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- Copyright 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- This file is part of the GNU MP Library.
- The GNU MP Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
- it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
- the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your
- option) any later version.
- The GNU MP Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
- WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
- or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public
- License for more details.
- You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
- along with the GNU MP Library. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
- X86 MPN SUBROUTINES
- This directory contains mpn functions for various 80x86 chips.
- CODE ORGANIZATION
- x86 i386, generic
- x86/i486 i486
- x86/pentium Intel Pentium (P5, P54)
- x86/pentium/mmx Intel Pentium with MMX (P55)
- x86/p6 Intel Pentium Pro
- x86/p6/mmx Intel Pentium II, III
- x86/p6/p3mmx Intel Pentium III
- x86/k6 AMD K6
- x86/k6/mmx /
- x86/k6/k62mmx AMD K6-2
- x86/k7 AMD Athlon
- x86/k7/mmx /
- x86/pentium4
- x86/pentium4/mmx | Intel Pentium 4
- x86/pentium4/sse2 /
- The top-level x86 directory contains blended style code, meant to be
- reasonable on all x86s.
- STATUS
- The code is well-optimized for AMD and Intel chips, but there's nothing
- specific for Cyrix chips, nor for actual 80386 and 80486 chips.
- ASM FILES
- The x86 .asm files are BSD style assembler code, first put through m4 for
- macro processing. The generic mpn/asm-defs.m4 is used, together with
- mpn/x86/x86-defs.m4. See comments in those files.
- The code is meant for use with GNU "gas" or a system "as". There's no
- support for assemblers that demand Intel style code.
- STACK FRAME
- m4 macros are used to define the parameters passed on the stack, and these
- act like comments on what the stack frame looks like too. For example,
- mpn_mul_1() has the following.
- defframe(PARAM_MULTIPLIER, 16)
- defframe(PARAM_SIZE, 12)
- defframe(PARAM_SRC, 8)
- defframe(PARAM_DST, 4)
- PARAM_MULTIPLIER becomes `FRAME+16(%esp)', and the others similarly. The
- return address is at offset 0, but there's not normally any need to access
- that.
- FRAME is redefined as necessary through the code so it's the number of bytes
- pushed on the stack, and hence the offsets in the parameter macros stay
- correct. At the start of a routine FRAME should be zero.
- deflit(`FRAME',0)
- ...
- deflit(`FRAME',4)
- ...
- deflit(`FRAME',8)
- ...
- Helper macros FRAME_pushl(), FRAME_popl(), FRAME_addl_esp() and
- FRAME_subl_esp() exist to adjust FRAME for the effect of those instructions,
- and can be used instead of explicit definitions if preferred.
- defframe_pushl() is a combination FRAME_pushl() and defframe().
- There's generally some slackness in redefining FRAME. If new values aren't
- going to get used then the redefinitions are omitted to keep from cluttering
- up the code. This happens for instance at the end of a routine, where there
- might be just four pops and then a ret, so FRAME isn't getting used.
- Local variables and saved registers can be similarly defined, with negative
- offsets representing stack space below the initial stack pointer. For
- example,
- defframe(SAVE_ESI, -4)
- defframe(SAVE_EDI, -8)
- defframe(VAR_COUNTER,-12)
- deflit(STACK_SPACE, 12)
- Here STACK_SPACE gets used in a "subl $STACK_SPACE, %esp" to allocate the
- space, and that instruction must be followed by a redefinition of FRAME
- (setting it equal to STACK_SPACE) to reflect the change in %esp.
- Definitions for pushed registers are only put in when they're going to be
- used. If registers are just saved and restored with pushes and pops then
- definitions aren't made.
- ASSEMBLER EXPRESSIONS
- Only addition and subtraction seem to be universally available, certainly
- that's all the Solaris 8 "as" seems to accept. If expressions are wanted
- then m4 eval() should be used.
- In particular note that a "/" anywhere in a line starts a comment in Solaris
- "as", and in some configurations of gas too.
- addl $32/2, %eax <-- wrong
- addl $eval(32/2), %eax <-- right
- Binutils gas/config/tc-i386.c has a choice between "/" being a comment
- anywhere in a line, or only at the start. FreeBSD patches 2.9.1 to select
- the latter, and from 2.9.5 it's the default for GNU/Linux too.
- ASSEMBLER COMMENTS
- Solaris "as" doesn't support "#" commenting, using /* */ instead. For that
- reason "C" commenting is used (see asm-defs.m4) and the intermediate ".s"
- files have no comments.
- Any comments before include(`../config.m4') must use m4 "dnl", since it's
- only after the include that "C" is available. By convention "dnl" is also
- used for comments about m4 macros.
- TEMPORARY LABELS
- Temporary numbered labels like "1:" used as "1f" or "1b" are available in
- "gas" and Solaris "as", but not in SCO "as". Normal L() labels should be
- used instead, possibly with a counter to make them unique, see jadcl0() in
- x86-defs.m4 for instance. A separate counter for each macro makes it
- possible to nest them, for instance movl_text_address() can be used within
- an ASSERT().
- "1:" etc must be avoided in gcc __asm__ blocks too. "%=" for generating a
- unique number looks like a good alternative, but is that actually a
- documented feature? In any case this problem doesn't currently arise.
- ZERO DISPLACEMENTS
- In a couple of places addressing modes like 0(%ebx) with a byte-sized zero
- displacement are wanted, rather than (%ebx) with no displacement. These are
- either for computed jumps or to get desirable code alignment. Explicit
- .byte sequences are used to ensure the assembler doesn't turn 0(%ebx) into
- (%ebx). The Zdisp() macro in x86-defs.m4 is used for this.
- Current gas 2.9.5 or recent 2.9.1 leave 0(%ebx) as written, but old gas
- 1.92.3 changes it. In general changing would be the sort of "optimization"
- an assembler might perform, hence explicit ".byte"s are used where
- necessary.
- SHLD/SHRD INSTRUCTIONS
- The %cl count forms of double shift instructions like "shldl %cl,%eax,%ebx"
- must be written "shldl %eax,%ebx" for some assemblers. gas takes either,
- Solaris "as" doesn't allow %cl, gcc generates %cl for gas and NeXT (which is
- gas), and omits %cl elsewhere.
- For GMP an autoconf test GMP_ASM_X86_SHLDL_CL is used to determine whether
- %cl should be used, and the macros shldl, shrdl, shldw and shrdw in
- mpn/x86/x86-defs.m4 pass through or omit %cl as necessary. See the comments
- with those macros for usage.
- IMUL INSTRUCTION
- GCC config/i386/i386.md (cvs rev 1.187, 21 Oct 00) under *mulsi3_1 notes
- that the following two forms produce identical object code
- imul $12, %eax
- imul $12, %eax, %eax
- but that the former isn't accepted by some assemblers, in particular the SCO
- OSR5 COFF assembler. GMP follows GCC and uses only the latter form.
- (This applies only to immediate operands, the three operand form is only
- valid with an immediate.)
- DIRECTION FLAG
- The x86 calling conventions say that the direction flag should be clear at
- function entry and exit. (See iBCS2 and SVR4 ABI books, references below.)
- Although this has been so since the year dot, it's not absolutely clear
- whether it's universally respected. Since it's better to be safe than
- sorry, GMP follows glibc and does a "cld" if it depends on the direction
- flag being clear. This happens only in a few places.
- POSITION INDEPENDENT CODE
- Coding Style
- Defining the symbol PIC in m4 processing selects SVR4 / ELF style
- position independent code. This is necessary for shared libraries
- because they can be mapped into different processes at different virtual
- addresses. Actually, relocations are allowed but text pages with
- relocations aren't shared, defeating the purpose of a shared library.
- The GOT is used to access global data, and the PLT is used for
- functions. The use of the PLT adds a fixed cost to every function call,
- and the GOT adds a cost to any function accessing global variables.
- These are small but might be noticeable when working with small
- operands.
- Scope
- It's intended, as a matter of policy, that references within libgmp are
- resolved within libgmp. Certainly there's no need for an application to
- replace any internals, and we take the view that there's no value in an
- application subverting anything documented either.
- Resolving references within libgmp in theory means calls can be made with a
- plain PC-relative call instruction, which is faster and smaller than going
- through the PLT, and data references can be similarly PC-relative, saving a
- GOT entry and fetch from there. Unfortunately the normal linker behaviour
- doesn't allow us to do this.
- By default an R_386_PC32 PC-relative reference, either for a call or for
- data, is left in libgmp.so by the linker so that it can be resolved at
- runtime to a location in the application or another shared library. This
- means a text segment relocation which we don't want.
- -Bsymbolic
- Under the "-Bsymbolic" option, the linker resolves references to symbols
- within libgmp.so. This gives us the desired effect for R_386_PC32,
- ie. it's resolved at link time. It also resolves R_386_PLT32 calls
- directly to their target without creating a PLT entry (though if this is
- done to normal compiler-generated code it still leaves a setup of %ebx
- to _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ which may then be unnecessary).
- Unfortunately -Bsymbolic does bad things to global variables defined in
- a shared library but accessed by non-PIC code from the mainline (or a
- static library).
- The problem is that the mainline needs a fixed data address to avoid
- text segment relocations, so space is allocated in its data segment and
- the value from the variable is copied from the shared library's data
- segment when the library is loaded. Under -Bsymbolic, however,
- references in the shared library are then resolved still to the shared
- library data area. Not surprisingly it bombs badly to have mainline
- code and library code accessing different locations for what should be
- one variable.
- Note that this -Bsymbolic effect for the shared library is not just for
- R_386_PC32 offsets which might have been cooked up in assembler, but is
- done also for the contents of GOT entries. -Bsymbolic simply applies a
- general rule that symbols are resolved first from the local module.
- Visibility Attributes
- GCC __attribute__ ((visibility ("protected"))), which is available in
- recent versions, eg. 3.3, is probably what we'd like to use. It makes
- gcc generate plain PC-relative calls to indicated functions, and directs
- the linker to resolve references to the given function within the link
- module.
- Unfortunately, as of debian binutils 2.13.90.0.16 at least, the
- resulting libgmp.so comes out with text segment relocations, references
- are not resolved at link time. If the gcc description is to be believed
- this is this not how it should work. If a symbol cannot be overridden
- by another module then surely references within that module can be
- resolved immediately (ie. at link time).
- Present
- In any case, all this means that we have no optimizations we can
- usefully make to function or variable usages, neither for assembler nor
- C code. Perhaps in the future the visibility attribute will work as
- we'd like.
- GLOBAL OFFSET TABLE
- The magic _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ used by code establishing the address of the
- GOT sometimes requires an extra underscore prefix. SVR4 systems and NetBSD
- don't need a prefix, OpenBSD does need one. Note that NetBSD and OpenBSD
- are both a.out underscore systems, so the prefix for _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_
- is not simply the same as the prefix for ordinary globals.
- In any case in the asm code we write _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ and let a macro
- in x86-defs.m4 add an extra underscore if required (according to a configure
- test).
- Old gas 1.92.3 which comes with FreeBSD 2.2.8 gets a segmentation fault when
- asked to assemble the following,
- L1:
- addl $_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+[.-L1], %ebx
- It seems that using the label in the same instruction it refers to is the
- problem, since a nop in between works. But the simplest workaround is to
- follow gcc and omit the +[.-L1] since it does nothing,
- addl $_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_, %ebx
- Current gas 2.10 generates incorrect object code when %eax is used in such a
- construction (with or without +[.-L1]),
- addl $_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_, %eax
- The R_386_GOTPC gets a displacement of 2 rather than the 1 appropriate for
- the 1 byte opcode of "addl $n,%eax". The best workaround is just to use any
- other register, since then it's a two byte opcode+mod/rm. GCC for example
- always uses %ebx (which is needed for calls through the PLT).
- A similar problem occurs in an leal (again with or without a +[.-L1]),
- leal _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_(%edi), %ebx
- This time the R_386_GOTPC gets a displacement of 0 rather than the 2
- appropriate for the opcode and mod/rm, making this form unusable.
- SIMPLE LOOPS
- The overheads in setting up for an unrolled loop can mean that at small
- sizes a simple loop is faster. Making small sizes go fast is important,
- even if it adds a cycle or two to bigger sizes. To this end various
- routines choose between a simple loop and an unrolled loop according to
- operand size. The path to the simple loop, or to special case code for
- small sizes, is always as fast as possible.
- Adding a simple loop requires a conditional jump to choose between the
- simple and unrolled code. The size of a branch misprediction penalty
- affects whether a simple loop is worthwhile.
- The convention is for an m4 definition UNROLL_THRESHOLD to set the crossover
- point, with sizes < UNROLL_THRESHOLD using the simple loop, sizes >=
- UNROLL_THRESHOLD using the unrolled loop. If position independent code adds
- a couple of cycles to an unrolled loop setup, the threshold will vary with
- PIC or non-PIC. Something like the following is typical.
- deflit(UNROLL_THRESHOLD, ifdef(`PIC',10,8))
- There's no automated way to determine the threshold. Setting it to a small
- value and then to a big value makes it possible to measure the simple and
- unrolled loops each over a range of sizes, from which the crossover point
- can be determined. Alternately, just adjust the threshold up or down until
- there's no more speedups.
- UNROLLED LOOP CODING
- The x86 addressing modes allow a byte displacement of -128 to +127, making
- it possible to access 256 bytes, which is 64 limbs, without adjusting
- pointer registers within the loop. Dword sized displacements can be used
- too, but they increase code size, and unrolling to 64 ought to be enough.
- When unrolling to the full 64 limbs/loop, the limb at the top of the loop
- will have a displacement of -128, so pointers have to have a corresponding
- +128 added before entering the loop. When unrolling to 32 limbs/loop
- displacements 0 to 127 can be used with 0 at the top of the loop and no
- adjustment needed to the pointers.
- Where 64 limbs/loop is supported, the +128 adjustment is done only when 64
- limbs/loop is selected. Usually the gain in speed using 64 instead of 32 or
- 16 is small, so support for 64 limbs/loop is generally only for comparison.
- COMPUTED JUMPS
- When working from least significant limb to most significant limb (most
- routines) the computed jump and pointer calculations in preparation for an
- unrolled loop are as follows.
- S = operand size in limbs
- N = number of limbs per loop (UNROLL_COUNT)
- L = log2 of unrolling (UNROLL_LOG2)
- M = mask for unrolling (UNROLL_MASK)
- C = code bytes per limb in the loop
- B = bytes per limb (4 for x86)
- computed jump (-S & M) * C + entrypoint
- subtract from pointers (-S & M) * B
- initial loop counter (S-1) >> L
- displacements 0 to B*(N-1)
- The loop counter is decremented at the end of each loop, and the looping
- stops when the decrement takes the counter to -1. The displacements are for
- the addressing accessing each limb, eg. a load with "movl disp(%ebx), %eax".
- Usually the multiply by "C" can be handled without an imul, using instead an
- leal, or a shift and subtract.
- When working from most significant to least significant limb (eg. mpn_lshift
- and mpn_copyd), the calculations change as follows.
- add to pointers (-S & M) * B
- displacements 0 to -B*(N-1)
- OLD GAS 1.92.3
- This version comes with FreeBSD 2.2.8 and has a couple of gremlins that
- affect GMP code.
- Firstly, an expression involving two forward references to labels comes out
- as zero. For example,
- addl $bar-foo, %eax
- foo:
- nop
- bar:
- This should lead to "addl $1, %eax", but it comes out as "addl $0, %eax".
- When only one forward reference is involved, it works correctly, as for
- example,
- foo:
- addl $bar-foo, %eax
- nop
- bar:
- Secondly, an expression involving two labels can't be used as the
- displacement for an leal. For example,
- foo:
- nop
- bar:
- leal bar-foo(%eax,%ebx,8), %ecx
- A slightly cryptic error is given, "Unimplemented segment type 0 in
- parse_operand". When only one label is used it's ok, and the label can be a
- forward reference too, as for example,
- leal foo(%eax,%ebx,8), %ecx
- nop
- foo:
- These problems only affect PIC computed jump calculations. The workarounds
- are just to do an leal without a displacement and then an addl, and to make
- sure the code is placed so that there's at most one forward reference in the
- addl.
- REFERENCES
- "Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual", volumes 1, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b,
- 2006, order numbers 253665 through 253669. Available on-line,
- ftp://download.intel.com/design/Pentium4/manuals/25366518.pdf
- ftp://download.intel.com/design/Pentium4/manuals/25366618.pdf
- ftp://download.intel.com/design/Pentium4/manuals/25366718.pdf
- ftp://download.intel.com/design/Pentium4/manuals/25366818.pdf
- ftp://download.intel.com/design/Pentium4/manuals/25366918.pdf
- "System V Application Binary Interface", Unix System Laboratories Inc, 1992,
- published by Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-880410-9. And the "Intel386 Processor
- Supplement", AT&T, 1991, ISBN 0-13-877689-X. These have details of calling
- conventions and ELF shared library PIC coding. Versions of both available
- on-line,
- http://www.sco.com/developer/devspecs
- "Intel386 Family Binary Compatibility Specification 2", Intel Corporation,
- published by McGraw-Hill, 1991, ISBN 0-07-031219-2. (Same as the above 386
- ABI supplement.)
- ----------------
- Local variables:
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