cjpeg.1
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上传日期:2007-01-08
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源码类别:
图形图象
开发平台:
C/C++
- .TH CJPEG 1 "20 March 1998"
- .SH NAME
- cjpeg - compress an image file to a JPEG file
- .SH SYNOPSIS
- .B cjpeg
- [
- .I options
- ]
- [
- .I filename
- ]
- .LP
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- .LP
- .B cjpeg
- compresses the named image file, or the standard input if no file is
- named, and produces a JPEG/JFIF file on the standard output.
- The currently supported input file formats are: PPM (PBMPLUS color
- format), PGM (PBMPLUS gray-scale format), BMP, Targa, and RLE (Utah Raster
- Toolkit format). (RLE is supported only if the URT library is available.)
- .SH OPTIONS
- All switch names may be abbreviated; for example,
- .B -grayscale
- may be written
- .B -gray
- or
- .BR -gr .
- Most of the "basic" switches can be abbreviated to as little as one letter.
- Upper and lower case are equivalent (thus
- .B -BMP
- is the same as
- .BR -bmp ).
- British spellings are also accepted (e.g.,
- .BR -greyscale ),
- though for brevity these are not mentioned below.
- .PP
- The basic switches are:
- .TP
- .BI -quality " N"
- Scale quantization tables to adjust image quality. Quality is 0 (worst) to
- 100 (best); default is 75. (See below for more info.)
- .TP
- .B -grayscale
- Create monochrome JPEG file from color input. Be sure to use this switch when
- compressing a grayscale BMP file, because
- .B cjpeg
- isn't bright enough to notice whether a BMP file uses only shades of gray.
- By saying
- .BR -grayscale ,
- you'll get a smaller JPEG file that takes less time to process.
- .TP
- .B -optimize
- Perform optimization of entropy encoding parameters. Without this, default
- encoding parameters are used.
- .B -optimize
- usually makes the JPEG file a little smaller, but
- .B cjpeg
- runs somewhat slower and needs much more memory. Image quality and speed of
- decompression are unaffected by
- .BR -optimize .
- .TP
- .B -progressive
- Create progressive JPEG file (see below).
- .TP
- .B -targa
- Input file is Targa format. Targa files that contain an "identification"
- field will not be automatically recognized by
- .BR cjpeg ;
- for such files you must specify
- .B -targa
- to make
- .B cjpeg
- treat the input as Targa format.
- For most Targa files, you won't need this switch.
- .PP
- The
- .B -quality
- switch lets you trade off compressed file size against quality of the
- reconstructed image: the higher the quality setting, the larger the JPEG file,
- and the closer the output image will be to the original input. Normally you
- want to use the lowest quality setting (smallest file) that decompresses into
- something visually indistinguishable from the original image. For this
- purpose the quality setting should be between 50 and 95; the default of 75 is
- often about right. If you see defects at
- .B -quality
- 75, then go up 5 or 10 counts at a time until you are happy with the output
- image. (The optimal setting will vary from one image to another.)
- .PP
- .B -quality
- 100 will generate a quantization table of all 1's, minimizing loss in the
- quantization step (but there is still information loss in subsampling, as well
- as roundoff error). This setting is mainly of interest for experimental
- purposes. Quality values above about 95 are
- .B not
- recommended for normal use; the compressed file size goes up dramatically for
- hardly any gain in output image quality.
- .PP
- In the other direction, quality values below 50 will produce very small files
- of low image quality. Settings around 5 to 10 might be useful in preparing an
- index of a large image library, for example. Try
- .B -quality
- 2 (or so) for some amusing Cubist effects. (Note: quality
- values below about 25 generate 2-byte quantization tables, which are
- considered optional in the JPEG standard.
- .B cjpeg
- emits a warning message when you give such a quality value, because some
- other JPEG programs may be unable to decode the resulting file. Use
- .B -baseline
- if you need to ensure compatibility at low quality values.)
- .PP
- The
- .B -progressive
- switch creates a "progressive JPEG" file. In this type of JPEG file, the data
- is stored in multiple scans of increasing quality. If the file is being
- transmitted over a slow communications link, the decoder can use the first
- scan to display a low-quality image very quickly, and can then improve the
- display with each subsequent scan. The final image is exactly equivalent to a
- standard JPEG file of the same quality setting, and the total file size is
- about the same --- often a little smaller.
- .B Caution:
- progressive JPEG is not yet widely implemented, so many decoders will be
- unable to view a progressive JPEG file at all.
- .PP
- Switches for advanced users:
- .TP
- .B -dct int
- Use integer DCT method (default).
- .TP
- .B -dct fast
- Use fast integer DCT (less accurate).
- .TP
- .B -dct float
- Use floating-point DCT method.
- The float method is very slightly more accurate than the int method, but is
- much slower unless your machine has very fast floating-point hardware. Also
- note that results of the floating-point method may vary slightly across
- machines, while the integer methods should give the same results everywhere.
- The fast integer method is much less accurate than the other two.
- .TP
- .BI -restart " N"
- Emit a JPEG restart marker every N MCU rows, or every N MCU blocks if "B" is
- attached to the number.
- .B -restart 0
- (the default) means no restart markers.
- .TP
- .BI -smooth " N"
- Smooth the input image to eliminate dithering noise. N, ranging from 1 to
- 100, indicates the strength of smoothing. 0 (the default) means no smoothing.
- .TP
- .BI -maxmemory " N"
- Set limit for amount of memory to use in processing large images. Value is
- in thousands of bytes, or millions of bytes if "M" is attached to the
- number. For example,
- .B -max 4m
- selects 4000000 bytes. If more space is needed, temporary files will be used.
- .TP
- .BI -outfile " name"
- Send output image to the named file, not to standard output.
- .TP
- .B -verbose
- Enable debug printout. More
- .BR -v 's
- give more output. Also, version information is printed at startup.
- .TP
- .B -debug
- Same as
- .BR -verbose .
- .PP
- The
- .B -restart
- option inserts extra markers that allow a JPEG decoder to resynchronize after
- a transmission error. Without restart markers, any damage to a compressed
- file will usually ruin the image from the point of the error to the end of the
- image; with restart markers, the damage is usually confined to the portion of
- the image up to the next restart marker. Of course, the restart markers
- occupy extra space. We recommend
- .B -restart 1
- for images that will be transmitted across unreliable networks such as Usenet.
- .PP
- The
- .B -smooth
- option filters the input to eliminate fine-scale noise. This is often useful
- when converting dithered images to JPEG: a moderate smoothing factor of 10 to
- 50 gets rid of dithering patterns in the input file, resulting in a smaller
- JPEG file and a better-looking image. Too large a smoothing factor will
- visibly blur the image, however.
- .PP
- Switches for wizards:
- .TP
- .B -baseline
- Force baseline-compatible quantization tables to be generated. This clamps
- quantization values to 8 bits even at low quality settings. (This switch is
- poorly named, since it does not ensure that the output is actually baseline
- JPEG. For example, you can use
- .B -baseline
- and
- .B -progressive
- together.)
- .TP
- .BI -qtables " file"
- Use the quantization tables given in the specified text file.
- .TP
- .BI -qslots " N[,...]"
- Select which quantization table to use for each color component.
- .TP
- .BI -sample " HxV[,...]"
- Set JPEG sampling factors for each color component.
- .TP
- .BI -scans " file"
- Use the scan script given in the specified text file.
- .PP
- The "wizard" switches are intended for experimentation with JPEG. If you
- don't know what you are doing, fBdon't use themfR. These switches are
- documented further in the file wizard.doc.
- .SH EXAMPLES
- .LP
- This example compresses the PPM file foo.ppm with a quality factor of
- 60 and saves the output as foo.jpg:
- .IP
- .B cjpeg -quality
- .I 60 foo.ppm
- .B >
- .I foo.jpg
- .SH HINTS
- Color GIF files are not the ideal input for JPEG; JPEG is really intended for
- compressing full-color (24-bit) images. In particular, don't try to convert
- cartoons, line drawings, and other images that have only a few distinct
- colors. GIF works great on these, JPEG does not. If you want to convert a
- GIF to JPEG, you should experiment with
- .BR cjpeg 's
- .B -quality
- and
- .B -smooth
- options to get a satisfactory conversion.
- .B -smooth 10
- or so is often helpful.
- .PP
- Avoid running an image through a series of JPEG compression/decompression
- cycles. Image quality loss will accumulate; after ten or so cycles the image
- may be noticeably worse than it was after one cycle. It's best to use a
- lossless format while manipulating an image, then convert to JPEG format when
- you are ready to file the image away.
- .PP
- The
- .B -optimize
- option to
- .B cjpeg
- is worth using when you are making a "final" version for posting or archiving.
- It's also a win when you are using low quality settings to make very small
- JPEG files; the percentage improvement is often a lot more than it is on
- larger files. (At present,
- .B -optimize
- mode is always selected when generating progressive JPEG files.)
- .SH ENVIRONMENT
- .TP
- .B JPEGMEM
- If this environment variable is set, its value is the default memory limit.
- The value is specified as described for the
- .B -maxmemory
- switch.
- .B JPEGMEM
- overrides the default value specified when the program was compiled, and
- itself is overridden by an explicit
- .BR -maxmemory .
- .SH SEE ALSO
- .BR djpeg (1),
- .BR jpegtran (1),
- .BR rdjpgcom (1),
- .BR wrjpgcom (1)
- .br
- .BR ppm (5),
- .BR pgm (5)
- .br
- Wallace, Gregory K. "The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard",
- Communications of the ACM, April 1991 (vol. 34, no. 4), pp. 30-44.
- .SH AUTHOR
- Independent JPEG Group
- .SH BUGS
- Arithmetic coding is not supported for legal reasons.
- .PP
- GIF input files are no longer supported, to avoid the Unisys LZW patent.
- Use a Unisys-licensed program if you need to read a GIF file. (Conversion
- of GIF files to JPEG is usually a bad idea anyway.)
- .PP
- Not all variants of BMP and Targa file formats are supported.
- .PP
- The
- .B -targa
- switch is not a bug, it's a feature. (It would be a bug if the Targa format
- designers had not been clueless.)
- .PP
- Still not as fast as we'd like.