README
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- Copyright 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- This file is part of the GNU MP Library.
- The GNU MP Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
- it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
- the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your
- option) any later version.
- The GNU MP Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
- WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
- or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public
- License for more details.
- You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
- along with the GNU MP Library. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
- This directory contains mpn functions for 64-bit V9 SPARC
- RELEVANT OPTIMIZATION ISSUES
- Notation:
- IANY = shift/add/sub/logical/sethi
- IADDLOG = add/sub/logical/sethi
- MEM = ld*/st*
- FA = fadd*/fsub*/f*to*/fmov*
- FM = fmul*
- UltraSPARC can issue four instructions per cycle, with these restrictions:
- * Two IANY instructions, but only one of these may be a shift. If there is a
- shift and an IANY instruction, the shift must precede the IANY instruction.
- * One FA.
- * One FM.
- * One branch.
- * One MEM.
- * IANY/IADDLOG/MEM must be insn 1, 2, or 3 in an issue bundle. Taken branches
- should not be in slot 4, since that makes the delay insn come from separate
- bundle.
- * If two IANY/IADDLOG instructions are to be executed in the same cycle and one
- of these is setting the condition codes, that instruction must be the second
- one.
- To summarize, ignoring branches, these are the bundles that can reach the peak
- execution speed:
- insn1 iany iany mem iany iany mem iany iany mem
- insn2 iaddlog mem iany mem iaddlog iany mem iaddlog iany
- insn3 mem iaddlog iaddlog fa fa fa fm fm fm
- insn4 fa/fm fa/fm fa/fm fm fm fm fa fa fa
- The 64-bit integer multiply instruction mulx takes from 5 cycles to 35 cycles,
- depending on the position of the most significant bit of the first source
- operand. When used for 32x32->64 multiplication, it needs 20 cycles.
- Furthermore, it stalls the processor while executing. We stay away from that
- instruction, and instead use floating-point operations.
- Floating-point add and multiply units are fully pipelined. The latency for
- UltraSPARC-1/2 is 3 cycles and for UltraSPARC-3 it is 4 cycles.
- Integer conditional move instructions cannot dual-issue with other integer
- instructions. No conditional move can issue 1-5 cycles after a load. (This
- might have been fixed for UltraSPARC-3.)
- The UltraSPARC-3 pipeline is very simular to he one of UltraSPARC-1/2 , but is
- somewhat slower. Branches execute slower, and there may be other new stalls.
- But integer multiply doesn't stall the entire CPU and also has a much lower
- latency. But it's still not pipelined, and thus useless for our needs.
- STATUS
- * mpn_lshift, mpn_rshift: The current code runs at 2.0 cycles/limb on
- UltraSPARC-1/2 and 2.65 on UltraSPARC-3. For UltraSPARC-1/2, the IEU0
- functional unit is saturated with shifts.
- * mpn_add_n, mpn_sub_n: The current code runs at 4 cycles/limb on
- UltraSPARC-1/2 and 4.5 cycles/limb on UltraSPARC-3. The 4 instruction
- recurrency is the speed limiter.
- * mpn_addmul_1: The current code runs at 14 cycles/limb asymptotically on
- UltraSPARC-1/2 and 17.5 cycles/limb on UltraSPARC-3. On UltraSPARC-1/2, the
- code sustains 4 instructions/cycle. It might be possible to invent a better
- way of summing the intermediate 49-bit operands, but it is unlikely that it
- will save enough instructions to save an entire cycle.
- The load-use of the u operand is not enough scheduled for good L2 cache
- performance. The UltraSPARC-1/2 L1 cache is direct mapped, and since we use
- temporary stack slots that will conflict with the u and r operands, we miss
- to L2 very often. The load-use of the std/ldx pairs via the stack are
- perhaps over-scheduled.
- It would be possible to save two instructions: (1) The mov could be avoided
- if the std/ldx were less scheduled. (2) The ldx of the r operand could be
- split into two ld instructions, saving the shifts/masks.
- It should be possible to reach 14 cycles/limb for UltraSPARC-3 if the fp
- operations where rescheduled for this processor's 4-cycle latency.
- * mpn_mul_1: The current code is a straightforward edit of the mpn_addmul_1
- code. It would be possible to shave one or two cycles from it, with some
- labour.
- * mpn_submul_1: Simpleminded code just calling mpn_mul_1 + mpn_sub_n. This
- means that it runs at 18 cycles/limb on UltraSPARC-1/2 and 23 cycles/limb on
- UltraSPARC-3. It would be possible to either match the mpn_addmul_1
- performance, or in the worst case use one more instruction group.
- * US1/US2 cache conflict resolving. The direct mapped L1 date cache of US1/US2
- is a problem for mul_1, addmul_1 (and a prospective submul_1). We should
- allocate a larger cache area, and put the stack temp area in a place that
- doesn't cause cache conflicts.