curl.1
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- ." * Copyright (C) 1998 - 2008, Daniel Stenberg, <daniel@haxx.se>, et al.
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- ."
- .TH curl 1 "10 July 2008" "Curl 7.19.0" "Curl Manual"
- .SH NAME
- curl - transfer a URL
- .SH SYNOPSIS
- .B curl [options]
- .I [URL...]
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- .B curl
- is a tool to transfer data from or to a server, using one of the supported
- protocols (HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, SCP, SFTP, TFTP, DICT, TELNET, LDAP or
- FILE). The command is designed to work without user interaction.
- curl offers a busload of useful tricks like proxy support, user
- authentication, FTP upload, HTTP post, SSL connections, cookies, file transfer
- resume and more. As you will see below, the number of features will make your
- head spin!
- curl is powered by libcurl for all transfer-related features. See
- .BR libcurl (3)
- for details.
- .SH URL
- The URL syntax is protocol-dependent. You'll find a detailed description in
- RFC 3986.
- You can specify multiple URLs or parts of URLs by writing part sets within
- braces as in:
- http://site.{one,two,three}.com
- or you can get sequences of alphanumeric series by using [] as in:
- ftp://ftp.numericals.com/file[1-100].txt
- ftp://ftp.numericals.com/file[001-100].txt (with leading zeros)
- ftp://ftp.letters.com/file[a-z].txt
- No nesting of the sequences is supported at the moment, but you can use
- several ones next to each other:
- http://any.org/archive[1996-1999]/vol[1-4]/part{a,b,c}.html
- You can specify any amount of URLs on the command line. They will be fetched
- in a sequential manner in the specified order.
- Since curl 7.15.1 you can also specify a step counter for the ranges, so that
- you can get every Nth number or letter:
- http://www.numericals.com/file[1-100:10].txt
- http://www.letters.com/file[a-z:2].txt
- If you specify URL without protocol:// prefix, curl will attempt to guess what
- protocol you might want. It will then default to HTTP but try other protocols
- based on often-used host name prefixes. For example, for host names starting
- with "ftp." curl will assume you want to speak FTP.
- Curl will attempt to re-use connections for multiple file transfers, so that
- getting many files from the same server will not do multiple connects /
- handshakes. This improves speed. Of course this is only done on files
- specified on a single command line and cannot be used between separate curl
- invokes.
- .SH "PROGRESS METER"
- curl normally displays a progress meter during operations, indicating the amount
- of transferred data, transfer speeds and estimated time left, etc.
- However, since curl displays this data to the terminal by default, if you invoke
- curl to do an operation and it is about to write data to the terminal, it
- fIdisablesfP the progress meter as otherwise it would mess up the output
- mixing progress meter and response data.
- If you want a progress meter for HTTP POST or PUT requests, you need to
- redirect the response output to a file, using shell redirect (>), -o [file] or
- similar.
- It is not the same case for FTP upload as that operation does not spit out
- any response data to the terminal.
- If you prefer a progress "bar" instead of the regular meter, fI-#fP is your
- friend.
- .SH OPTIONS
- In general, all boolean options are enabled with --option and yet again
- disabled with --fBno-fPoption. That is, you use the exact same option name
- but prefix it with "no-". However, in this list we mostly only list and show
- the --option version of them. (This concept with --no options was added in
- 7.19.0. Previously most options were toggled on/off on repeated use of the
- same command line option.)
- .IP "-a/--append"
- (FTP/SFTP) When used in an upload, this will tell curl to append to the target
- file instead of overwriting it. If the file doesn't exist, it will be created.
- Note that this flag is ignored by some SSH servers (including OpenSSH).
- .IP "-A/--user-agent <agent string>"
- (HTTP) Specify the User-Agent string to send to the HTTP server. Some badly
- done CGIs fail if this field isn't set to "Mozilla/4.0". To encode blanks in
- the string, surround the string with single quote marks. This can also be set
- with the fI-H/--headerfP option of course.
- If this option is set more than once, the last one will be the one that's
- used.
- .IP "--anyauth"
- (HTTP) Tells curl to figure out authentication method by itself, and use the
- most secure one the remote site claims to support. This is done by first
- doing a request and checking the response-headers, thus possibly inducing an
- extra network round-trip. This is used instead of setting a specific
- authentication method, which you can do with fI--basicfP, fI--digestfP,
- fI--ntlmfP, and fI--negotiatefP.
- Note that using --anyauth is not recommended if you do uploads from stdin,
- since it may require data to be sent twice and then the client must be able to
- rewind. If the need should arise when uploading from stdin, the upload
- operation will fail.
- .IP "-b/--cookie <name=data>"
- (HTTP)
- Pass the data to the HTTP server as a cookie. It is supposedly the
- data previously received from the server in a "Set-Cookie:" line.
- The data should be in the format "NAME1=VALUE1; NAME2=VALUE2".
- If no '=' symbol is used in the line, it is treated as a filename to use to
- read previously stored cookie lines from, which should be used in this session
- if they match. Using this method also activates the "cookie parser" which will
- make curl record incoming cookies too, which may be handy if you're using this
- in combination with the fI-L/--locationfP option. The file format of the
- file to read cookies from should be plain HTTP headers or the Netscape/Mozilla
- cookie file format.
- fBNOTEfP that the file specified with fI-b/--cookiefP is only used as
- input. No cookies will be stored in the file. To store cookies, use the
- fI-c/--cookie-jarfP option or you could even save the HTTP headers to a file
- using fI-D/--dump-headerfP!
- If this option is set more than once, the last one will be the one that's
- used.
- .IP "-B/--use-ascii"
- Enable ASCII transfer when using FTP or LDAP. For FTP, this can also be
- enforced by using an URL that ends with ";type=A". This option causes data
- sent to stdout to be in text mode for win32 systems.
- .IP "--basic"
- (HTTP) Tells curl to use HTTP Basic authentication. This is the default and
- this option is usually pointless, unless you use it to override a previously
- set option that sets a different authentication method (such as fI--ntlmfP,
- fI--digestfP, or fI--negotiatefP).
- .IP "--ciphers <list of ciphers>"
- (SSL) Specifies which ciphers to use in the connection. The list of ciphers
- must specify valid ciphers. Read up on SSL cipher list details on this URL:
- fIhttp://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.htmlfP
- NSS ciphers are done differently than OpenSSL and GnuTLS. The full list of
- NSS ciphers is in the NSSCipherSuite entry at this URL:
- fIhttp://directory.fedora.redhat.com/docs/mod_nss.html#DirectivesfP
- If this option is used several times, the last one will override the others.
- .IP "--compressed"
- (HTTP) Request a compressed response using one of the algorithms libcurl
- supports, and return the uncompressed document. If this option is used and
- the server sends an unsupported encoding, curl will report an error.
- .IP "--connect-timeout <seconds>"
- Maximum time in seconds that you allow the connection to the server to take.
- This only limits the connection phase, once curl has connected this option is
- of no more use. See also the fI-m/--max-timefP option.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "-c/--cookie-jar <file name>"
- Specify to which file you want curl to write all cookies after a completed
- operation. Curl writes all cookies previously read from a specified file as
- well as all cookies received from remote server(s). If no cookies are known,
- no file will be written. The file will be written using the Netscape cookie
- file format. If you set the file name to a single dash, "-", the cookies will
- be written to stdout.
- .B NOTE
- If the cookie jar can't be created or written to, the whole curl operation
- won't fail or even report an error clearly. Using -v will get a warning
- displayed, but that is the only visible feedback you get about this possibly
- lethal situation.
- If this option is used several times, the last specified file name will be
- used.
- .IP "-C/--continue-at <offset>"
- Continue/Resume a previous file transfer at the given offset. The given offset
- is the exact number of bytes that will be skipped, counting from the beginning
- of the source file before it is transferred to the destination. If used with
- uploads, the FTP server command SIZE will not be used by curl.
- Use "-C -" to tell curl to automatically find out where/how to resume the
- transfer. It then uses the given output/input files to figure that out.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "--create-dirs"
- When used in conjunction with the -o option, curl will create the necessary
- local directory hierarchy as needed. This option creates the dirs mentioned
- with the -o option, nothing else. If the -o file name uses no dir or if the
- dirs it mentions already exist, no dir will be created.
- To create remote directories when using FTP or SFTP, try
- fI--ftp-create-dirsfP.
- .IP "--crlf"
- (FTP) Convert LF to CRLF in upload. Useful for MVS (OS/390).
- .IP "-d/--data <data>"
- (HTTP) Sends the specified data in a POST request to the HTTP server, in the
- same way that a browser does when a user has filled in an HTML form and
- presses the submit button. This will cause curl to pass the data to the server
- using the content-type application/x-www-form-urlencoded. Compare to
- fI-F/--formfP.
- fI-d/--datafP is the same as fI--data-asciifP. To post data purely binary,
- you should instead use the fI--data-binaryfP option. To URL-encode the value
- of a form field you may use fI--data-urlencodefP.
- If any of these options is used more than once on the same command line, the
- data pieces specified will be merged together with a separating
- &-symbol. Thus, using '-d name=daniel -d skill=lousy' would generate a post
- chunk that looks like &'name=daniel&skill=lousy'.
- If you start the data with the letter @, the rest should be a file name to
- read the data from, or - if you want curl to read the data from stdin. The
- contents of the file must already be URL-encoded. Multiple files can also be
- specified. Posting data from a file named 'foobar' would thus be done with
- fI--data @foobarfP.
- .IP "--data-binary <data>"
- (HTTP) This posts data exactly as specified with no extra processing
- whatsoever.
- If you start the data with the letter @, the rest should be a filename. Data
- is posted in a similar manner as fI--data-asciifP does, except that newlines
- are preserved and conversions are never done.
- If this option is used several times, the ones following the first will append
- data as described in fI-d/--datafP.
- .IP "--data-urlencode <data>"
- (HTTP) This posts data, similar to the other --data options with the exception
- that this performs URL-encoding. (Added in 7.18.0)
- To be CGI-compliant, the <data> part should begin with a fInamefP followed
- by a separator and a content specification. The <data> part can be passed to
- curl using one of the following syntaxes:
- .RS
- .IP "content"
- This will make curl URL-encode the content and pass that on. Just be careful
- so that the content doesn't contain any = or @ symbols, as that will then make
- the syntax match one of the other cases below!
- .IP "=content"
- This will make curl URL-encode the content and pass that on. The preceding =
- symbol is not included in the data.
- .IP "name=content"
- This will make curl URL-encode the content part and pass that on. Note that
- the name part is expected to be URL-encoded already.
- .IP "@filename"
- This will make curl load data from the given file (including any newlines),
- URL-encode that data and pass it on in the POST.
- .IP "name@filename"
- This will make curl load data from the given file (including any newlines),
- URL-encode that data and pass it on in the POST. The name part gets an equal
- sign appended, resulting in fIname=urlencoded-file-contentfP. Note that the
- name is expected to be URL-encoded already.
- .RE
- .IP "--digest"
- (HTTP) Enables HTTP Digest authentication. This is a authentication that
- prevents the password from being sent over the wire in clear text. Use this in
- combination with the normal fI-u/--userfP option to set user name and
- password. See also fI--ntlmfP, fI--negotiatefP and fI--anyauthfP for
- related options.
- If this option is used several times, the following occurrences make no
- difference.
- .IP "--disable-eprt"
- (FTP) Tell curl to disable the use of the EPRT and LPRT commands when doing
- active FTP transfers. Curl will normally always first attempt to use EPRT,
- then LPRT before using PORT, but with this option, it will use PORT right
- away. EPRT and LPRT are extensions to the original FTP protocol, and may not work
- on all servers, but they enable more functionality in a better way than the
- traditional PORT command.
- Since curl 7.19.0, fB--eprtfP can be used to explicitly enable EPRT again
- and fB--no-eprtfP is an alias for fB--disable-eprtfP.
- .IP "--disable-epsv"
- (FTP) Tell curl to disable the use of the EPSV command when doing passive FTP
- transfers. Curl will normally always first attempt to use EPSV before PASV,
- but with this option, it will not try using EPSV.
- Since curl 7.19.0, fB--epsvfP can be used to explicitly enable EPRT again
- and fB--no-epsvfP is an alias for fB--disable-epsvfP.
- .IP "-D/--dump-header <file>"
- Write the protocol headers to the specified file.
- This option is handy to use when you want to store the headers that a HTTP
- site sends to you. Cookies from the headers could then be read in a second
- curl invocation by using the fI-b/--cookiefP option! The fI-c/--cookie-jarfP
- option is however a better way to store cookies.
- When used in FTP, the FTP server response lines are considered being "headers"
- and thus are saved there.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "-e/--referer <URL>"
- (HTTP) Sends the "Referer Page" information to the HTTP server. This can also
- be set with the fI-H/--headerfP flag of course. When used with
- fI-L/--locationfP you can append ";auto" to the --referer URL to make curl
- automatically set the previous URL when it follows a Location: header. The
- &";auto" string can be used alone, even if you don't set an initial --referer.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "--engine <name>"
- Select the OpenSSL crypto engine to use for cipher
- operations. Use fI--engine listfP to print a list of build-time supported
- engines. Note that not all (or none) of the engines may be available at
- run-time.
- .IP "--environment"
- (RISC OS ONLY) Sets a range of environment variables, using the names the -w
- option supports, to allow easier extraction of useful information after having
- run curl.
- .IP "--egd-file <file>"
- (SSL) Specify the path name to the Entropy Gathering Daemon socket. The socket
- is used to seed the random engine for SSL connections. See also the
- fI--random-filefP option.
- .IP "-E/--cert <certificate[:password]>"
- (SSL) Tells curl to use the specified certificate file when getting a file
- with HTTPS or FTPS. The certificate must be in PEM format. If the optional
- password isn't specified, it will be queried for on the terminal. Note that
- this option assumes a &"certificate" file that is the private key and the
- private certificate concatenated! See fI--certfP and fI--keyfP to specify
- them independently.
- If curl is built against the NSS SSL library then this option tells
- curl the nickname of the certificate to use within the NSS database defined
- by the environment variable SSL_DIR (or by default /etc/pki/nssdb). If the
- NSS PEM PKCS#11 module (libnsspem.so) is available then PEM files may be
- loaded.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "--cert-type <type>"
- (SSL) Tells curl what certificate type the provided certificate is in. PEM,
- DER and ENG are recognized types. If not specified, PEM is assumed.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "--cacert <CA certificate>"
- (SSL) Tells curl to use the specified certificate file to verify the peer. The
- file may contain multiple CA certificates. The certificate(s) must be in PEM
- format. Normally curl is built to use a default file for this, so this option
- is typically used to alter that default file.
- curl recognizes the environment variable named 'CURL_CA_BUNDLE' if it is
- set, and uses the given path as a path to a CA cert bundle. This option
- overrides that variable.
- The windows version of curl will automatically look for a CA certs file named
- 'curl-ca-bundle.crt', either in the same directory as curl.exe, or in the
- Current Working Directory, or in any folder along your PATH.
- If curl is built against the NSS SSL library then this option tells
- curl the nickname of the CA certificate to use within the NSS database
- defined by the environment variable SSL_DIR (or by default /etc/pki/nssdb).
- If the NSS PEM PKCS#11 module (libnsspem.so) is available then PEM files
- may be loaded.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "--capath <CA certificate directory>"
- (SSL) Tells curl to use the specified certificate directory to verify the
- peer. The certificates must be in PEM format, and the directory must have been
- processed using the c_rehash utility supplied with openssl. Using
- fI--capathfP can allow curl to make SSL-connections much more efficiently
- than using fI--cacertfP if the fI--cacertfP file contains many CA
- certificates.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "-f/--fail"
- (HTTP) Fail silently (no output at all) on server errors. This is mostly done
- to better enable scripts etc to better deal with failed attempts. In
- normal cases when a HTTP server fails to deliver a document, it returns an
- HTML document stating so (which often also describes why and more). This flag
- will prevent curl from outputting that and return error 22.
- This method is not fail-safe and there are occasions where non-successful
- response codes will slip through, especially when authentication is involved
- (response codes 401 and 407).
- .IP "--ftp-account [data]"
- (FTP) When an FTP server asks for "account data" after user name and password
- has been provided, this data is sent off using the ACCT command. (Added in
- 7.13.0)
- If this option is used twice, the second will override the previous use.
- .IP "--ftp-create-dirs"
- (FTP/SFTP) When an FTP or SFTP URL/operation uses a path that doesn't
- currently exist on the server, the standard behavior of curl is to
- fail. Using this option, curl will instead attempt to create missing
- directories.
- .IP "--ftp-method [method]"
- (FTP) Control what method curl should use to reach a file on a FTP(S)
- server. The method argument should be one of the following alternatives:
- .RS
- .IP multicwd
- curl does a single CWD operation for each path part in the given URL. For deep
- hierarchies this means very many commands. This is how RFC1738 says it should
- be done. This is the default but the slowest behavior.
- .IP nocwd
- curl does no CWD at all. curl will do SIZE, RETR, STOR etc and give a full
- path to the server for all these commands. This is the fastest behavior.
- .IP singlecwd
- curl does one CWD with the full target directory and then operates on the file
- &"normally" (like in the multicwd case). This is somewhat more standards
- compliant than 'nocwd' but without the full penalty of 'multicwd'.
- .RE
- (Added in 7.15.1)
- .IP "--ftp-pasv"
- (FTP) Use PASV when transferring. PASV is the internal default behavior, but
- using this option can be used to override a previous --ftp-port option. (Added
- in 7.11.0)
- If this option is used several times, the following occurrences make no
- difference. Undoing an enforced PASV really isn't doable but you must then
- instead enforce the correct EPRT again.
- .IP "--ftp-alternative-to-user <command>"
- (FTP) If authenticating with the USER and PASS commands fails, send this
- command. When connecting to Tumbleweed's Secure Transport server over FTPS
- using a client certificate, using "SITE AUTH" will tell the server to retrieve
- the username from the certificate. (Added in 7.15.5)
- .IP "--ftp-skip-pasv-ip"
- (FTP) Tell curl to not use the IP address the server suggests in its response
- to curl's PASV command when curl connects the data connection. Instead curl
- will re-use the same IP address it already uses for the control
- connection. (Added in 7.14.2)
- This option has no effect if PORT, EPRT or EPSV is used instead of PASV.
- .IP "--ftp-ssl"
- (FTP) Try to use SSL/TLS for the FTP connection. Reverts to a non-secure
- connection if the server doesn't support SSL/TLS. See also
- fI--ftp-ssl-controlfP and fI--ftp-ssl-reqdfP for different levels of
- encryption required. (Added in 7.11.0)
- .IP "--ftp-ssl-control"
- (FTP) Require SSL/TLS for the FTP login, clear for transfer. Allows secure
- authentication, but non-encrypted data transfers for efficiency. Fails the
- transfer if the server doesn't support SSL/TLS. (Added in 7.16.0)
- .IP "--ftp-ssl-reqd"
- (FTP) Require SSL/TLS for the FTP connection.
- Terminates the connection if the server doesn't support SSL/TLS.
- (Added in 7.15.5)
- .IP "--ftp-ssl-ccc"
- (FTP) Use CCC (Clear Command Channel)
- Shuts down the SSL/TLS layer after authenticating. The rest of the
- control channel communication will be unencrypted. This allows
- NAT routers to follow the FTP transaction. The default mode is
- passive. See --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode for other modes.
- (Added in 7.16.1)
- .IP "--ftp-ssl-ccc-mode [active/passive]"
- (FTP) Use CCC (Clear Command Channel)
- Sets the CCC mode. The passive mode will not initiate the shutdown, but
- instead wait for the server to do it, and will not reply to the
- shutdown from the server. The active mode initiates the shutdown and
- waits for a reply from the server.
- (Added in 7.16.2)
- .IP "-F/--form <name=content>"
- (HTTP) This lets curl emulate a filled-in form in which a user has pressed the
- submit button. This causes curl to POST data using the Content-Type
- multipart/form-data according to RFC1867. This enables uploading of binary
- files etc. To force the 'content' part to be a file, prefix the file name
- with an @ sign. To just get the content part from a file, prefix the file name
- with the symbol <. The difference between @ and < is then that @ makes a file
- get attached in the post as a file upload, while the < makes a text field and
- just get the contents for that text field from a file.
- Example, to send your password file to the server, where
- &'password' is the name of the form-field to which /etc/passwd will be the
- input:
- fBcurlfP -F password=@/etc/passwd www.mypasswords.com
- To read the file's content from stdin instead of a file, use - where the file
- name should've been. This goes for both @ and < constructs.
- You can also tell curl what Content-Type to use by using 'type=', in a manner
- similar to:
- fBcurlfP -F "web=@index.html;type=text/html" url.com
- or
- fBcurlfP -F "name=daniel;type=text/foo" url.com
- You can also explicitly change the name field of an file upload part by
- setting filename=, like this:
- fBcurlfP -F "file=@localfile;filename=nameinpost" url.com
- See further examples and details in the MANUAL.
- This option can be used multiple times.
- .IP "--form-string <name=string>"
- (HTTP) Similar to fI--formfP except that the value string for the named
- parameter is used literally. Leading &'@' and &'<' characters, and the
- &';type=' string in the value have no special meaning. Use this in preference
- to fI--formfP if there's any possibility that the string value may
- accidentally trigger the &'@' or &'<' features of fI--formfP.
- .IP "-g/--globoff"
- This option switches off the "URL globbing parser". When you set this option,
- you can specify URLs that contain the letters {}[] without having them being
- interpreted by curl itself. Note that these letters are not normal legal URL
- contents but they should be encoded according to the URI standard.
- .IP "-G/--get"
- When used, this option will make all data specified with fI-d/--datafP or
- fI--data-binaryfP to be used in a HTTP GET request instead of the POST
- request that otherwise would be used. The data will be appended to the URL
- with a '?' separator.
- If used in combination with -I, the POST data will instead be appended to the
- URL with a HEAD request.
- If this option is used several times, the following occurrences make no
- difference. This is because undoing a GET doesn't make sense, but you should
- then instead enforce the alternative method you prefer.
- .IP "-h/--help"
- Usage help.
- .IP "-H/--header <header>"
- (HTTP) Extra header to use when getting a web page. You may specify any number
- of extra headers. Note that if you should add a custom header that has the
- same name as one of the internal ones curl would use, your externally set
- header will be used instead of the internal one. This allows you to make even
- trickier stuff than curl would normally do. You should not replace internally
- set headers without knowing perfectly well what you're doing. Remove an
- internal header by giving a replacement without content on the right side of
- the colon, as in: -H &"Host:".
- curl will make sure that each header you add/replace is sent with the proper
- end-of-line marker, you should thus fBnotfP add that as a part of the header
- content: do not add newlines or carriage returns, they will only mess things up
- for you.
- See also the fI-A/--user-agentfP and fI-e/--refererfP options.
- This option can be used multiple times to add/replace/remove multiple headers.
- .IP "--hostpubmd5 <md5>"
- Pass a string containing 32 hexadecimal digits. The string should be the 128
- bit MD5 checksum of the remote host's public key, curl will refuse the
- connection with the host unless the md5sums match. This option is only for SCP
- and SFTP transfers. (Added in 7.17.1)
- .IP "--ignore-content-length"
- (HTTP)
- Ignore the Content-Length header. This is particularly useful for servers
- running Apache 1.x, which will report incorrect Content-Length for files
- larger than 2 gigabytes.
- .IP "-i/--include"
- (HTTP) Include the HTTP-header in the output. The HTTP-header includes things
- like server-name, date of the document, HTTP-version and more...
- .IP "--interface <name>"
- Perform an operation using a specified interface. You can enter interface
- name, IP address or host name. An example could look like:
- curl --interface eth0:1 http://www.netscape.com/
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "-I/--head"
- (HTTP/FTP/FILE)
- Fetch the HTTP-header only! HTTP-servers feature the command HEAD
- which this uses to get nothing but the header of a document. When used
- on a FTP or FILE file, curl displays the file size and last modification
- time only.
- .IP "-j/--junk-session-cookies"
- (HTTP) When curl is told to read cookies from a given file, this option will
- make it discard all "session cookies". This will basically have the same effect
- as if a new session is started. Typical browsers always discard session
- cookies when they're closed down.
- .IP "-k/--insecure"
- (SSL) This option explicitly allows curl to perform "insecure" SSL connections
- and transfers. All SSL connections are attempted to be made secure by using
- the CA certificate bundle installed by default. This makes all connections
- considered "insecure" fail unless fI-k/--insecurefP is used.
- See this online resource for further details:
- fBhttp://curl.haxx.se/docs/sslcerts.htmlfP
- .IP "--keepalive-time <seconds>"
- This option sets the time a connection needs to remain idle before sending
- keepalive probes and the time between individual keepalive probes. It is
- currently effective on operating systems offering the TCP_KEEPIDLE and
- TCP_KEEPINTVL socket options (meaning Linux, recent AIX, HP-UX and more). This
- option has no effect if fI--no-keepalivefP is used. (Added in 7.18.0)
- If this option is used multiple times, the last occurrence sets the amount.
- .IP "--key <key>"
- (SSL/SSH) Private key file name. Allows you to provide your private key in this
- separate file.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "--key-type <type>"
- (SSL) Private key file type. Specify which type your fI--keyfP provided
- private key is. DER, PEM, and ENG are supported. If not specified, PEM is
- assumed.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "--krb <level>"
- (FTP) Enable Kerberos authentication and use. The level must be entered and
- should be one of 'clear', 'safe', 'confidential', or 'private'. Should you use
- a level that is not one of these, 'private' will instead be used.
- This option requires a library built with kerberos4 or GSSAPI
- (GSS-Negotiate) support. This is not very common. Use fI-V/--versionfP to
- see if your curl supports it.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "-K/--config <config file>"
- Specify which config file to read curl arguments from. The config file is a
- text file in which command line arguments can be written which then will be
- used as if they were written on the actual command line. Options and their
- parameters must be specified on the same config file line, separated by
- whitespace, colon, the equals sign or any combination thereof (however,
- the preferred separator is the equals sign). If the parameter is to contain
- whitespace, the parameter must be enclosed within quotes. Within double
- quotes, the following escape sequences are available: \\, \", \t, \n,
- \r and \v. A backslash preceding any other letter is ignored. If the
- first column of a config line is a '#' character, the rest of the line will be
- treated as a comment. Only write one option per physical line in the config
- file.
- Specify the filename to -K/--config as '-' to make curl read the file from
- stdin.
- Note that to be able to specify a URL in the config file, you need to specify
- it using the fI--urlfP option, and not by simply writing the URL on its own
- line. So, it could look similar to this:
- url = "http://curl.haxx.se/docs/"
- Long option names can optionally be given in the config file without the
- initial double dashes.
- When curl is invoked, it always (unless fI-qfP is used) checks for a default
- config file and uses it if found. The default config file is checked for in
- the following places in this order:
- 1) curl tries to find the "home dir": It first checks for the CURL_HOME and
- then the HOME environment variables. Failing that, it uses getpwuid() on
- UNIX-like systems (which returns the home dir given the current user in your
- system). On Windows, it then checks for the APPDATA variable, or as a last
- resort the '%USERPROFILE%\Application Data'.
- 2) On windows, if there is no _curlrc file in the home dir, it checks for one
- in the same dir the curl executable is placed. On UNIX-like systems, it will
- simply try to load .curlrc from the determined home dir.
- .nf
- # --- Example file ---
- # this is a comment
- url = "curl.haxx.se"
- output = "curlhere.html"
- user-agent = "superagent/1.0"
- # and fetch another URL too
- url = "curl.haxx.se/docs/manpage.html"
- -O
- referer = "http://nowhereatall.com/"
- # --- End of example file ---
- .fi
- This option can be used multiple times to load multiple config files.
- .IP "--libcurl <file>"
- Append this option to any ordinary curl command line, and you will get a
- libcurl-using source code written to the file that does the equivalent
- of what your command-line operation does!
- NOTE: this does not properly support -F and the sending of multipart
- formposts, so in those cases the output program will be missing necessary
- calls to fIcurl_formadd(3)fP, and possibly more.
- If this option is used several times, the last given file name will be
- used. (Added in 7.16.1)
- .IP "--limit-rate <speed>"
- Specify the maximum transfer rate you want curl to use. This feature is useful
- if you have a limited pipe and you'd like your transfer not to use your entire
- bandwidth.
- The given speed is measured in bytes/second, unless a suffix is appended.
- Appending 'k' or 'K' will count the number as kilobytes, 'm' or M' makes it
- megabytes, while 'g' or 'G' makes it gigabytes. Examples: 200K, 3m and 1G.
- The given rate is the average speed counted during the entire transfer. It
- means that curl might use higher transfer speeds in short bursts, but over
- time it uses no more than the given rate.
- If you also use the fI-Y/--speed-limitfP option, that option will take
- precedence and might cripple the rate-limiting slightly, to help keeping the
- speed-limit logic working.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "-l/--list-only"
- (FTP)
- When listing an FTP directory, this switch forces a name-only view.
- Especially useful if you want to machine-parse the contents of an FTP
- directory since the normal directory view doesn't use a standard look
- or format.
- This option causes an FTP NLST command to be sent. Some FTP servers
- list only files in their response to NLST; they do not include
- subdirectories and symbolic links.
- .IP "--local-port <num>[-num]"
- Set a preferred number or range of local port numbers to use for the
- connection(s). Note that port numbers by nature are a scarce resource that
- will be busy at times so setting this range to something too narrow might
- cause unnecessary connection setup failures. (Added in 7.15.2)
- .IP "-L/--location"
- (HTTP/HTTPS) If the server reports that the requested page has moved to a
- different location (indicated with a Location: header and a 3XX response code),
- this option will make curl redo the request on the new place. If used together
- with fI-i/--includefP or fI-I/--headfP, headers from all requested pages
- will be shown. When authentication is used, curl only sends its credentials to
- the initial host. If a redirect takes curl to a different host, it won't be
- able to intercept the user+password. See also fI--location-trustedfP on how
- to change this. You can limit the amount of redirects to follow by using the
- fI--max-redirsfP option.
- When curl follows a redirect and the request is not a plain GET (for example
- POST or PUT), it will do the following request with a GET if the HTTP response
- was 301, 302, or 303. If the response code was any other 3xx code, curl will
- re-send the following request using the same unmodified method.
- .IP "--location-trusted"
- (HTTP/HTTPS) Like fI-L/--locationfP, but will allow sending the name +
- password to all hosts that the site may redirect to. This may or may not
- introduce a security breach if the site redirects you to a site to which
- you'll send your authentication info (which is plaintext in the case of HTTP
- Basic authentication).
- .IP "--max-filesize <bytes>"
- Specify the maximum size (in bytes) of a file to download. If the file
- requested is larger than this value, the transfer will not start and curl will
- return with exit code 63.
- fBNOTE:fP The file size is not always known prior to download, and for such files
- this option has no effect even if the file transfer ends up being larger than
- this given limit. This concerns both FTP and HTTP transfers.
- .IP "-m/--max-time <seconds>"
- Maximum time in seconds that you allow the whole operation to take. This is
- useful for preventing your batch jobs from hanging for hours due to slow
- networks or links going down. See also the fI--connect-timeoutfP option.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "-M/--manual"
- Manual. Display the huge help text.
- .IP "-n/--netrc"
- Makes curl scan the fI.netrcfP (fI_netrcfP on Windows) file in the user's
- home directory for login name and password. This is typically used for FTP on
- UNIX. If used with HTTP, curl will enable user authentication. See
- .BR netrc(4)
- or
- .BR ftp(1)
- for details on the file format. Curl will not complain if that file
- doesn't have the right permissions (it should not be either world- or
- group-readable). The environment variable "HOME" is used to find the home
- directory.
- A quick and very simple example of how to setup a fI.netrcfP to allow curl
- to FTP to the machine host.domain.com with user name &'myself' and password
- &'secret' should look similar to:
- .B "machine host.domain.com login myself password secret"
- .IP "--netrc-optional"
- Very similar to fI--netrcfP, but this option makes the .netrc usage
- fBoptionalfP and not mandatory as the fI--netrcfP option does.
- .IP "--negotiate"
- (HTTP) Enables GSS-Negotiate authentication. The GSS-Negotiate method was
- designed by Microsoft and is used in their web applications. It is primarily
- meant as a support for Kerberos5 authentication but may be also used along
- with another authentication method. For more information see IETF draft
- draft-brezak-spnego-http-04.txt.
- If you want to enable Negotiate for your proxy authentication, then use
- fI--proxy-negotiatefP.
- This option requires a library built with GSSAPI support. This is
- not very common. Use fI-V/--versionfP to see if your version supports
- GSS-Negotiate.
- When using this option, you must also provide a fake -u/--user option to
- activate the authentication code properly. Sending a '-u :' is enough as the
- user name and password from the -u option aren't actually used.
- If this option is used several times, the following occurrences make no
- difference.
- .IP "-N/--no-buffer"
- Disables the buffering of the output stream. In normal work situations, curl
- will use a standard buffered output stream that will have the effect that it
- will output the data in chunks, not necessarily exactly when the data arrives.
- Using this option will disable that buffering.
- Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use
- fI--bufferfP to enforce the buffering.
- .IP "--no-keepalive"
- Disables the use of keepalive messages on the TCP connection, as by default
- curl enables them.
- Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use
- fI--keepalivefP to enforce keepalive.
- .IP "--no-sessionid"
- (SSL) Disable curl's use of SSL session-ID caching. By default all transfers
- are done using the cache. Note that while nothing should ever get hurt by
- attempting to reuse SSL session-IDs, there seem to be broken SSL
- implementations in the wild that may require you to disable this in order for
- you to succeed. (Added in 7.16.0)
- Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use
- fI--sessionidfP to enforce session-ID caching.
- .IP "--ntlm"
- (HTTP) Enables NTLM authentication. The NTLM authentication method was
- designed by Microsoft and is used by IIS web servers. It is a proprietary
- protocol, reverse-engineered by clever people and implemented in curl based
- on their efforts. This kind of behavior should not be endorsed, you should
- encourage everyone who uses NTLM to switch to a public and documented
- authentication method instead, such as Digest.
- If you want to enable NTLM for your proxy authentication, then use
- fI--proxy-ntlmfP.
- This option requires a library built with SSL support. Use
- fI-V/--versionfP to see if your curl supports NTLM.
- If this option is used several times, the following occurrences make no
- difference.
- .IP "-o/--output <file>"
- Write output to <file> instead of stdout. If you are using {} or [] to fetch
- multiple documents, you can use '#' followed by a number in the <file>
- specifier. That variable will be replaced with the current string for the URL
- being fetched. Like in:
- curl http://{one,two}.site.com -o "file_#1.txt"
- or use several variables like:
- curl http://{site,host}.host[1-5].com -o "#1_#2"
- You may use this option as many times as the number of URLs you have.
- See also the fI--create-dirsfP option to create the local directories
- dynamically.
- .IP "-O/--remote-name"
- Write output to a local file named like the remote file we get. (Only the file
- part of the remote file is used, the path is cut off.)
- The remote file name to use for saving is extracted from the given URL,
- nothing else.
- You may use this option as many times as the number of URLs you have.
- .IP "--remote-name-all"
- This option changes the default action for all given URLs to be dealt with as
- if fI-O/--remote-namefP were used for each one. So if you want to disable
- that for a specific URL after fI--remote-name-allfP has been used, you must
- use "-o -" or fI--no-remote-namefP. (Added in 7.19.0)
- .IP "--pass <phrase>"
- (SSL/SSH) Passphrase for the private key
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "--post301"
- Tells curl to respect RFC 2616/10.3.2 and not convert POST requests into GET
- requests when following a 301 redirection. The non-RFC behaviour is ubiquitous
- in web browsers, so curl does the conversion by default to maintain
- consistency. However, a server may require a POST to remain a POST after such
- a redirection. This option is meaningful only when using fI-L/--locationfP
- (Added in 7.17.1)
- .IP "--post302"
- Tells curl to respect RFC 2616/10.3.2 and not convert POST requests into GET
- requests when following a 302 redirection. The non-RFC behaviour is ubiquitous
- in web browsers, so curl does the conversion by default to maintain
- consistency. However, a server may requires a POST to remain a POST after such
- a redirection. This option is meaningful only when using fI-L/--locationfP
- (Added in 7.19.1)
- .IP "--proxy-anyauth"
- Tells curl to pick a suitable authentication method when communicating with
- the given proxy. This might cause an extra request/response round-trip. (Added
- in 7.13.2)
- .IP "--proxy-basic"
- Tells curl to use HTTP Basic authentication when communicating with the given
- proxy. Use fI--basicfP for enabling HTTP Basic with a remote host. Basic is
- the default authentication method curl uses with proxies.
- .IP "--proxy-digest"
- Tells curl to use HTTP Digest authentication when communicating with the given
- proxy. Use fI--digestfP for enabling HTTP Digest with a remote host.
- .IP "--proxy-negotiate"
- Tells curl to use HTTP Negotiate authentication when communicating
- with the given proxy. Use fI--negotiatefP for enabling HTTP Negotiate
- with a remote host. (Added in 7.17.1)
- .IP "--proxy-ntlm"
- Tells curl to use HTTP NTLM authentication when communicating with the given
- proxy. Use fI--ntlmfP for enabling NTLM with a remote host.
- .IP "-p/--proxytunnel"
- When an HTTP proxy is used (fI-x/--proxyfP), this option will cause non-HTTP
- protocols to attempt to tunnel through the proxy instead of merely using it to
- do HTTP-like operations. The tunnel approach is made with the HTTP proxy
- CONNECT request and requires that the proxy allows direct connect to the
- remote port number curl wants to tunnel through to.
- .IP "--pubkey <key>"
- (SSH) Public key file name. Allows you to provide your public key in this
- separate file.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "-P/--ftp-port <address>"
- (FTP) Reverses the initiator/listener roles when connecting with FTP. This
- switch makes Curl use the PORT command instead of PASV. In practice, PORT
- tells the server to connect to the client's specified address and port, while
- PASV asks the server for an IP address and port to connect to. <address>
- should be one of:
- .RS
- .IP interface
- i.e "eth0" to specify which interface's IP address you want to use (Unix only)
- .IP "IP address"
- i.e "192.168.10.1" to specify the exact IP address
- .IP "host name"
- i.e "my.host.domain" to specify the machine
- .IP "-"
- make curl pick the same IP address that is already used for the control
- connection
- .RE
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. Disable the
- use of PORT with fI--ftp-pasvfP. Disable the attempt to use the EPRT command
- instead of PORT by using fI--disable-eprtfP. EPRT is really PORT++.
- .IP "-q"
- If used as the first parameter on the command line, the fIcurlrcfP config
- file will not be read and used. See the fI-K/--configfP for details on the
- default config file search path.
- .IP "-Q/--quote <command>"
- (FTP/SFTP) Send an arbitrary command to the remote FTP or SFTP server. Quote
- commands are sent BEFORE the transfer takes place (just after the
- initial PWD command in an FTP transfer, to be exact). To make commands
- take place after a successful transfer, prefix them with a dash '-'.
- To make commands be sent after libcurl has changed the working directory,
- just before the transfer command(s), prefix the command with a '+' (this
- is only supported for FTP). You may specify any number of commands. If
- the server returns failure for one of the commands, the entire operation
- will be aborted. You must send syntactically correct FTP commands as
- RFC959 defines to FTP servers, or one of the commands listed below to
- SFTP servers. This option can be used multiple times.
- SFTP is a binary protocol. Unlike for FTP, libcurl interprets SFTP quote
- commands before sending them to the server. Following is the list of
- all supported SFTP quote commands:
- .RS
- .IP "chgrp group file"
- The chgrp command sets the group ID of the file named by the file operand to the
- group ID specified by the group operand. The group operand is a decimal
- integer group ID.
- .IP "chmod mode file"
- The chmod command modifies the file mode bits of the specified file. The
- mode operand is an octal integer mode number.
- .IP "chown user file"
- The chown command sets the owner of the file named by the file operand to the
- user ID specified by the user operand. The user operand is a decimal
- integer user ID.
- .IP "ln source_file target_file"
- The ln and symlink commands create a symbolic link at the target_file location
- pointing to the source_file location.
- .IP "mkdir directory_name"
- The mkdir command creates the directory named by the directory_name operand.
- .IP "pwd"
- The pwd command returns the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
- .IP "rename source target"
- The rename command renames the file or directory named by the source
- operand to the destination path named by the target operand.
- .IP "rm file"
- The rm command removes the file specified by the file operand.
- .IP "rmdir directory"
- The rmdir command removes the directory entry specified by the directory
- operand, provided it is empty.
- .IP "symlink source_file target_file"
- See ln.
- .RE
- .IP "--random-file <file>"
- (SSL) Specify the path name to file containing what will be considered as
- random data. The data is used to seed the random engine for SSL connections.
- See also the fI--egd-filefP option.
- .IP "-r/--range <range>"
- (HTTP/FTP/SFTP/FILE) Retrieve a byte range (i.e a partial document) from a
- HTTP/1.1, FTP or SFTP server or a local FILE. Ranges can be specified
- in a number of ways.
- .RS
- .TP 10
- .B 0-499
- specifies the first 500 bytes
- .TP
- .B 500-999
- specifies the second 500 bytes
- .TP
- .B -500
- specifies the last 500 bytes
- .TP
- .B 9500-
- specifies the bytes from offset 9500 and forward
- .TP
- .B 0-0,-1
- specifies the first and last byte only(*)(H)
- .TP
- .B 500-700,600-799
- specifies 300 bytes from offset 500(H)
- .TP
- .B 100-199,500-599
- specifies two separate 100-byte ranges(*)(H)
- .RE
- (*) = NOTE that this will cause the server to reply with a multipart
- response!
- Only digit characters (0-9) are valid in the 'start' and 'stop' fields of
- the &'start-stop' range syntax. If a non-digit character is given in the range, the server's
- response will be unspecified, depending on the server's configuration.
- You should also be aware that many HTTP/1.1 servers do not have this feature
- enabled, so that when you attempt to get a range, you'll instead get the whole
- document.
- FTP and SFTP range downloads only support the simple 'start-stop' syntax
- (optionally with one of the numbers omitted). FTP use depends on the extended
- FTP command SIZE.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "--raw"
- When used, it disables all internal HTTP decoding of content or transfer
- encodings and instead makes them passed on unaltered, raw. (Added in 7.16.2)
- .IP "-R/--remote-time"
- When used, this will make libcurl attempt to figure out the timestamp of the
- remote file, and if that is available make the local file get that same
- timestamp.
- .IP "--retry <num>"
- If a transient error is returned when curl tries to perform a transfer, it
- will retry this number of times before giving up. Setting the number to 0
- makes curl do no retries (which is the default). Transient error means either:
- a timeout, an FTP 5xx response code or an HTTP 5xx response code.
- When curl is about to retry a transfer, it will first wait one second and then
- for all forthcoming retries it will double the waiting time until it reaches
- 10 minutes which then will be the delay between the rest of the retries. By
- using fI--retry-delayfP you disable this exponential backoff algorithm. See
- also fI--retry-max-timefP to limit the total time allowed for
- retries. (Added in 7.12.3)
- If this option is used multiple times, the last occurrence decide the amount.
- .IP "--retry-delay <seconds>"
- Make curl sleep this amount of time before each retry when a transfer has
- failed with a transient error (it changes the default backoff time algorithm
- between retries). This option is only interesting if fI--retryfP is also
- used. Setting this delay to zero will make curl use the default backoff time.
- (Added in 7.12.3)
- If this option is used multiple times, the last occurrence determines the amount.
- .IP "--retry-max-time <seconds>"
- The retry timer is reset before the first transfer attempt. Retries will be
- done as usual (see fI--retryfP) as long as the timer hasn't reached this
- given limit. Notice that if the timer hasn't reached the limit, the request
- will be made and while performing, it may take longer than this given time
- period. To limit a single request's maximum time, use fI-m/--max-timefP.
- Set this option to zero to not timeout retries. (Added in 7.12.3)
- If this option is used multiple times, the last occurrence determines the
- amount.
- .IP "-s/--silent"
- Silent mode. Don't show progress meter or error messages. Makes
- Curl mute.
- .IP "-S/--show-error"
- When used with -s it makes curl show an error message if it fails.
- .IP "--socks4 <host[:port]>"
- Use the specified SOCKS4 proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is
- assumed at port 1080. (Added in 7.15.2)
- This option overrides any previous use of fI-x/--proxyfP, as they are
- mutually exclusive.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "--socks4a <host[:port]>"
- Use the specified SOCKS4a proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is
- assumed at port 1080. (Added in 7.18.0)
- This option overrides any previous use of fI-x/--proxyfP, as they are
- mutually exclusive.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "--socks5-hostname <host[:port]>"
- Use the specified SOCKS5 proxy (and let the proxy resolve the host name). If
- the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080. (Added in
- 7.18.0)
- This option overrides any previous use of fI-x/--proxyfP, as they are
- mutually exclusive.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. (This option
- was previously wrongly documented and used as --socks without the number
- appended.)
- .IP "--socks5 <host[:port]>"
- Use the specified SOCKS5 proxy - but resolve the host name locally. If the
- port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080.
- This option overrides any previous use of fI-x/--proxyfP, as they are
- mutually exclusive.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. (This option
- was previously wrongly documented and used as --socks without the number
- appended.)
- .IP "--stderr <file>"
- Redirect all writes to stderr to the specified file instead. If the file name
- is a plain '-', it is instead written to stdout. This option has no point when
- you're using a shell with decent redirecting capabilities.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "--tcp-nodelay"
- Turn on the TCP_NODELAY option. See the fIcurl_easy_setopt(3)fP man page for
- details about this option. (Added in 7.11.2)
- .IP "-t/--telnet-option <OPT=val>"
- Pass options to the telnet protocol. Supported options are:
- TTYPE=<term> Sets the terminal type.
- XDISPLOC=<X display> Sets the X display location.
- NEW_ENV=<var,val> Sets an environment variable.
- .IP "-T/--upload-file <file>"
- This transfers the specified local file to the remote URL. If there is no file
- part in the specified URL, Curl will append the local file name. NOTE that you
- must use a trailing / on the last directory to really prove to Curl that there
- is no file name or curl will think that your last directory name is the remote
- file name to use. That will most likely cause the upload operation to fail. If
- this is used on a HTTP(S) server, the PUT command will be used.
- Use the file name "-" (a single dash) to use stdin instead of a given file.
- You can specify one -T for each URL on the command line. Each -T + URL pair
- specifies what to upload and to where. curl also supports "globbing" of the -T
- argument, meaning that you can upload multiple files to a single URL by using
- the same URL globbing style supported in the URL, like this:
- curl -T "{file1,file2}" http://www.uploadtothissite.com
- or even
- curl -T "img[1-1000].png" ftp://ftp.picturemania.com/upload/
- .IP "--trace <file>"
- Enables a full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data, including
- descriptive information, to the given output file. Use "-" as filename to have
- the output sent to stdout.
- This option overrides previous uses of fI-v/--verbosefP or
- fI--trace-asciifP.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "--trace-ascii <file>"
- Enables a full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data, including
- descriptive information, to the given output file. Use "-" as filename to have
- the output sent to stdout.
- This is very similar to fI--tracefP, but leaves out the hex part and only
- shows the ASCII part of the dump. It makes smaller output that might be easier
- to read for untrained humans.
- This option overrides previous uses of fI-v/--verbosefP or fI--tracefP.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "--trace-time"
- Prepends a time stamp to each trace or verbose line that curl displays.
- (Added in 7.14.0)
- .IP "-u/--user <user:password>"
- Specify the user name and password to use for server authentication. Overrides
- fI-n/--netrcfP and fI--netrc-optionalfP.
- If you just give the user name (without entering a colon) curl will prompt for
- a password.
- If you use an SSPI-enabled curl binary and do NTLM authentication, you can
- force curl to pick up the user name and password from your environment by
- simply specifying a single colon with this option: "-u :".
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "-U/--proxy-user <user:password>"
- Specify the user name and password to use for proxy authentication.
- If you use an SSPI-enabled curl binary and do NTLM authentication, you can
- force curl to pick up the user name and password from your environment by
- simply specifying a single colon with this option: "-U :".
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "--url <URL>"
- Specify a URL to fetch. This option is mostly handy when you want to specify
- URL(s) in a config file.
- This option may be used any number of times. To control where this URL is
- written, use the fI-o/--outputfP or the fI-O/--remote-namefP options.
- .IP "-v/--verbose"
- Makes the fetching more verbose/talkative. Mostly useful for debugging. A line
- starting with '>' means "header data" sent by curl, '<' means "header data"
- received by curl that is hidden in normal cases, and a line starting with '*'
- means additional info provided by curl.
- Note that if you only want HTTP headers in the output, fI-i/--includefP
- might be the option you're looking for.
- If you think this option still doesn't give you enough details, consider using
- fI--tracefP or fI--trace-asciifP instead.
- This option overrides previous uses of fI--trace-asciifP or fI--tracefP.
- .IP "-V/--version"
- Displays information about curl and the libcurl version it uses.
- The first line includes the full version of curl, libcurl and other 3rd party
- libraries linked with the executable.
- The second line (starts with "Protocols:") shows all protocols that libcurl
- reports to support.
- The third line (starts with "Features:") shows specific features libcurl
- reports to offer. Available features include:
- .RS
- .IP "IPv6"
- You can use IPv6 with this.
- .IP "krb4"
- Krb4 for FTP is supported.
- .IP "SSL"
- HTTPS and FTPS are supported.
- .IP "libz"
- Automatic decompression of compressed files over HTTP is supported.
- .IP "NTLM"
- NTLM authentication is supported.
- .IP "GSS-Negotiate"
- Negotiate authentication and krb5 for FTP is supported.
- .IP "Debug"
- This curl uses a libcurl built with Debug. This enables more error-tracking
- and memory debugging etc. For curl-developers only!
- .IP "AsynchDNS"
- This curl uses asynchronous name resolves.
- .IP "SPNEGO"
- SPNEGO Negotiate authentication is supported.
- .IP "Largefile"
- This curl supports transfers of large files, files larger than 2GB.
- .IP "IDN"
- This curl supports IDN - international domain names.
- .IP "SSPI"
- SSPI is supported. If you use NTLM and set a blank user name, curl will
- authenticate with your current user and password.
- .RE
- .IP "-w/--write-out <format>"
- Defines what to display on stdout after a completed and successful
- operation. The format is a string that may contain plain text mixed with any
- number of variables. The string can be specified as "string", to get read from
- a particular file you specify it "@filename" and to tell curl to read the
- format from stdin you write "@-".
- The variables present in the output format will be substituted by the value or
- text that curl thinks fit, as described below. All variables are specified
- as %{variable_name} and to output a normal % you just write them as
- %%. You can output a newline by using \n, a carriage return with \r and a tab
- space with \t.
- .B NOTE:
- The %-symbol is a special symbol in the win32-environment, where all
- occurrences of % must be doubled when using this option.
- The variables available at this point are:
- .RS
- .TP 15
- .B url_effective
- The URL that was fetched last. This is most meaningful if you've told curl
- to follow location: headers.
- .TP
- .B http_code
- The numerical response code that was found in the last retrieved HTTP(S) or
- FTP(s) transfer. In 7.18.2 the alias fBresponse_codefP was added to show the
- same info.
- .TP
- .B http_connect
- The numerical code that was found in the last response (from a proxy) to a
- curl CONNECT request. (Added in 7.12.4)
- .TP
- .B time_total
- The total time, in seconds, that the full operation lasted. The time will be
- displayed with millisecond resolution.
- .TP
- .B time_namelookup
- The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the name resolving was
- completed.
- .TP
- .B time_connect
- The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the TCP connect to the
- remote host (or proxy) was completed.
- .TP
- .B time_appconnect
- The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the SSL/SSH/etc
- connect/handshake to the remote host was completed. (Added in 7.19.0)
- .TP
- .B time_pretransfer
- The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the file transfer was just
- about to begin. This includes all pre-transfer commands and negotiations that
- are specific to the particular protocol(s) involved.
- .TP
- .B time_redirect
- The time, in seconds, it took for all redirection steps include name lookup,
- connect, pretransfer and transfer before the final transaction was
- started. time_redirect shows the complete execution time for multiple
- redirections. (Added in 7.12.3)
- .TP
- .B time_starttransfer
- The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the first byte was just about
- to be transferred. This includes time_pretransfer and also the time the
- server needed to calculate the result.
- .TP
- .B size_download
- The total amount of bytes that were downloaded.
- .TP
- .B size_upload
- The total amount of bytes that were uploaded.
- .TP
- .B size_header
- The total amount of bytes of the downloaded headers.
- .TP
- .B size_request
- The total amount of bytes that were sent in the HTTP request.
- .TP
- .B speed_download
- The average download speed that curl measured for the complete download.
- .TP
- .B speed_upload
- The average upload speed that curl measured for the complete upload.
- .TP
- .B content_type
- The Content-Type of the requested document, if there was any.
- .TP
- .B num_connects
- Number of new connects made in the recent transfer. (Added in 7.12.3)
- .TP
- .B num_redirects
- Number of redirects that were followed in the request. (Added in 7.12.3)
- .TP
- .B redirect_url
- When a HTTP request was made without -L to follow redirects, this variable
- will show the actual URL a redirect fIwouldfP take you to. (Added in 7.18.2)
- .TP
- .B ftp_entry_path
- The initial path libcurl ended up in when logging on to the remote FTP
- server. (Added in 7.15.4)
- .TP
- .B ssl_verify_result
- The result of the SSL peer certificate verification that was requested. 0
- means the verification was successful. (Added in 7.19.0)
- .RE
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "-x/--proxy <proxyhost[:port]>"
- Use the specified HTTP proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is assumed
- at port 1080.
- This option overrides existing environment variables that set the proxy to
- use. If there's an environment variable setting a proxy, you can set proxy to
- &"" to override it.
- fBNotefP that all operations that are performed over a HTTP proxy will
- transparently be converted to HTTP. It means that certain protocol specific
- operations might not be available. This is not the case if you can tunnel
- through the proxy, as done with the fI-p/--proxytunnelfP option.
- Starting with 7.14.1, the proxy host can be specified the exact same way as
- the proxy environment variables, including the protocol prefix (http://) and
- the embedded user + password.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "-X/--request <command>"
- (HTTP) Specifies a custom request method to use when communicating with the
- HTTP server. The specified request will be used instead of the method
- otherwise used (which defaults to GET). Read the HTTP 1.1 specification for
- details and explanations.
- (FTP)
- Specifies a custom FTP command to use instead of LIST when doing file lists
- with FTP.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "-y/--speed-time <time>"
- If a download is slower than speed-limit bytes per second during a speed-time
- period, the download gets aborted. If speed-time is used, the default
- speed-limit will be 1 unless set with -Y.
- This option controls transfers and thus will not affect slow connects etc. If
- this is a concern for you, try the fI--connect-timeoutfP option.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "-Y/--speed-limit <speed>"
- If a download is slower than this given speed (in bytes per second) for
- speed-time seconds it gets aborted. speed-time is set with -y and is 30 if
- not set.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "-z/--time-cond <date expression>"
- (HTTP/FTP) Request a file that has been modified later than the given time and
- date, or one that has been modified before that time. The date expression can
- be all sorts of date strings or if it doesn't match any internal ones, it
- tries to get the time from a given file name instead! See the
- fIcurl_getdate(3)fP man pages for date expression details.
- Start the date expression with a dash (-) to make it request for a document
- that is older than the given date/time, default is a document that is newer
- than the specified date/time.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "--max-redirs <num>"
- Set maximum number of redirection-followings allowed. If fI-L/--locationfP
- is used, this option can be used to prevent curl from following redirections
- &"in absurdum". By default, the limit is set to 50 redirections. Set this
- option to -1 to make it limitless.
- If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
- .IP "-0/--http1.0"
- (HTTP) Forces curl to issue its requests using HTTP 1.0 instead of using its
- internally preferred: HTTP 1.1.
- .IP "-1/--tlsv1"
- (SSL)
- Forces curl to use TLS version 1 when negotiating with a remote TLS server.
- .IP "-2/--sslv2"
- (SSL)
- Forces curl to use SSL version 2 when negotiating with a remote SSL server.
- .IP "-3/--sslv3"
- (SSL)
- Forces curl to use SSL version 3 when negotiating with a remote SSL server.
- .IP "-4/--ipv4"
- If libcurl is capable of resolving an address to multiple IP versions (which
- it is if it is IPv6-capable), this option tells libcurl to resolve names to
- IPv4 addresses only.
- .IP "-6/--ipv6"
- If libcurl is capable of resolving an address to multiple IP versions (which
- it is if it is IPv6-capable), this option tells libcurl to resolve names to
- IPv6 addresses only.
- .IP "-#/--progress-bar"
- Make curl display progress information as a progress bar instead of the
- default statistics.
- .SH FILES
- .I ~/.curlrc
- .RS
- Default config file, see fI-K/--configfP for details.
- .SH ENVIRONMENT
- .IP "http_proxy [protocol://]<host>[:port]"
- Sets the proxy server to use for HTTP.
- .IP "HTTPS_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]"
- Sets the proxy server to use for HTTPS.
- .IP "FTP_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]"
- Sets the proxy server to use for FTP.
- .IP "ALL_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]"
- Sets the proxy server to use if no protocol-specific proxy is set.
- .IP "NO_PROXY <comma-separated list of hosts>"
- list of host names that shouldn't go through any proxy. If set to a asterisk
- &'*' only, it matches all hosts.
- .SH EXIT CODES
- There are a bunch of different error codes and their corresponding error
- messages that may appear during bad conditions. At the time of this writing,
- the exit codes are:
- .IP 1
- Unsupported protocol. This build of curl has no support for this protocol.
- .IP 2
- Failed to initialize.
- .IP 3
- URL malformed. The syntax was not correct.
- .IP 5
- Couldn't resolve proxy. The given proxy host could not be resolved.
- .IP 6
- Couldn't resolve host. The given remote host was not resolved.
- .IP 7
- Failed to connect to host.
- .IP 8
- FTP weird server reply. The server sent data curl couldn't parse.
- .IP 9
- FTP access denied. The server denied login or denied access to the particular
- resource or directory you wanted to reach. Most often you tried to change to a
- directory that doesn't exist on the server.
- .IP 11
- FTP weird PASS reply. Curl couldn't parse the reply sent to the PASS request.
- .IP 13
- FTP weird PASV reply, Curl couldn't parse the reply sent to the PASV request.
- .IP 14
- FTP weird 227 format. Curl couldn't parse the 227-line the server sent.
- .IP 15
- FTP can't get host. Couldn't resolve the host IP we got in the 227-line.
- .IP 17
- FTP couldn't set binary. Couldn't change transfer method to binary.
- .IP 18
- Partial file. Only a part of the file was transferred.
- .IP 19
- FTP couldn't download/access the given file, the RETR (or similar) command
- failed.
- .IP 21
- FTP quote error. A quote command returned error from the server.
- .IP 22
- HTTP page not retrieved. The requested url was not found or returned another
- error with the HTTP error code being 400 or above. This return code only
- appears if fI-f/--failfP is used.
- .IP 23
- Write error. Curl couldn't write data to a local filesystem or similar.
- .IP 25
- FTP couldn't STOR file. The server denied the STOR operation, used for FTP
- uploading.
- .IP 26
- Read error. Various reading problems.
- .IP 27
- Out of memory. A memory allocation request failed.
- .IP 28
- Operation timeout. The specified time-out period was reached according to the
- conditions.
- .IP 30
- FTP PORT failed. The PORT command failed. Not all FTP servers support the PORT
- command, try doing a transfer using PASV instead!
- .IP 31
- FTP couldn't use REST. The REST command failed. This command is used for
- resumed FTP transfers.
- .IP 33
- HTTP range error. The range "command" didn't work.
- .IP 34
- HTTP post error. Internal post-request generation error.
- .IP 35
- SSL connect error. The SSL handshaking failed.
- .IP 36
- FTP bad download resume. Couldn't continue an earlier aborted download.
- .IP 37
- FILE couldn't read file. Failed to open the file. Permissions?
- .IP 38
- LDAP cannot bind. LDAP bind operation failed.
- .IP 39
- LDAP search failed.
- .IP 41
- Function not found. A required LDAP function was not found.
- .IP 42
- Aborted by callback. An application told curl to abort the operation.
- .IP 43
- Internal error. A function was called with a bad parameter.
- .IP 45
- Interface error. A specified outgoing interface could not be used.
- .IP 47
- Too many redirects. When following redirects, curl hit the maximum amount.
- .IP 48
- Unknown TELNET option specified.
- .IP 49
- Malformed telnet option.
- .IP 51
- The peer's SSL certificate or SSH MD5 fingerprint was not ok.
- .IP 52
- The server didn't reply anything, which here is considered an error.
- .IP 53
- SSL crypto engine not found.
- .IP 54
- Cannot set SSL crypto engine as default.
- .IP 55
- Failed sending network data.
- .IP 56
- Failure in receiving network data.
- .IP 58
- Problem with the local certificate.
- .IP 59
- Couldn't use specified SSL cipher.
- .IP 60
- Peer certificate cannot be authenticated with known CA certificates.
- .IP 61
- Unrecognized transfer encoding.
- .IP 62
- Invalid LDAP URL.
- .IP 63
- Maximum file size exceeded.
- .IP 64
- Requested FTP SSL level failed.
- .IP 65
- Sending the data requires a rewind that failed.
- .IP 66
- Failed to initialise SSL Engine.
- .IP 67
- The user name, password, or similar was not accepted and curl failed to log in.
- .IP 68
- File not found on TFTP server.
- .IP 69
- Permission problem on TFTP server.
- .IP 70
- Out of disk space on TFTP server.
- .IP 71
- Illegal TFTP operation.
- .IP 72
- Unknown TFTP transfer ID.
- .IP 73
- File already exists (TFTP).
- .IP 74
- No such user (TFTP).
- .IP 75
- Character conversion failed.
- .IP 76
- Character conversion functions required.
- .IP 77
- Problem with reading the SSL CA cert (path? access rights?).
- .IP 78
- The resource referenced in the URL does not exist.
- .IP 79
- An unspecified error occurred during the SSH session.
- .IP 80
- Failed to shut down the SSL connection.
- .IP 82
- Could not load CRL file, missing or wrong format (added in 7.19.0).
- .IP 83
- Issuer check failed (added in 7.19.0).
- .IP XX
- More error codes will appear here in future releases. The existing ones
- are meant to never change.
- .SH AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
- Daniel Stenberg is the main author, but the whole list of contributors is
- found in the separate THANKS file.
- .SH WWW
- http://curl.haxx.se
- .SH FTP
- ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/www/utilities/curl/
- .SH "SEE ALSO"
- .BR ftp (1),
- .BR wget (1)