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- USAGE instructions for the Independent JPEG Group's JPEG software
- =================================================================
- This file describes usage of the JPEG conversion programs cjpeg and djpeg,
- as well as the utility programs jpegtran, rdjpgcom and wrjpgcom. (See
- the other documentation files if you wish to use the JPEG library within
- your own programs.)
- If you are on a Unix machine you may prefer to read the Unix-style manual
- pages in files cjpeg.1, djpeg.1, jpegtran.1, rdjpgcom.1, wrjpgcom.1.
- INTRODUCTION
- These programs implement JPEG image compression and decompression. JPEG
- (pronounced "jay-peg") is a standardized compression method for full-color
- and gray-scale images. JPEG is designed to handle "real-world" scenes,
- for example scanned photographs. Cartoons, line drawings, and other
- non-realistic images are not JPEG's strong suit; on that sort of material
- you may get poor image quality and/or little compression.
- JPEG is lossy, meaning that the output image is not necessarily identical to
- the input image. Hence you should not use JPEG if you have to have identical
- output bits. However, on typical real-world images, very good compression
- levels can be obtained with no visible change, and amazingly high compression
- is possible if you can tolerate a low-quality image. You can trade off image
- quality against file size by adjusting the compressor's "quality" setting.
- GENERAL USAGE
- We provide two programs, cjpeg to compress an image file into JPEG format,
- and djpeg to decompress a JPEG file back into a conventional image format.
- On Unix-like systems, you say:
- cjpeg [switches] [imagefile] >jpegfile
- or
- djpeg [switches] [jpegfile] >imagefile
- The programs read the specified input file, or standard input if none is
- named. They always write to standard output (with trace/error messages to
- standard error). These conventions are handy for piping images between
- programs.
- On most non-Unix systems, you say:
- cjpeg [switches] imagefile jpegfile
- or
- djpeg [switches] jpegfile imagefile
- i.e., both the input and output files are named on the command line. This
- style is a little more foolproof, and it loses no functionality if you don't
- have pipes. (You can get this style on Unix too, if you prefer, by defining
- TWO_FILE_COMMANDLINE when you compile the programs; see install.doc.)
- You can also say:
- cjpeg [switches] -outfile jpegfile imagefile
- or
- djpeg [switches] -outfile imagefile jpegfile
- This syntax works on all systems, so it is useful for scripts.
- The currently supported image file formats are: PPM (PBMPLUS color format),
- PGM (PBMPLUS gray-scale format), BMP, Targa, and RLE (Utah Raster Toolkit
- format). (RLE is supported only if the URT library is available.)
- cjpeg recognizes the input image format automatically, with the exception
- of some Targa-format files. You have to tell djpeg which format to generate.
- JPEG files are in the defacto standard JFIF file format. There are other,
- less widely used JPEG-based file formats, but we don't support them.
- All switch names may be abbreviated; for example, -grayscale may be written
- -gray or -gr. Most of the "basic" switches can be abbreviated to as little as
- one letter. Upper and lower case are equivalent (-BMP is the same as -bmp).
- British spellings are also accepted (e.g., -greyscale), though for brevity
- these are not mentioned below.
- CJPEG DETAILS
- The basic command line switches for cjpeg are:
- -quality N Scale quantization tables to adjust image quality.
- Quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best); default is 75.
- (See below for more info.)
- -grayscale Create monochrome JPEG file from color input.
- Be sure to use this switch when compressing a grayscale
- BMP file, because cjpeg isn't bright enough to notice
- whether a BMP file uses only shades of gray. By
- saying -grayscale, you'll get a smaller JPEG file that
- takes less time to process.
- -optimize Perform optimization of entropy encoding parameters.
- Without this, default encoding parameters are used.
- -optimize usually makes the JPEG file a little smaller,
- but cjpeg runs somewhat slower and needs much more
- memory. Image quality and speed of decompression are
- unaffected by -optimize.
- -progressive Create progressive JPEG file (see below).
- -targa Input file is Targa format. Targa files that contain
- an "identification" field will not be automatically
- recognized by cjpeg; for such files you must specify
- -targa to make cjpeg treat the input as Targa format.
- For most Targa files, you won't need this switch.
- The -quality switch lets you trade off compressed file size against quality of
- the reconstructed image: the higher the quality setting, the larger the JPEG
- file, and the closer the output image will be to the original input. Normally
- you want to use the lowest quality setting (smallest file) that decompresses
- into something visually indistinguishable from the original image. For this
- purpose the quality setting should be between 50 and 95; the default of 75 is
- often about right. If you see defects at -quality 75, then go up 5 or 10
- counts at a time until you are happy with the output image. (The optimal
- setting will vary from one image to another.)
- -quality 100 will generate a quantization table of all 1's, minimizing loss
- in the quantization step (but there is still information loss in subsampling,
- as well as roundoff error). This setting is mainly of interest for
- experimental purposes. Quality values above about 95 are NOT recommended for
- normal use; the compressed file size goes up dramatically for hardly any gain
- in output image quality.
- In the other direction, quality values below 50 will produce very small files
- of low image quality. Settings around 5 to 10 might be useful in preparing an
- index of a large image library, for example. Try -quality 2 (or so) for some
- amusing Cubist effects. (Note: quality values below about 25 generate 2-byte
- quantization tables, which are considered optional in the JPEG standard.
- cjpeg emits a warning message when you give such a quality value, because some
- other JPEG programs may be unable to decode the resulting file. Use -baseline
- if you need to ensure compatibility at low quality values.)
- The -progressive switch creates a "progressive JPEG" file. In this type of
- JPEG file, the data is stored in multiple scans of increasing quality. If the
- file is being transmitted over a slow communications link, the decoder can use
- the first scan to display a low-quality image very quickly, and can then
- improve the display with each subsequent scan. The final image is exactly
- equivalent to a standard JPEG file of the same quality setting, and the total
- file size is about the same --- often a little smaller. CAUTION: progressive
- JPEG is not yet widely implemented, so many decoders will be unable to view a
- progressive JPEG file at all.
- Switches for advanced users:
- -dct int Use integer DCT method (default).
- -dct fast Use fast integer DCT (less accurate).
- -dct float Use floating-point DCT method.
- The float method is very slightly more accurate than
- the int method, but is much slower unless your machine
- has very fast floating-point hardware. Also note that
- results of the floating-point method may vary slightly
- across machines, while the integer methods should give
- the same results everywhere. The fast integer method
- is much less accurate than the other two.
- -restart N Emit a JPEG restart marker every N MCU rows, or every
- N MCU blocks if "B" is attached to the number.
- -restart 0 (the default) means no restart markers.
- -smooth N Smooth the input image to eliminate dithering noise.
- N, ranging from 1 to 100, indicates the strength of
- smoothing. 0 (the default) means no smoothing.
- -maxmemory N Set limit for amount of memory to use in processing
- large images. Value is in thousands of bytes, or
- millions of bytes if "M" is attached to the number.
- For example, -max 4m selects 4000000 bytes. If more
- space is needed, temporary files will be used.
- -verbose Enable debug printout. More -v's give more printout.
- or -debug Also, version information is printed at startup.
- The -restart option inserts extra markers that allow a JPEG decoder to
- resynchronize after a transmission error. Without restart markers, any damage
- to a compressed file will usually ruin the image from the point of the error
- to the end of the image; with restart markers, the damage is usually confined
- to the portion of the image up to the next restart marker. Of course, the
- restart markers occupy extra space. We recommend -restart 1 for images that
- will be transmitted across unreliable networks such as Usenet.
- The -smooth option filters the input to eliminate fine-scale noise. This is
- often useful when converting dithered images to JPEG: a moderate smoothing
- factor of 10 to 50 gets rid of dithering patterns in the input file, resulting
- in a smaller JPEG file and a better-looking image. Too large a smoothing
- factor will visibly blur the image, however.
- Switches for wizards:
- -baseline Force baseline-compatible quantization tables to be
- generated. This clamps quantization values to 8 bits
- even at low quality settings. (This switch is poorly
- named, since it does not ensure that the output is
- actually baseline JPEG. For example, you can use
- -baseline and -progressive together.)
- -qtables file Use the quantization tables given in the specified
- text file.
- -qslots N[,...] Select which quantization table to use for each color
- component.
- -sample HxV[,...] Set JPEG sampling factors for each color component.
- -scans file Use the scan script given in the specified text file.
- The "wizard" switches are intended for experimentation with JPEG. If you
- don't know what you are doing, DON'T USE THEM. These switches are documented
- further in the file wizard.doc.
- DJPEG DETAILS
- The basic command line switches for djpeg are:
- -colors N Reduce image to at most N colors. This reduces the
- or -quantize N number of colors used in the output image, so that it
- can be displayed on a colormapped display or stored in
- a colormapped file format. For example, if you have
- an 8-bit display, you'd need to reduce to 256 or fewer
- colors. (-colors is the recommended name, -quantize
- is provided only for backwards compatibility.)
- -fast Select recommended processing options for fast, low
- quality output. (The default options are chosen for
- highest quality output.) Currently, this is equivalent
- to "-dct fast -nosmooth -onepass -dither ordered".
- -grayscale Force gray-scale output even if JPEG file is color.
- Useful for viewing on monochrome displays; also,
- djpeg runs noticeably faster in this mode.
- -scale M/N Scale the output image by a factor M/N. Currently
- the scale factor must be 1/1, 1/2, 1/4, or 1/8.
- Scaling is handy if the image is larger than your
- screen; also, djpeg runs much faster when scaling
- down the output.
- -bmp Select BMP output format (Windows flavor). 8-bit
- colormapped format is emitted if -colors or -grayscale
- is specified, or if the JPEG file is gray-scale;
- otherwise, 24-bit full-color format is emitted.
- -gif Select GIF output format. Since GIF does not support
- more than 256 colors, -colors 256 is assumed (unless
- you specify a smaller number of colors). If you
- specify -fast, the default number of colors is 216.
- -os2 Select BMP output format (OS/2 1.x flavor). 8-bit
- colormapped format is emitted if -colors or -grayscale
- is specified, or if the JPEG file is gray-scale;
- otherwise, 24-bit full-color format is emitted.
- -pnm Select PBMPLUS (PPM/PGM) output format (this is the
- default format). PGM is emitted if the JPEG file is
- gray-scale or if -grayscale is specified; otherwise
- PPM is emitted.
- -rle Select RLE output format. (Requires URT library.)
- -targa Select Targa output format. Gray-scale format is
- emitted if the JPEG file is gray-scale or if
- -grayscale is specified; otherwise, colormapped format
- is emitted if -colors is specified; otherwise, 24-bit
- full-color format is emitted.
- Switches for advanced users:
- -dct int Use integer DCT method (default).
- -dct fast Use fast integer DCT (less accurate).
- -dct float Use floating-point DCT method.
- The float method is very slightly more accurate than
- the int method, but is much slower unless your machine
- has very fast floating-point hardware. Also note that
- results of the floating-point method may vary slightly
- across machines, while the integer methods should give
- the same results everywhere. The fast integer method
- is much less accurate than the other two.
- -dither fs Use Floyd-Steinberg dithering in color quantization.
- -dither ordered Use ordered dithering in color quantization.
- -dither none Do not use dithering in color quantization.
- By default, Floyd-Steinberg dithering is applied when
- quantizing colors; this is slow but usually produces
- the best results. Ordered dither is a compromise
- between speed and quality; no dithering is fast but
- usually looks awful. Note that these switches have
- no effect unless color quantization is being done.
- Ordered dither is only available in -onepass mode.
- -map FILE Quantize to the colors used in the specified image
- file. This is useful for producing multiple files
- with identical color maps, or for forcing a predefined
- set of colors to be used. The FILE must be a GIF
- or PPM file. This option overrides -colors and
- -onepass.
- -nosmooth Use a faster, lower-quality upsampling routine.
- -onepass Use one-pass instead of two-pass color quantization.
- The one-pass method is faster and needs less memory,
- but it produces a lower-quality image. -onepass is
- ignored unless you also say -colors N. Also,
- the one-pass method is always used for gray-scale
- output (the two-pass method is no improvement then).
- -maxmemory N Set limit for amount of memory to use in processing
- large images. Value is in thousands of bytes, or
- millions of bytes if "M" is attached to the number.
- For example, -max 4m selects 4000000 bytes. If more
- space is needed, temporary files will be used.
- -verbose Enable debug printout. More -v's give more printout.
- or -debug Also, version information is printed at startup.
- HINTS FOR CJPEG
- Color GIF files are not the ideal input for JPEG; JPEG is really intended for
- compressing full-color (24-bit) images. In particular, don't try to convert
- cartoons, line drawings, and other images that have only a few distinct
- colors. GIF works great on these, JPEG does not. If you want to convert a
- GIF to JPEG, you should experiment with cjpeg's -quality and -smooth options
- to get a satisfactory conversion. -smooth 10 or so is often helpful.
- Avoid running an image through a series of JPEG compression/decompression
- cycles. Image quality loss will accumulate; after ten or so cycles the image
- may be noticeably worse than it was after one cycle. It's best to use a
- lossless format while manipulating an image, then convert to JPEG format when
- you are ready to file the image away.
- The -optimize option to cjpeg is worth using when you are making a "final"
- version for posting or archiving. It's also a win when you are using low
- quality settings to make very small JPEG files; the percentage improvement
- is often a lot more than it is on larger files. (At present, -optimize
- mode is always selected when generating progressive JPEG files.)
- GIF input files are no longer supported, to avoid the Unisys LZW patent.
- Use a Unisys-licensed program if you need to read a GIF file. (Conversion
- of GIF files to JPEG is usually a bad idea anyway.)
- HINTS FOR DJPEG
- To get a quick preview of an image, use the -grayscale and/or -scale switches.
- "-grayscale -scale 1/8" is the fastest case.
- Several options are available that trade off image quality to gain speed.
- "-fast" turns on the recommended settings.
- "-dct fast" and/or "-nosmooth" gain speed at a small sacrifice in quality.
- When producing a color-quantized image, "-onepass -dither ordered" is fast but
- much lower quality than the default behavior. "-dither none" may give
- acceptable results in two-pass mode, but is seldom tolerable in one-pass mode.
- If you are fortunate enough to have very fast floating point hardware,
- "-dct float" may be even faster than "-dct fast". But on most machines
- "-dct float" is slower than "-dct int"; in this case it is not worth using,
- because its theoretical accuracy advantage is too small to be significant
- in practice.
- Two-pass color quantization requires a good deal of memory; on MS-DOS machines
- it may run out of memory even with -maxmemory 0. In that case you can still
- decompress, with some loss of image quality, by specifying -onepass for
- one-pass quantization.
- To avoid the Unisys LZW patent, djpeg produces uncompressed GIF files. These
- are larger than they should be, but are readable by standard GIF decoders.
- HINTS FOR BOTH PROGRAMS
- If more space is needed than will fit in the available main memory (as
- determined by -maxmemory), temporary files will be used. (MS-DOS versions
- will try to get extended or expanded memory first.) The temporary files are
- often rather large: in typical cases they occupy three bytes per pixel, for
- example 3*800*600 = 1.44Mb for an 800x600 image. If you don't have enough
- free disk space, leave out -progressive and -optimize (for cjpeg) or specify
- -onepass (for djpeg).
- On MS-DOS, the temporary files are created in the directory named by the TMP
- or TEMP environment variable, or in the current directory if neither of those
- exist. Amiga implementations put the temp files in the directory named by
- JPEGTMP:, so be sure to assign JPEGTMP: to a disk partition with adequate free
- space.
- The default memory usage limit (-maxmemory) is set when the software is
- compiled. If you get an "insufficient memory" error, try specifying a smaller
- -maxmemory value, even -maxmemory 0 to use the absolute minimum space. You
- may want to recompile with a smaller default value if this happens often.
- On machines that have "environment" variables, you can define the environment
- variable JPEGMEM to set the default memory limit. The value is specified as
- described for the -maxmemory switch. JPEGMEM overrides the default value
- specified when the program was compiled, and itself is overridden by an
- explicit -maxmemory switch.
- On MS-DOS machines, -maxmemory is the amount of main (conventional) memory to
- use. (Extended or expanded memory is also used if available.) Most
- DOS-specific versions of this software do their own memory space estimation
- and do not need you to specify -maxmemory.
- JPEGTRAN
- jpegtran performs various useful transformations of JPEG files.
- It can translate the coded representation from one variant of JPEG to another,
- for example from baseline JPEG to progressive JPEG or vice versa. It can also
- perform some rearrangements of the image data, for example turning an image
- from landscape to portrait format by rotation.
- jpegtran works by rearranging the compressed data (DCT coefficients), without
- ever fully decoding the image. Therefore, its transformations are lossless:
- there is no image degradation at all, which would not be true if you used
- djpeg followed by cjpeg to accomplish the same conversion. But by the same
- token, jpegtran cannot perform lossy operations such as changing the image
- quality.
- jpegtran uses a command line syntax similar to cjpeg or djpeg.
- On Unix-like systems, you say:
- jpegtran [switches] [inputfile] >outputfile
- On most non-Unix systems, you say:
- jpegtran [switches] inputfile outputfile
- where both the input and output files are JPEG files.
- To specify the coded JPEG representation used in the output file,
- jpegtran accepts a subset of the switches recognized by cjpeg:
- -optimize Perform optimization of entropy encoding parameters.
- -progressive Create progressive JPEG file.
- -restart N Emit a JPEG restart marker every N MCU rows, or every
- N MCU blocks if "B" is attached to the number.
- -scans file Use the scan script given in the specified text file.
- See the previous discussion of cjpeg for more details about these switches.
- If you specify none of these switches, you get a plain baseline-JPEG output
- file. The quality setting and so forth are determined by the input file.
- The image can be losslessly transformed by giving one of these switches:
- -flip horizontal Mirror image horizontally (left-right).
- -flip vertical Mirror image vertically (top-bottom).
- -rotate 90 Rotate image 90 degrees clockwise.
- -rotate 180 Rotate image 180 degrees.
- -rotate 270 Rotate image 270 degrees clockwise (or 90 ccw).
- -transpose Transpose image (across UL-to-LR axis).
- -transverse Transverse transpose (across UR-to-LL axis).
- The transpose transformation has no restrictions regarding image dimensions.
- The other transformations operate rather oddly if the image dimensions are not
- a multiple of the iMCU size (usually 8 or 16 pixels), because they can only
- transform complete blocks of DCT coefficient data in the desired way.
- jpegtran's default behavior when transforming an odd-size image is designed
- to preserve exact reversibility and mathematical consistency of the
- transformation set. As stated, transpose is able to flip the entire image
- area. Horizontal mirroring leaves any partial iMCU column at the right edge
- untouched, but is able to flip all rows of the image. Similarly, vertical
- mirroring leaves any partial iMCU row at the bottom edge untouched, but is
- able to flip all columns. The other transforms can be built up as sequences
- of transpose and flip operations; for consistency, their actions on edge
- pixels are defined to be the same as the end result of the corresponding
- transpose-and-flip sequence.
- For practical use, you may prefer to discard any untransformable edge pixels
- rather than having a strange-looking strip along the right and/or bottom edges
- of a transformed image. To do this, add the -trim switch:
- -trim Drop non-transformable edge blocks.
- Obviously, a transformation with -trim is not reversible, so strictly speaking
- jpegtran with this switch is not lossless. Also, the expected mathematical
- equivalences between the transformations no longer hold. For example,
- "-rot 270 -trim" trims only the bottom edge, but "-rot 90 -trim" followed by
- "-rot 180 -trim" trims both edges.
- Another not-strictly-lossless transformation switch is:
- -grayscale Force grayscale output.
- This option discards the chrominance channels if the input image is YCbCr
- (ie, a standard color JPEG), resulting in a grayscale JPEG file. The
- luminance channel is preserved exactly, so this is a better method of reducing
- to grayscale than decompression, conversion, and recompression. This switch
- is particularly handy for fixing a monochrome picture that was mistakenly
- encoded as a color JPEG. (In such a case, the space savings from getting rid
- of the near-empty chroma channels won't be large; but the decoding time for
- a grayscale JPEG is substantially less than that for a color JPEG.)
- jpegtran also recognizes these switches that control what to do with "extra"
- markers, such as comment blocks:
- -copy none Copy no extra markers from source file. This setting
- suppresses all comments and other excess baggage
- present in the source file.
- -copy comments Copy only comment markers. This setting copies
- comments from the source file, but discards
- any other inessential data.
- -copy all Copy all extra markers. This setting preserves
- miscellaneous markers found in the source file, such
- as JFIF thumbnails and Photoshop settings. In some
- files these extra markers can be sizable.
- The default behavior is -copy comments. (Note: in IJG releases v6 and v6a,
- jpegtran always did the equivalent of -copy none.)
- Additional switches recognized by jpegtran are:
- -outfile filename
- -maxmemory N
- -verbose
- -debug
- These work the same as in cjpeg or djpeg.
- THE COMMENT UTILITIES
- The JPEG standard allows "comment" (COM) blocks to occur within a JPEG file.
- Although the standard doesn't actually define what COM blocks are for, they
- are widely used to hold user-supplied text strings. This lets you add
- annotations, titles, index terms, etc to your JPEG files, and later retrieve
- them as text. COM blocks do not interfere with the image stored in the JPEG
- file. The maximum size of a COM block is 64K, but you can have as many of
- them as you like in one JPEG file.
- We provide two utility programs to display COM block contents and add COM
- blocks to a JPEG file.
- rdjpgcom searches a JPEG file and prints the contents of any COM blocks on
- standard output. The command line syntax is
- rdjpgcom [-verbose] [inputfilename]
- The switch "-verbose" (or just "-v") causes rdjpgcom to also display the JPEG
- image dimensions. If you omit the input file name from the command line,
- the JPEG file is read from standard input. (This may not work on some
- operating systems, if binary data can't be read from stdin.)
- wrjpgcom adds a COM block, containing text you provide, to a JPEG file.
- Ordinarily, the COM block is added after any existing COM blocks, but you
- can delete the old COM blocks if you wish. wrjpgcom produces a new JPEG
- file; it does not modify the input file. DO NOT try to overwrite the input
- file by directing wrjpgcom's output back into it; on most systems this will
- just destroy your file.
- The command line syntax for wrjpgcom is similar to cjpeg's. On Unix-like
- systems, it is
- wrjpgcom [switches] [inputfilename]
- The output file is written to standard output. The input file comes from
- the named file, or from standard input if no input file is named.
- On most non-Unix systems, the syntax is
- wrjpgcom [switches] inputfilename outputfilename
- where both input and output file names must be given explicitly.
- wrjpgcom understands three switches:
- -replace Delete any existing COM blocks from the file.
- -comment "Comment text" Supply new COM text on command line.
- -cfile name Read text for new COM block from named file.
- (Switch names can be abbreviated.) If you have only one line of comment text
- to add, you can provide it on the command line with -comment. The comment
- text must be surrounded with quotes so that it is treated as a single
- argument. Longer comments can be read from a text file.
- If you give neither -comment nor -cfile, then wrjpgcom will read the comment
- text from standard input. (In this case an input image file name MUST be
- supplied, so that the source JPEG file comes from somewhere else.) You can
- enter multiple lines, up to 64KB worth. Type an end-of-file indicator
- (usually control-D or control-Z) to terminate the comment text entry.
- wrjpgcom will not add a COM block if the provided comment string is empty.
- Therefore -replace -comment "" can be used to delete all COM blocks from a
- file.
- These utility programs do not depend on the IJG JPEG library. In
- particular, the source code for rdjpgcom is intended as an illustration of
- the minimum amount of code required to parse a JPEG file header correctly.