vui.txt
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- Video Usability Information (VUI) Guide
- by Christian Heine ( sennindemokrit at gmx dot net )
- 1. Sample Aspect Ratio
- -----------------------
- * What is it?
- The Sample Aspect Ratio (SAR) (sometimes called Pixel Aspect Ratio or just
- Pel Aspect Ratio) is defined as the ratio of the width of the sample to the
- height of the sample. While pixels on a computer monitor generally are
- "square" meaning that their SAR is 1:1, digitized video usually has rather
- odd SARs. Playback of material with a particular SAR on a system with
- a different SAR will result in a stretched/squashed image. A correction is
- necessary that relies on the knowledge of both SARs.
- * How do I use it?
- You can derive the SAR of an image from the width, height and the
- display aspect ratio (DAR) of the image as follows:
- SAR_x DAR_x * height
- ----- = --------------
- SAR_y DAR_y * width
- for example:
- width x height = 704x576, DAR = 4:3 ==> SAR = 2304:2112 or 12:11
- Please note that if your material is a digitized analog signal, you should
- not use this equation to calculate the SAR. Refer to the manual of your
- digitizing equipment or this link instead.
- A Quick Guide to Digital Video Resolution and Aspect Ratio Conversions
- http://www.iki.fi/znark/video/conversion/
- * Should I use this option?
- In one word: yes. Most decoders/ media players nowadays support automatic
- correction of aspect ratios, and there are just few exceptions. You should
- even use it, if the SAR of your material is 1:1, as the default of x264 is
- "SAR not defined".
- 2. Overscan
- ------------
- * What is it?
- The term overscan generally refers to all regions of an image that do
- not contain information but are added to achieve a certain resolution or
- aspect ratio. A "letterboxed" image therefore has overscan at the top and
- the bottom. This is not the overscan this option refers to. Neither refers
- it to the overscan that is added as part of the process of digitizing an
- analog signal. Instead it refers to the "overscan" process on a display
- that shows only a part of the image. What that part is depends on the
- display.
- * How do I use this option?
- As I'm not sure about what part of the image is shown when the display uses
- an overscan process, I can't provide you with rules or examples. The safe
- assumption would be "overscan=show" as this always shows the whole image.
- Use "overscan=crop" only if you are sure about the consequences. You may
- also use the default value ("undefined").
- * Should I use this option?
- Only if you know exactly what you are doing. Don't use it on video streams
- that have general overscan. Instead try to to crop the borders before
- encoding and benefit from the higher bitrate/ image quality.
- Furthermore the H264 specification says that the setting "overscan=show"
- must be respected, but "overscan=crop" may be ignored. In fact most
- playback equipment ignores this setting and shows the whole image.
- 3. Video Format
- ----------------
- * What is it?
- A purely informative setting, that explains what the type of your analog
- video was, before you digitized it.
- * How do I use this option?
- Just set it to the desired value. ( e.g. NTSC, PAL )
- If you transcode from MPEG2, you may find the value for this option in the
- m2v bitstream. (see ITU-T Rec. H262 / ISO/IEC 13818-2 for details)
- * Should I use this option?
- That is entirely up to you. I have no idea how this information would ever
- be relevant. I consider it to be informative only.
- 4. Full Range
- --------------
- * What is it?
- Another relic from digitizing analog video. When digitizing analog video
- the digital representation of the luma and chroma levels is limited to lie
- within 16..235 and 16..240 respectively. Playback equipment usually assumes
- all digitized samples to be within this range. However most DVDs use the
- full range of 0..255 for luma and chroma samples, possibly resulting in an
- oversaturation when played back on that equipment. To avoid this a range
- correction is needed.
- * How do I use this option?
- If your source material is a digitized analog video/TV broadcast it is
- quite possible that it is range limited. If you can make sure that it is
- range limited you can safely set full range to off. If you are not sure
- or want to make sure that your material is played back without
- oversaturation, set if to on. Please note that the default for this option
- in x264 is off, which is not a safe assumption.
- * Should I use this option?
- Yes, but there are few decoders/ media players that distinguish
- between the two options.
- 5. Color Primaries, Transfer Characteristics, Matrix Coefficients
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- * What is it?
- A videophile setting. The average users won't ever need it.
- Not all monitor models show all colors the same way. When comparing the
- same image on two different monitor models you might find that one of them
- "looks more blue", while the other "looks more green". Bottom line is, each
- monitor model has a different color profile, which can be used to correct
- colors in a way, that images look almost the same on all monitors. The same
- goes for printers and film/ video digitizing equipment. If the color
- profile of the digitizing equipment is known, it is possible to correct the
- colors and gamma of the decoded h264 stream in a way that the video stream
- looks the same, regardless of the digitizing equipment used.
- * How do I use these options?
- If you are able to find out which characteristics your digitizing equipment
- uses, (see the equipment documentation or make reference measurements)
- then find the most suitable characteristics in the list of available
- characteristics (see H264 Annex E) and pass it to x264. Otherwise leave it
- to the default (unspecified).
- If you transcode from MPEG2, you may find the values for these options in
- the m2v bitstream. (see ITU-T Rec. H262 / ISO/IEC 13818-2 for details)
- * Should I use these options?
- Only if you know exactly what you are doing. The default setting is better
- than a wrong one. Use of this option is not a bad idea though.
- Unfortunately I don't know any decoder/ media player that ever even
- attempted color/gamma/color matrix correction.
- 6. Chroma Sample Location
- --------------------------
- * What is it?
- A videophile setting. The average user won't ever notice a difference.
- Due to a weakness of the eye, it is often economic to reduce the number of
- chroma samples in a process called subsampling. In particular x264 uses
- only one chroma sample of each chroma channel every block of 2x2 luma
- samples. There are a number of possibilities on how this subsampling is
- done, each resulting in another relative location of the chroma sample
- towards the luma samples. The Chroma Sample Location matters when the
- subsampling process is reversed, e.g. the number of chroma samples is
- increased. This is most likely to happen at color space conversions. If it
- is not done correctly the chroma values may appear shifted compared to the
- luma samples by at most 1 pixel, or strangely blurred.
- * How do I use this option?
- Because x264 does no subsampling, since it only accepts already subsampled
- input frames, you have to determine the method yourself.
- If you transcode from MPEG1 with proper subsampled 4:2:0, and don't do any
- color space conversion, you should set this option to 1.
- If you transcode from MPEG2 with proper subsampled 4:2:0, and don't do any
- color space conversion, you should set this option to 0.
- If you transcode from MPEG4 with proper subsampled 4:2:0, and don't do any
- color space conversion, you should set this option to 0.
- If you do the color space conversion yourself this isn't that easy. If the
- filter kernel of the subsampling is ( 0.5, 0.5 ) in one direction then the
- chroma sample location in that direction is between the two luma samples.
- If your filter kernel is ( 0.25, 0.5, 0.25 ) in one direction then the
- chroma sample location in that direction is equal to one of the luma
- samples. H264 Annex E contains images that tell you how to "transform" your
- Chroma Sample Location into a value of 0 to 5 that you can pass to x264.
- * Should I use this option?
- Unless you are a perfectionist, don't bother. Media players ignore this
- setting, and favor their own (fixed) assumed Chroma Sample Location.