README
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- The Independent JPEG Group's JPEG software
- ==========================================
- README for release 5a of 7-Dec-94
- =================================
- This distribution contains the fifth public release of the Independent JPEG
- Group's free JPEG software. You are welcome to redistribute this software and
- to use it for any purpose, subject to the conditions under LEGAL ISSUES, below.
- Serious users of this software (particularly those incorporating it into
- larger programs) should contact IJG at jpeg-info@uunet.uu.net to be added to
- our electronic mailing list. Mailing list members are notified of updates
- and have a chance to participate in technical discussions, etc.
- This software is the work of Tom Lane, Philip Gladstone, Luis Ortiz, Jim
- Boucher, Lee Crocker, George Phillips, Davide Rossi, Ge' Weijers, and other
- members of the Independent JPEG Group.
- IJG is not associated with the official ISO JPEG standards committee.
- DOCUMENTATION ROADMAP
- =====================
- This file contains the following sections:
- OVERVIEW General description of JPEG and the IJG software.
- LEGAL ISSUES Copyright, lack of warranty, terms of distribution.
- REFERENCES Where to learn more about JPEG.
- ARCHIVE LOCATIONS Where to find newer versions of this software.
- RELATED SOFTWARE Other stuff you should get.
- FILE FORMAT WARS Software *not* to get.
- TO DO Plans for future IJG releases.
- Other documentation files in the distribution are:
- User documentation:
- install.doc How to configure and install the IJG software.
- usage.doc Usage instructions for cjpeg, djpeg, rdjpgcom, wrjpgcom.
- *.1 Unix-style man pages for programs (same info as usage.doc).
- change.log Version-to-version change highlights.
- Programmer and internal documentation:
- libjpeg.doc How to use the JPEG library in your own programs.
- example.c Sample code for calling the JPEG library.
- structure.doc Overview of the JPEG library's internal structure.
- filelist.doc Road map of IJG files.
- coderules.doc Coding style rules --- please read if you contribute code.
- Please read at least the files install.doc and usage.doc. Useful information
- can also be found in the JPEG FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) article. See
- ARCHIVE LOCATIONS below to find out where to obtain the FAQ article.
- If you want to understand how the JPEG code works, we suggest reading one or
- more of the REFERENCES, then looking at the documentation files (in roughly
- the order listed) before diving into the code.
- OVERVIEW
- ========
- This package contains C software to implement JPEG image compression and
- decompression. JPEG (pronounced "jay-peg") is a standardized compression
- method for full-color and gray-scale images. JPEG is intended for compressing
- "real-world" scenes; cartoons and other non-realistic images are not its
- strong suit. JPEG is lossy, meaning that the output image is not necessarily
- identical to the input image. Hence you must not use JPEG if you have to have
- identical output bits. However, on typical images of real-world scenes, very
- good compression levels can be obtained with no visible change, and amazingly
- high compression levels are possible if you can tolerate a low-quality image.
- For more details, see the references, or just experiment with various
- compression settings.
- We provide a set of library routines for reading and writing JPEG image files,
- plus two simple applications "cjpeg" and "djpeg", which use the library to
- perform conversion between JPEG and some other popular image file formats.
- The library is intended to be reused in other applications.
- This software implements JPEG baseline and extended-sequential compression
- processes. Provision is made for supporting all variants of these processes,
- although some uncommon parameter settings aren't implemented yet. For legal
- reasons, we are not distributing code for the arithmetic-coding process; see
- LEGAL ISSUES. At present we have made no provision for supporting the
- progressive, hierarchical, or lossless processes defined in the standard.
- (Support for progressive mode may be offered in a future release.)
- In order to support file conversion and viewing software, we have included
- considerable functionality beyond the bare JPEG coding/decoding capability;
- for example, the color quantization modules are not strictly part of JPEG
- decoding, but they are essential for output to colormapped file formats or
- colormapped displays. These extra functions can be compiled out of the
- library if not required for a particular application. We have also included
- two simple applications for inserting and extracting textual comments in
- JFIF files.
- The emphasis in designing this software has been on achieving portability and
- flexibility, while also making it fast enough to be useful. In particular,
- the software is not intended to be read as a tutorial on JPEG. (See the
- REFERENCES section for introductory material.) While we hope that the entire
- package will someday be industrial-strength code, much remains to be done in
- performance tuning and in improving the capabilities of individual modules.
- We welcome the use of this software as a component of commercial products.
- No royalty is required, but we do ask for an acknowledgement in product
- documentation, as described under LEGAL ISSUES.
- LEGAL ISSUES
- ============
- In plain English:
- 1. We don't promise that this software works. (But if you find any bugs,
- please let us know!)
- 2. You can use this software for whatever you want. You don't have to pay us.
- 3. You may not pretend that you wrote this software. If you use it in a
- program, you must acknowledge somewhere in your documentation that
- you've used the IJG code.
- In legalese:
- The authors make NO WARRANTY or representation, either express or implied,
- with respect to this software, its quality, accuracy, merchantability, or
- fitness for a particular purpose. This software is provided "AS IS", and you,
- its user, assume the entire risk as to its quality and accuracy.
- This software is copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, Thomas G. Lane.
- All Rights Reserved except as specified below.
- Permission is hereby granted to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
- software (or portions thereof) for any purpose, without fee, subject to these
- conditions:
- (1) If any part of the source code for this software is distributed, then this
- README file must be included, with this copyright and no-warranty notice
- unaltered; and any additions, deletions, or changes to the original files
- must be clearly indicated in accompanying documentation.
- (2) If only executable code is distributed, then the accompanying
- documentation must state that "this software is based in part on the work of
- the Independent JPEG Group".
- (3) Permission for use of this software is granted only if the user accepts
- full responsibility for any undesirable consequences; the authors accept
- NO LIABILITY for damages of any kind.
- These conditions apply to any software derived from or based on the IJG code,
- not just to the unmodified library. If you use our work, you ought to
- acknowledge us.
- Permission is NOT granted for the use of any IJG author's name or company name
- in advertising or publicity relating to this software or products derived from
- it. This software may be referred to only as "the Independent JPEG Group's
- software".
- We specifically permit and encourage the use of this software as the basis of
- commercial products, provided that all warranty or liability claims are
- assumed by the product vendor.
- ansi2knr.c is included in this distribution by permission of L. Peter Deutsch,
- sole proprietor of its copyright holder, Aladdin Enterprises of Menlo Park, CA.
- ansi2knr.c is NOT covered by the above copyright and conditions, but instead
- by the usual distribution terms of the Free Software Foundation; principally,
- that you must include source code if you redistribute it. (See the file
- ansi2knr.c for full details.) However, since ansi2knr.c is not needed as part
- of any program generated from the IJG code, this does not limit you more than
- the foregoing paragraphs do.
- The configuration script "configure" was produced with GNU Autoconf. It
- is copyright by the Free Software Foundation but is freely distributable.
- It appears that the arithmetic coding option of the JPEG spec is covered by
- patents owned by IBM, AT&T, and Mitsubishi. Hence arithmetic coding cannot
- legally be used without obtaining one or more licenses. For this reason,
- support for arithmetic coding has been removed from the free JPEG software.
- (Since arithmetic coding provides only a marginal gain over the unpatented
- Huffman mode, it is unlikely that very many implementations will support it.)
- So far as we are aware, there are no patent restrictions on the remaining
- code.
- We are required to state that
- "The Graphics Interchange Format(c) is the Copyright property of
- CompuServe Incorporated. GIF(sm) is a Service Mark property of
- CompuServe Incorporated."
- REFERENCES
- ==========
- We highly recommend reading one or more of these references before trying to
- understand the innards of the JPEG software.
- The best short technical introduction to the JPEG compression algorithm is
- Wallace, Gregory K. "The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard",
- Communications of the ACM, April 1991 (vol. 34 no. 4), pp. 30-44.
- (Adjacent articles in that issue discuss MPEG motion picture compression,
- applications of JPEG, and related topics.) If you don't have the CACM issue
- handy, a PostScript file containing a revised version of Wallace's article
- is available at ftp.uu.net, graphics/jpeg/wallace.ps.gz. The file (actually
- a preprint for an article that appeared in IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics)
- omits the sample images that appeared in CACM, but it includes corrections
- and some added material. Note: the Wallace article is copyright ACM and
- IEEE, and it may not be used for commercial purposes.
- A somewhat less technical, more leisurely introduction to JPEG can be found in
- "The Data Compression Book" by Mark Nelson, published by M&T Books (Redwood
- City, CA), 1991, ISBN 1-55851-216-0. This book provides good explanations and
- example C code for a multitude of compression methods including JPEG. It is
- an excellent source if you are comfortable reading C code but don't know much
- about data compression in general. The book's JPEG sample code is far from
- industrial-strength, but when you are ready to look at a full implementation,
- you've got one here...
- The best full description of JPEG is the textbook "JPEG Still Image Data
- Compression Standard" by William B. Pennebaker and Joan L. Mitchell, published
- by Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993, ISBN 0-442-01272-1. Price US$59.95, 638 pp.
- The book includes the complete text of the ISO JPEG standards (DIS 10918-1
- and draft DIS 10918-2). This is by far the most complete exposition of JPEG
- in existence, and we highly recommend it.
- The JPEG standard itself is not available electronically; you must order a
- paper copy through ISO. (Unless you feel a need to own a certified official
- copy, we recommend buying the Pennebaker and Mitchell book instead; it's much
- cheaper and includes a great deal of useful explanatory material.) In the US,
- copies of the standard may be ordered from ANSI Sales at (212) 642-4900, or
- from Global Engineering Documents at (800) 854-7179. (ANSI doesn't take
- credit card orders, but Global does.) It's not cheap: as of 1992, ANSI was
- charging $95 for Part 1 and $47 for Part 2, plus 7% shipping/handling. The
- standard is divided into two parts, Part 1 being the actual specification,
- while Part 2 covers compliance testing methods. Part 1 is titled "Digital
- Compression and Coding of Continuous-tone Still Images, Part 1: Requirements
- and guidelines" and has document number ISO/IEC IS 10918-1. As of mid-1994,
- Part 2 is still at Draft International Standard status. It is titled "Digital
- Compression and Coding of Continuous-tone Still Images, Part 2: Compliance
- testing" and has document number ISO/IEC DIS 10918-2. (The document number
- will change to IS 10918-2 when final approval is obtained.) A Part 3,
- covering extensions, is likely to appear in draft form in late 1994.
- The JPEG standard does not specify all details of an interchangeable file
- format. For the omitted details we follow the "JFIF" conventions, revision
- 1.02. A copy of the JFIF spec is available from:
- Literature Department
- C-Cube Microsystems, Inc.
- 1778 McCarthy Blvd.
- Milpitas, CA 95035
- phone (408) 944-6300, fax (408) 944-6314
- A PostScript version of this document is available at ftp.uu.net, file
- graphics/jpeg/jfif.ps.gz. It can also be obtained by e-mail from the C-Cube
- mail server, netlib@c3.pla.ca.us. Send the message "send jfif_ps from jpeg"
- to the server to obtain the JFIF document; send the message "help" if you have
- trouble.
- The TIFF 6.0 file format specification can be obtained by FTP from sgi.com
- (192.48.153.1), file graphics/tiff/TIFF6.ps.Z; or you can order a printed copy
- from Aldus Corp. at (206) 628-6593. It should be noted that the TIFF 6.0 spec
- of 3-June-92 has a number of serious problems in its JPEG features. A
- redesign effort is currently underway to correct these problems; it is
- expected to result in a new, incompatible, spec. IJG intends to support the
- corrected version of TIFF when the new spec is issued.
- ARCHIVE LOCATIONS
- =================
- The "official" archive site for this software is ftp.uu.net (Internet
- address 192.48.96.9). The most recent released version can always be found
- there in directory graphics/jpeg. This particular version will be archived
- as graphics/jpeg/jpegsrc.v5a.tar.gz. If you are on the Internet, you
- can retrieve files from ftp.uu.net by standard anonymous FTP. If you don't
- have FTP access, UUNET's archives are also available via UUCP; contact
- help@uunet.uu.net for information on retrieving files that way.
- Numerous Internet sites maintain copies of the UUNET files; in particular,
- you can probably find a copy at any site that archives comp.sources.misc
- submissions. However, only ftp.uu.net is guaranteed to have the latest
- official version.
- You can also obtain this software from CompuServe, in the GRAPHSUPPORT
- forum (GO GRAPHSUP), probably in library 15 (there are rumors of a pending
- reorganization there). Again, CompuServe is not guaranteed to have the
- very latest version.
- The JPEG FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) article is a useful source of
- general information about JPEG. It is updated constantly and therefore is
- not included in this distribution. The FAQ is posted every two weeks to
- Usenet newsgroups comp.graphics, news.answers, and other groups. You can
- always obtain the latest version from the news.answers archive at
- rtfm.mit.edu. By FTP, fetch /pub/usenet/news.answers/jpeg-faq/part1 and
- .../part2. If you don't have FTP, send e-mail to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu
- with body
- send usenet/news.answers/jpeg-faq/part1
- send usenet/news.answers/jpeg-faq/part2
- RELATED SOFTWARE
- ================
- Numerous viewing and image manipulation programs now support JPEG. (Quite a
- few of them use this library to do so.) The JPEG FAQ described above lists
- some of the more popular free and shareware viewers, and tells where to
- obtain them on Internet.
- If you are on a Unix machine, we highly recommend Jef Poskanzer's free
- PBMPLUS image software, which provides many useful operations on PPM-format
- image files. In particular, it can convert PPM images to and from a wide
- range of other formats. You can obtain this package by FTP from ftp.x.org
- (contrib/pbmplus*.tar.Z) or ftp.ee.lbl.gov (pbmplus*.tar.Z). There is also
- a newer update of this package called NETPBM, available from
- wuarchive.wustl.edu under directory /graphics/graphics/packages/NetPBM/.
- Unfortunately PBMPLUS/NETPBM is not nearly as portable as the IJG software
- is; you are likely to have difficulty making it work on any non-Unix machine.
- A different free JPEG implementation, written by the PVRG group at Stanford,
- is available from havefun.stanford.edu in directory pub/jpeg. This program
- is designed for research and experimentation rather than production use;
- it is slower, harder to use, and less portable than the IJG code, but it
- implements a larger subset of the JPEG standard. In particular, it supports
- lossless JPEG.
- FILE FORMAT WARS
- ================
- Some JPEG programs produce files that are not compatible with our library.
- The root of the problem is that the ISO JPEG committee failed to specify a
- concrete file format. Some vendors "filled in the blanks" on their own,
- creating proprietary formats that no one else could read. (For example, none
- of the early commercial JPEG implementations for the Macintosh were able to
- exchange compressed files.)
- The file format we have adopted is called JFIF (see REFERENCES). This format
- has been agreed to by a number of major commercial JPEG vendors, and it has
- become the de facto standard. JFIF is a minimal or "low end" representation.
- Work is also going forward to incorporate JPEG compression into the TIFF
- standard, for use in "high end" applications that need to record a lot of
- additional data about an image. We intend to support TIFF in the future.
- We hope that these two formats will be sufficient and that other,
- incompatible JPEG file formats will not proliferate.
- Indeed, part of the reason for developing and releasing this free software is
- to help force rapid convergence to de facto standards for JPEG file formats.
- SUPPORT STANDARD, NON-PROPRIETARY FORMATS: demand JFIF or TIFF/JPEG!
- TO DO
- =====
- In future versions, we are considering supporting progressive JPEG
- compression, the upcoming JPEG Part 3 extensions, and other improvements.
- As always, speeding things up is high on our priority list.
- Please send bug reports, offers of help, etc. to jpeg-info@uunet.uu.net.