Accessor.pm.svn-base
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- package Class::Accessor;
- require 5.00502;
- use strict;
- $Class::Accessor::VERSION = '0.33';
- =head1 NAME
- Class::Accessor - Automated accessor generation
- =head1 SYNOPSIS
- package Foo;
- use base qw(Class::Accessor);
- Foo->follow_best_practice;
- Foo->mk_accessors(qw(name role salary));
- # Meanwhile, in a nearby piece of code!
- # Class::Accessor provides new().
- my $mp = Foo->new({ name => "Marty", role => "JAPH" });
- my $job = $mp->role; # gets $mp->{role}
- $mp->salary(400000); # sets $mp->{salary} = 400000 # I wish
-
- # like my @info = @{$mp}{qw(name role)}
- my @info = $mp->get(qw(name role));
-
- # $mp->{salary} = 400000
- $mp->set('salary', 400000);
- =head1 DESCRIPTION
- This module automagically generates accessors/mutators for your class.
- Most of the time, writing accessors is an exercise in cutting and
- pasting. You usually wind up with a series of methods like this:
- sub name {
- my $self = shift;
- if(@_) {
- $self->{name} = $_[0];
- }
- return $self->{name};
- }
- sub salary {
- my $self = shift;
- if(@_) {
- $self->{salary} = $_[0];
- }
- return $self->{salary};
- }
- # etc...
- One for each piece of data in your object. While some will be unique,
- doing value checks and special storage tricks, most will simply be
- exercises in repetition. Not only is it Bad Style to have a bunch of
- repetitious code, but it's also simply not lazy, which is the real
- tragedy.
- If you make your module a subclass of Class::Accessor and declare your
- accessor fields with mk_accessors() then you'll find yourself with a
- set of automatically generated accessors which can even be
- customized!
- The basic set up is very simple:
- package Foo;
- use base qw(Class::Accessor);
- Foo->mk_accessors( qw(far bar car) );
- Done. Foo now has simple far(), bar() and car() accessors
- defined.
- Alternatively, if you want to follow Damian's I<best practice> guidelines
- you can use:
- package Foo;
- use base qw(Class::Accessor);
- Foo->follow_best_practice;
- Foo->mk_accessors( qw(far bar car) );
- B<Note:> you must call C<follow_best_practice> before calling C<mk_accessors>.
- =head2 What Makes This Different?
- What makes this module special compared to all the other method
- generating modules (L<"SEE ALSO">)? By overriding the get() and set()
- methods you can alter the behavior of the accessors class-wide. Also,
- the accessors are implemented as closures which should cost a bit less
- memory than most other solutions which generate a new method for each
- accessor.
- =head1 METHODS
- =head2 new
- my $obj = Foo->new;
- my $obj = $other_obj->new;
- my $obj = Foo->new(%fields);
- my $obj = $other_obj->new(%fields);
- Class::Accessor provides a basic constructor. It generates a
- hash-based object and can be called as either a class method or an
- object method.
- It takes an optional %fields hash which is used to initialize the
- object (handy if you use read-only accessors). The fields of the hash
- correspond to the names of your accessors, so...
- package Foo;
- use base qw(Class::Accessor);
- Foo->mk_accessors('foo');
- my $obj = Foo->new({ foo => 42 });
- print $obj->foo; # 42
- however %fields can contain anything, new() will shove them all into
- your object. Don't like it? Override it.
- =cut
- sub new {
- my($proto, $fields) = @_;
- my($class) = ref $proto || $proto;
- $fields = {} unless defined $fields;
- # make a copy of $fields.
- bless {%$fields}, $class;
- }
- =head2 mk_accessors
- __PACKAGE__->mk_accessors(@fields);
- This creates accessor/mutator methods for each named field given in
- @fields. Foreach field in @fields it will generate two accessors.
- One called "field()" and the other called "_field_accessor()". For
- example:
- # Generates foo(), _foo_accessor(), bar() and _bar_accessor().
- __PACKAGE__->mk_accessors(qw(foo bar));
- See L<CAVEATS AND TRICKS/"Overriding autogenerated accessors">
- for details.
- =cut
- sub mk_accessors {
- my($self, @fields) = @_;
- $self->_mk_accessors('rw', @fields);
- }
- if (eval { require Sub::Name }) {
- Sub::Name->import;
- }
- {
- no strict 'refs';
- sub follow_best_practice {
- my($self) = @_;
- my $class = ref $self || $self;
- *{"${class}::accessor_name_for"} = &best_practice_accessor_name_for;
- *{"${class}::mutator_name_for"} = &best_practice_mutator_name_for;
- }
- sub _mk_accessors {
- my($self, $access, @fields) = @_;
- my $class = ref $self || $self;
- my $ra = $access eq 'rw' || $access eq 'ro';
- my $wa = $access eq 'rw' || $access eq 'wo';
- foreach my $field (@fields) {
- my $accessor_name = $self->accessor_name_for($field);
- my $mutator_name = $self->mutator_name_for($field);
- if( $accessor_name eq 'DESTROY' or $mutator_name eq 'DESTROY' ) {
- $self->_carp("Having a data accessor named DESTROY in '$class' is unwise.");
- }
- if ($accessor_name eq $mutator_name) {
- my $accessor;
- if ($ra && $wa) {
- $accessor = $self->make_accessor($field);
- } elsif ($ra) {
- $accessor = $self->make_ro_accessor($field);
- } else {
- $accessor = $self->make_wo_accessor($field);
- }
- my $fullname = "${class}::$accessor_name";
- my $subnamed = 0;
- unless (defined &{$fullname}) {
- subname($fullname, $accessor) if defined &subname;
- $subnamed = 1;
- *{$fullname} = $accessor;
- }
- if ($accessor_name eq $field) {
- # the old behaviour
- my $alias = "${class}::_${field}_accessor";
- subname($alias, $accessor) if defined &subname and not $subnamed;
- *{$alias} = $accessor unless defined &{$alias};
- }
- } else {
- my $fullaccname = "${class}::$accessor_name";
- my $fullmutname = "${class}::$mutator_name";
- if ($ra and not defined &{$fullaccname}) {
- my $accessor = $self->make_ro_accessor($field);
- subname($fullaccname, $accessor) if defined &subname;
- *{$fullaccname} = $accessor;
- }
- if ($wa and not defined &{$fullmutname}) {
- my $mutator = $self->make_wo_accessor($field);
- subname($fullmutname, $mutator) if defined &subname;
- *{$fullmutname} = $mutator;
- }
- }
- }
- }
- }
- =head2 mk_ro_accessors
- __PACKAGE__->mk_ro_accessors(@read_only_fields);
- Same as mk_accessors() except it will generate read-only accessors
- (ie. true accessors). If you attempt to set a value with these
- accessors it will throw an exception. It only uses get() and not
- set().
- package Foo;
- use base qw(Class::Accessor);
- Foo->mk_ro_accessors(qw(foo bar));
- # Let's assume we have an object $foo of class Foo...
- print $foo->foo; # ok, prints whatever the value of $foo->{foo} is
- $foo->foo(42); # BOOM! Naughty you.
- =cut
- sub mk_ro_accessors {
- my($self, @fields) = @_;
- $self->_mk_accessors('ro', @fields);
- }
- =head2 mk_wo_accessors
- __PACKAGE__->mk_wo_accessors(@write_only_fields);
- Same as mk_accessors() except it will generate write-only accessors
- (ie. mutators). If you attempt to read a value with these accessors
- it will throw an exception. It only uses set() and not get().
- B<NOTE> I'm not entirely sure why this is useful, but I'm sure someone
- will need it. If you've found a use, let me know. Right now it's here
- for orthoginality and because it's easy to implement.
- package Foo;
- use base qw(Class::Accessor);
- Foo->mk_wo_accessors(qw(foo bar));
- # Let's assume we have an object $foo of class Foo...
- $foo->foo(42); # OK. Sets $self->{foo} = 42
- print $foo->foo; # BOOM! Can't read from this accessor.
- =cut
- sub mk_wo_accessors {
- my($self, @fields) = @_;
- $self->_mk_accessors('wo', @fields);
- }
- =head1 DETAILS
- An accessor generated by Class::Accessor looks something like
- this:
- # Your foo may vary.
- sub foo {
- my($self) = shift;
- if(@_) { # set
- return $self->set('foo', @_);
- }
- else {
- return $self->get('foo');
- }
- }
- Very simple. All it does is determine if you're wanting to set a
- value or get a value and calls the appropriate method.
- Class::Accessor provides default get() and set() methods which
- your class can override. They're detailed later.
- =head2 follow_best_practice
- In Damian's Perl Best Practices book he recommends separate get and set methods
- with the prefix set_ and get_ to make it explicit what you intend to do. If you
- want to create those accessor methods instead of the default ones, call:
- __PACKAGE__->follow_best_practice
- B<before> you call mk_accessors.
- =head2 accessor_name_for / mutator_name_for
- You may have your own crazy ideas for the names of the accessors, so you can
- make those happen by overriding C<accessor_name_for> and C<mutator_name_for> in
- your subclass. (I copied that idea from Class::DBI.)
- =cut
- sub best_practice_accessor_name_for {
- my ($class, $field) = @_;
- return "get_$field";
- }
- sub best_practice_mutator_name_for {
- my ($class, $field) = @_;
- return "set_$field";
- }
- sub accessor_name_for {
- my ($class, $field) = @_;
- return $field;
- }
- sub mutator_name_for {
- my ($class, $field) = @_;
- return $field;
- }
- =head2 Modifying the behavior of the accessor
- Rather than actually modifying the accessor itself, it is much more
- sensible to simply override the two key methods which the accessor
- calls. Namely set() and get().
- If you -really- want to, you can override make_accessor().
- =head2 set
- $obj->set($key, $value);
- $obj->set($key, @values);
- set() defines how generally one stores data in the object.
- override this method to change how data is stored by your accessors.
- =cut
- sub set {
- my($self, $key) = splice(@_, 0, 2);
- if(@_ == 1) {
- $self->{$key} = $_[0];
- }
- elsif(@_ > 1) {
- $self->{$key} = [@_];
- }
- else {
- $self->_croak("Wrong number of arguments received");
- }
- }
- =head2 get
- $value = $obj->get($key);
- @values = $obj->get(@keys);
- get() defines how data is retreived from your objects.
- override this method to change how it is retreived.
- =cut
- sub get {
- my $self = shift;
- if(@_ == 1) {
- return $self->{$_[0]};
- }
- elsif( @_ > 1 ) {
- return @{$self}{@_};
- }
- else {
- $self->_croak("Wrong number of arguments received");
- }
- }
- =head2 make_accessor
- $accessor = __PACKAGE__->make_accessor($field);
- Generates a subroutine reference which acts as an accessor for the given
- $field. It calls get() and set().
- If you wish to change the behavior of your accessors, try overriding
- get() and set() before you start mucking with make_accessor().
- =cut
- sub make_accessor {
- my ($class, $field) = @_;
- # Build a closure around $field.
- return sub {
- my $self = shift;
- if(@_) {
- return $self->set($field, @_);
- }
- else {
- return $self->get($field);
- }
- };
- }
- =head2 make_ro_accessor
- $read_only_accessor = __PACKAGE__->make_ro_accessor($field);
- Generates a subroutine refrence which acts as a read-only accessor for
- the given $field. It only calls get().
- Override get() to change the behavior of your accessors.
- =cut
- sub make_ro_accessor {
- my($class, $field) = @_;
- return sub {
- my $self = shift;
- if (@_) {
- my $caller = caller;
- $self->_croak("'$caller' cannot alter the value of '$field' on objects of class '$class'");
- }
- else {
- return $self->get($field);
- }
- };
- }
- =head2 make_wo_accessor
- $read_only_accessor = __PACKAGE__->make_wo_accessor($field);
- Generates a subroutine refrence which acts as a write-only accessor
- (mutator) for the given $field. It only calls set().
- Override set() to change the behavior of your accessors.
- =cut
- sub make_wo_accessor {
- my($class, $field) = @_;
- return sub {
- my $self = shift;
- unless (@_) {
- my $caller = caller;
- $self->_croak("'$caller' cannot access the value of '$field' on objects of class '$class'");
- }
- else {
- return $self->set($field, @_);
- }
- };
- }
- =head1 EXCEPTIONS
- If something goes wrong Class::Accessor will warn or die by calling Carp::carp
- or Carp::croak. If you don't like this you can override _carp() and _croak() in
- your subclass and do whatever else you want.
- =cut
- use Carp ();
- sub _carp {
- my ($self, $msg) = @_;
- Carp::carp($msg || $self);
- return;
- }
- sub _croak {
- my ($self, $msg) = @_;
- Carp::croak($msg || $self);
- return;
- }
- =head1 EFFICIENCY
- Class::Accessor does not employ an autoloader, thus it is much faster
- than you'd think. Its generated methods incur no special penalty over
- ones you'd write yourself.
- accessors:
- Rate Basic Fast Faster Direct
- Basic 367589/s -- -51% -55% -89%
- Fast 747964/s 103% -- -9% -77%
- Faster 819199/s 123% 10% -- -75%
- Direct 3245887/s 783% 334% 296% --
- mutators:
- Rate Acc Fast Faster Direct
- Acc 265564/s -- -54% -63% -91%
- Fast 573439/s 116% -- -21% -80%
- Faster 724710/s 173% 26% -- -75%
- Direct 2860979/s 977% 399% 295% --
- Class::Accessor::Fast is faster than methods written by an average programmer
- (where "average" is based on Schwern's example code).
- Class::Accessor is slower than average, but more flexible.
- Class::Accessor::Faster is even faster than Class::Accessor::Fast. It uses an
- array internally, not a hash. This could be a good or bad feature depending on
- your point of view.
- Direct hash access is, of course, much faster than all of these, but it
- provides no encapsulation.
- Of course, it's not as simple as saying "Class::Accessor is slower than
- average". These are benchmarks for a simple accessor. If your accessors do
- any sort of complicated work (such as talking to a database or writing to a
- file) the time spent doing that work will quickly swamp the time spend just
- calling the accessor. In that case, Class::Accessor and the ones you write
- will be roughly the same speed.
- =head1 EXAMPLES
- Here's an example of generating an accessor for every public field of
- your class.
- package Altoids;
-
- use base qw(Class::Accessor Class::Fields);
- use fields qw(curiously strong mints);
- Altoids->mk_accessors( Altoids->show_fields('Public') );
- sub new {
- my $proto = shift;
- my $class = ref $proto || $proto;
- return fields::new($class);
- }
- my Altoids $tin = Altoids->new;
- $tin->curiously('Curiouser and curiouser');
- print $tin->{curiously}; # prints 'Curiouser and curiouser'
-
- # Subclassing works, too.
- package Mint::Snuff;
- use base qw(Altoids);
- my Mint::Snuff $pouch = Mint::Snuff->new;
- $pouch->strong('Blow your head off!');
- print $pouch->{strong}; # prints 'Blow your head off!'
- Here's a simple example of altering the behavior of your accessors.
- package Foo;
- use base qw(Class::Accessor);
- Foo->mk_accessors(qw(this that up down));
- sub get {
- my $self = shift;
- # Note every time someone gets some data.
- print STDERR "Getting @_n";
- $self->SUPER::get(@_);
- }
- sub set {
- my ($self, $key) = splice(@_, 0, 2);
- # Note every time someone sets some data.
- print STDERR "Setting $key to @_n";
- $self->SUPER::set($key, @_);
- }
- =head1 CAVEATS AND TRICKS
- Class::Accessor has to do some internal wackiness to get its
- job done quickly and efficiently. Because of this, there's a few
- tricks and traps one must know about.
- Hey, nothing's perfect.
- =head2 Don't make a field called DESTROY
- This is bad. Since DESTROY is a magical method it would be bad for us
- to define an accessor using that name. Class::Accessor will
- carp if you try to use it with a field named "DESTROY".
- =head2 Overriding autogenerated accessors
- You may want to override the autogenerated accessor with your own, yet
- have your custom accessor call the default one. For instance, maybe
- you want to have an accessor which checks its input. Normally, one
- would expect this to work:
- package Foo;
- use base qw(Class::Accessor);
- Foo->mk_accessors(qw(email this that whatever));
- # Only accept addresses which look valid.
- sub email {
- my($self) = shift;
- my($email) = @_;
- if( @_ ) { # Setting
- require Email::Valid;
- unless( Email::Valid->address($email) ) {
- carp("$email doesn't look like a valid address.");
- return;
- }
- }
- return $self->SUPER::email(@_);
- }
- There's a subtle problem in the last example, and it's in this line:
- return $self->SUPER::email(@_);
- If we look at how Foo was defined, it called mk_accessors() which
- stuck email() right into Foo's namespace. There *is* no
- SUPER::email() to delegate to! Two ways around this... first is to
- make a "pure" base class for Foo. This pure class will generate the
- accessors and provide the necessary super class for Foo to use:
- package Pure::Organic::Foo;
- use base qw(Class::Accessor);
- Pure::Organic::Foo->mk_accessors(qw(email this that whatever));
- package Foo;
- use base qw(Pure::Organic::Foo);
- And now Foo::email() can override the generated
- Pure::Organic::Foo::email() and use it as SUPER::email().
- This is probably the most obvious solution to everyone but me.
- Instead, what first made sense to me was for mk_accessors() to define
- an alias of email(), _email_accessor(). Using this solution,
- Foo::email() would be written with:
- return $self->_email_accessor(@_);
- instead of the expected SUPER::email().
- =head1 AUTHORS
- Copyright 2007 Marty Pauley <marty+perl@kasei.com>
- This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
- the same terms as Perl itself. That means either (a) the GNU General Public
- License or (b) the Artistic License.
- =head2 ORIGINAL AUTHOR
- Michael G Schwern <schwern@pobox.com>
- =head2 THANKS
- Liz and RUZ for performance tweaks.
- Tels, for his big feature request/bug report.
- =head1 SEE ALSO
- L<Class::Accessor::Fast>
- These are some modules which do similar things in different ways
- L<Class::Struct>, L<Class::Methodmaker>, L<Class::Generate>,
- L<Class::Class>, L<Class::Contract>
- L<Class::DBI> for an example of this module in use.
- =cut
- 1;