FAQ_DEV
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- Developer's Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PostgreSQL
-
- Last updated: Sat Jul 10 00:38:09 EDT 1999
-
- Current maintainer: Bruce Momjian (maillist@candle.pha.pa.us)
-
- The most recent version of this document can be viewed at the
- postgreSQL Web site, http://PostgreSQL.org.
- _________________________________________________________________
-
- Questions
-
- 1) What tools are available for developers?
- 2) What books are good for developers?
- 3) Why do we use palloc() and pfree() to allocate memory?
- 4) Why do we use Node and List to make data structures?
- 5) How do I add a feature or fix a bug?
- 6) How do I download/update the current source tree?
- 7) How do I test my changes?
- 7) I just added a field to a structure. What else should I do?
- 8) Why are table, column, type, function, view names sometimes
- referenced as Name or NameData, and sometimes as char *?
- 9) How do I efficiently access information in tables from the backend
- code?
- 10) What is elog()?
- 11) What is configure all about?
- 12) How do I add a new port?
- _________________________________________________________________
-
- 1) What tools are available for developers?
-
- Aside from the User documentation mentioned in the regular FAQ, there
- are several development tools available. First, all the files in the
- /tools directory are designed for developers.
- RELEASE_CHANGES changes we have to make for each release
- SQL_keywords standard SQL'92 keywords
- backend description/flowchart of the backend directorie
- s
- ccsym find standard defines made by your compiler
- entab converts tabs to spaces, used by pgindent
- find_static finds functions that could be made static
- find_typedef get a list of typedefs in the source code
- make_ctags make vi 'tags' file in each directory
- make_diff make *.orig and diffs of source
- make_etags make emacs 'etags' files
- make_keywords.README make comparison of our keywords and SQL'92
- make_mkid make mkid ID files
- mkldexport create AIX exports file
- pgindent indents C source files
- pginclude scripts for adding/removing include files
- Let me note some of these. If you point your browser at the
- file:/usr/local/src/pgsql/src/tools/backend/index.html directory, you
- will see few paragraphs describing the data flow, the backend
- components in a flow chart, and a description of the shared memory
- area. You can click on any flowchart box to see a description. If you
- then click on the directory name, you will be taken to the source
- directory, to browse the actual source code behind it. We also have
- several README files in some source directories to describe the
- function of the module. The browser will display these when you enter
- the directory also. The tools/backend directory is also contained on
- our web page under the title How PostgreSQL Processes a Query.
-
- Second, you really should have an editor that can handle tags, so you
- can tag a function call to see the function definition, and then tag
- inside that function to see an even lower-level function, and then
- back out twice to return to the original function. Most editors
- support this via tags or etags files.
-
- Third, you need to get mkid from ftp.postgresql.org. By running
- tools/make_mkid, an archive of source symbols can be created that can
- be rapidly queried like grep or edited. Others prefer glimpse.
-
- make_diff has tools to create patch diff files that can be applied to
- the distribution.
-
- pgindent will format source files to match our standard format, which
- has four-space tabs, and an indenting format specified by flags to the
- your operating system's utility indent.
-
- pgindent is run on all source files just before each beta test period.
- It auto-formats all source files to make them consistent. Comment
- blocks that need specific line breaks should be formatted as block
- comments, where the comment starts as /*------. These comments will
- not be reformatted in any way. pginclude contains scripts used to add
- needed #include's to include files, and removed unneeded #include's.
-
- 2) What books are good for developers?
-
- I have four good books, An Introduction to Database Systems, by C.J.
- Date, Addison, Wesley, A Guide to the SQL Standard, by C.J. Date, et.
- al, Addison, Wesley, Fundamentals of Database Systems, by Elmasri and
- Navathe, and Transaction Processing, by Jim Gray, Morgan, Kaufmann
-
- There is also a database performance site, with a handbook on-line
- written by Jim Gray at http://www.benchmarkresources.com.
-
- 3) Why do we use palloc() and pfree() to allocate memory?
-
- palloc() and pfree() are used in place of malloc() and free() because
- we automatically free all memory allocated when a transaction
- completes. This makes it easier to make sure we free memory that gets
- allocated in one place, but only freed much later. There are several
- contexts that memory can be allocated in, and this controls when the
- allocated memory is automatically freed by the backend.
-
- 4) Why do we use Node and List to make data structures?
-
- We do this because this allows a consistent way to pass data inside
- the backend in a flexible way. Every node has a NodeTag which
- specifies what type of data is inside the Node. Lists are groups of
- Nodes chained together as a forward-linked list.
-
- Here are some of the List manipulation commands:
-
- lfirst(i)
- return the data at list element i.
-
- lnext(i)
- return the next list element after i.
-
- foreach(i, list)
- loop through list, assigning each list element to i. It is
- important to note that i is a List *, not the data in the List
- element. You need to use lfirst(i) to get at the data. Here is
- a typical code snipped that loops through a List containing Var
- *'s and processes each one:
-
- List *i, *list;
- foreach(i, list)
- {
- Var *var = lfirst(i);
- /* process var here */
- }
- lcons(node, list)
- add node to the front of list, or create a new list with node
- if list is NIL.
-
- lappend(list, node)
- add node to the end of list. This is more expensive that lcons.
-
- nconc(list1, list2)
- Concat list2 on to the end of list1.
-
- length(list)
- return the length of the list.
-
- nth(i, list)
- return the i'th element in list.
-
- lconsi, ...
- There are integer versions of these: lconsi, lappendi, nthi.
- List's containing integers instead of Node pointers are used to
- hold list of relation object id's and other integer quantities.
-
- You can print nodes easily inside gdb. First, to disable output
- truncation when you use the gdb print command:
- (gdb) set print elements 0
- Instead of printing values in gdb format, you can use the next two
- commands to print out List, Node, and structure contents in a verbose
- format that is easier to understand. List's are unrolled into nodes,
- and nodes are printed in detail. The first prints in a short format,
- and the second in a long format:
- (gdb) call print(any_pointer)
- (gdb) call pprint(any_pointer)
- The output appears in the postmaster log file, or on your screen if
- you are running a backend directly without a postmaster.
-
- 5) How do I add a feature or fix a bug?
-
- The source code is over 250,000 lines. Many problems/features are
- isolated to one specific area of the code. Others require knowledge of
- much of the source. If you are confused about where to start, ask the
- hackers list, and they will be glad to assess the complexity and give
- pointers on where to start.
-
- Another thing to keep in mind is that many fixes and features can be
- added with surprisingly little code. I often start by adding code,
- then looking at other areas in the code where similar things are done,
- and by the time I am finished, the patch is quite small and compact.
-
- When adding code, keep in mind that it should use the existing
- facilities in the source, for performance reasons and for simplicity.
- Often a review of existing code doing similar things is helpful.
-
- 6) How do I download/update the current source tree?
-
- There are several ways to obtain the source tree. Occasional
- developers can just get the most recent source tree snapshot from
- ftp.postgresql.org. For regular developers, you can use CVS. CVS
- allows you to download the source tree, then occasionally update your
- copy of the source tree with any new changes. Using CVS, you don't
- have to download the entire source each time, only the changed files.
- Anonymous CVS does not allows developers to update the remote source
- tree, though privileged developers can do this. There is a CVS FAQ on
- our web site that describes how to use remote CVS. You can also use
- CVSup, which has similarly functionality, and is available from
- ftp.postgresql.org.
-
- To update the source tree, there are two ways. You can generate a
- patch against your current source tree, perhaps using the make_diff
- tools mentioned above, and send them to the patches list. They will be
- reviewed, and applied in a timely manner. If the patch is major, and
- we are in beta testing, the developers may wait for the final release
- before applying your patches.
-
- For hard-core developers, Marc(scrappy@postgresql.org) will give you a
- Unix shell account on postgresql.org, so you can use CVS to update the
- main source tree, or you can ftp your files into your account, patch,
- and cvs install the changes directly into the source tree.
-
- 6) How do I test my changes?
-
- First, use psql to make sure it is working as you expect. Then run
- src/test/regress and get the output of src/test/regress/checkresults
- with and without your changes, to see that your patch does not change
- the regression test in unexpected ways. This practice has saved me
- many times. The regression tests test the code in ways I would never
- do, and has caught many bugs in my patches. By finding the problems
- now, you save yourself a lot of debugging later when things are
- broken, and you can't figure out when it happened.
-
- 7) I just added a field to a structure. What else should I do?
-
- The structures passing around from the parser, rewrite, optimizer, and
- executor require quite a bit of support. Most structures have support
- routines in src/backend/nodes used to create, copy, read, and output
- those structures. Make sure you add support for your new field to
- these files. Find any other places the structure may need code for
- your new field. mkid is helpful with this (see above).
-
- 8) Why are table, column, type, function, view names sometimes referenced as
- Name or NameData, and sometimes as char *?
-
- Table, column, type, function, and view names are stored in system
- tables in columns of type Name. Name is a fixed-length,
- null-terminated type of NAMEDATALEN bytes. (The default value for
- NAMEDATALEN is 32 bytes.)
- typedef struct nameData
- {
- char data[NAMEDATALEN];
- } NameData;
- typedef NameData *Name;
- Table, column, type, function, and view names that come into the
- backend via user queries are stored as variable-length,
- null-terminated character strings.
-
- Many functions are called with both types of names, ie. heap_open().
- Because the Name type is null-terminated, it is safe to pass it to a
- function expecting a char *. Because there are many cases where
- on-disk names(Name) are compared to user-supplied names(char *), there
- are many cases where Name and char * are used interchangeably.
-
- 9) How do I efficiently access information in tables from the backend code?
-
- You first need to find the tuples(rows) you are interested in. There
- are two ways. First, SearchSysCacheTuple() and related functions allow
- you to query the system catalogs. This is the preferred way to access
- system tables, because the first call to the cache loads the needed
- rows, and future requests can return the results without accessing the
- base table. Some of the caches use system table indexes to look up
- tuples. A list of available caches is located in
- src/backend/utils/cache/syscache.c.
- src/backend/utils/cache/lsyscache.c contains many column-specific
- cache lookup functions.
-
- The rows returned are cached-owned versions of the heap rows. They are
- invalidated when the base table changes. Because the cache is local to
- each backend, you may use the pointer returned from the cache for
- short periods without making a copy of the tuple. If you send the
- pointer into a large function that will be doing its own cache
- lookups, it is possible the cache entry may be flushed, so you should
- use SearchSysCacheTupleCopy() in these cases, and pfree() the tuple
- when you are done.
-
- If you can't use the system cache, you will need to retrieve the data
- directly from the heap table, using the buffer cache that is shared by
- all backends. The backend automatically takes care of loading the rows
- into the buffer cache.
-
- Open the table with heap_open(). You can then start a table scan with
- heap_beginscan(), then use heap_getnext() and continue as long as
- HeapTupleIsValid() returns true. Then do a heap_endscan(). Keys can be
- assigned to the scan. No indexes are used, so all rows are going to be
- compared to the keys, and only the valid rows returned.
-
- You can also use heap_fetch() to fetch rows by block number/offset.
- While scans automatically lock/unlock rows from the buffer cache, with
- heap_fetch(), you must pass a Buffer pointer, and ReleaseBuffer() it
- when completed. Once you have the row, you can get data that is common
- to all tuples, like t_self and t_oid, by merely accessing the
- HeapTuple structure entries. If you need a table-specific column, you
- should take the HeapTuple pointer, and use the GETSTRUCT() macro to
- access the table-specific start of the tuple. You then cast the
- pointer as a Form_pg_proc pointer if you are accessing the pg_proc
- table, or Form_pg_type if you are accessing pg_type. You can then
- access the columns by using a structure pointer:
- ((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relnatts
- You should not directly change live tuples in this way. The best way
- is to use heap_tuplemodify() and pass it your palloc'ed tuple, and the
- values you want changed. It returns another palloc'ed tuple, which you
- pass to heap_replace(). You can delete tuples by passing the tuple's
- t_self to heap_destroy(). Remember, tuples can be either system cache
- versions, which may go away soon after you get them, buffer cache
- version, which will go away when you heap_getnext(), heap_endscan, or
- ReleaseBuffer(), in the heap_fetch() case. Or it may be a palloc'ed
- tuple, that you must pfree() when finished.
-
- 10) What is elog()?
-
- elog() is used to send messages to the front-end, and optionally
- terminate the current query being processed. The first parameter is an
- elog level of NOTICE, DEBUG, ERROR, or FATAL. NOTICE prints on the
- user's terminal and the postmaster logs. DEBUG prints only in the
- postmaster logs. ERROR prints in both places, and terminates the
- current query, never returning from the call. FATAL terminates the
- backend process. The remaining parameters of elog are a printf-style
- set of parameters to print.
-
- 11) What is configure all about?
-
- The files configure and configure.in are part of the GNU autoconf
- package. Configure allows us to test for various capabilities of the
- OS, and to set variables that can then be tested in C programs and
- Makefiles. Autoconf is installed on the PostgreSQL main server. To add
- options to configure, edit configure.in, and then run autoconf to
- generate configure.
-
- When configure is run by the user, it tests various OS capabilities,
- stores those in config.status and config.cache, and modifies a list of
- *.in files. For example, if there exists a Makefile.in, configure
- generates a Makefile that contains substitutions for all @var@
- parameters found by configure.
-
- When you need to edit files, make sure you don't waste time modifying
- files generated by configure. Edit the *.in file, and re-run configure
- to recreate the needed file. If you run make distclean from the
- top-level source directory, all files derived by configure are
- removed, so you see only the file contained in the source
- distribution.
-
- 12) How do I add a new port?
-
- There are a variety of places that need to be modified to add a new
- port. First, start in the src/template directory. Add an appropriate
- entry for your OS. Also, use src/config.guess to add your OS to
- src/template/.similar. You shouldn't match the OS version exactly. The
- configure test will look for an exact OS version number, and if not
- found, find a match without version number. Edit src/configure.in to
- add your new OS. (See configure item above.) You will need to run
- autoconf, or patch src/configure too.
-
- Then, check src/include/port and add your new OS file, with
- appropriate values. Hopefully, there is already locking code in
- src/include/storage/s_lock.h for your CPU. There is also a
- src/makefiles directory for port-specific Makefile handling. There is
- a backend/port directory if you need special files for your OS.