rec*file.bz2 > recovered_data" --
- lists the files in the "right" order.
- .I bzip2recover
- should be of most use dealing with large .bz2 files, as
- these will contain many blocks. It is clearly futile to
- use it on damaged single-block files, since a damaged
- block cannot be recovered. If you wish to minimise
- any potential data loss through media or transmission
- errors, you might consider compressing with a smaller
- block size.
- .SH PERFORMANCE NOTES
- The sorting phase of compression gathers together similar strings
- in the file. Because of this, files containing very long
- runs of repeated symbols, like "aabaabaabaab ..." (repeated
- several hundred times) may compress extraordinarily slowly.
- You can use the
- -vvvvv
- option to monitor progress in great detail, if you want.
- Decompression speed is unaffected.
- Such pathological cases
- seem rare in practice, appearing mostly in artificially-constructed
- test files, and in low-level disk images. It may be inadvisable to
- use
- .I bzip2
- to compress the latter.
- If you do get a file which causes severe slowness in compression,
- try making the block size as small as possible, with flag -1.
- .I bzip2
- usually allocates several megabytes of memory to operate in,
- and then charges all over it in a fairly random fashion. This
- means that performance, both for compressing and decompressing,
- is largely determined by the speed
- at which your machine can service cache misses.
- Because of this, small changes
- to the code to reduce the miss rate have been observed to give
- disproportionately large performance improvements.
- I imagine
- .I bzip2
- will perform best on machines with very large caches.
- .SH CAVEATS
- I/O error messages are not as helpful as they could be.
- .I Bzip2
- tries hard to detect I/O errors and exit cleanly, but the
- details of what the problem is sometimes seem rather misleading.
- This manual page pertains to version 0.9.0 of
- .I bzip2.
- Compressed data created by this version is entirely forwards and
- backwards compatible with the previous public release, version 0.1pl2,
- but with the following exception: 0.9.0 can correctly decompress
- multiple concatenated compressed files. 0.1pl2 cannot do this; it
- will stop after decompressing just the first file in the stream.
- Wildcard expansion for Windows 95 and NT
- is flaky.
- .I bzip2recover
- uses 32-bit integers to represent bit positions in
- compressed files, so it cannot handle compressed files
- more than 512 megabytes long. This could easily be fixed.
- .SH AUTHOR
- Julian Seward, jseward@acm.org.
- http://www.muraroa.demon.co.uk
- The ideas embodied in
- .I bzip2
- are due to (at least) the following people:
- Michael Burrows and David Wheeler (for the block sorting
- transformation), David Wheeler (again, for the Huffman coder),
- Peter Fenwick (for the structured coding model in the original
- .I bzip,
- and many refinements),
- and
- Alistair Moffat, Radford Neal and Ian Witten (for the arithmetic
- coder in the original
- .I bzip).
- I am much indebted for their help, support and advice.
- See the manual in the source distribution for pointers to
- sources of documentation.
- Christian von Roques encouraged me to look for faster
- sorting algorithms, so as to speed up compression.
- Bela Lubkin encouraged me to improve the worst-case
- compression performance.
- Many people sent patches, helped with portability problems,
- lent machines, gave advice and were generally helpful.