arm-linux-gcov.1
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- ." ========================================================================
- ."
- .IX Title "GCOV 1"
- .TH GCOV 1 "2005-05-19" "gcc-3.4.4" "GNU"
- .SH "NAME"
- gcov - coverage testing tool
- .SH "SYNOPSIS"
- .IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
- gcov [fB-vfR|fB--versionfR] [fB-hfR|fB--helpfR]
- [fB-afR|fB--all-blocksfR]
- [fB-bfR|fB--branch-probabilitiesfR]
- [fB-cfR|fB--branch-countsfR]
- [fB-nfR|fB--no-outputfR]
- [fB-lfR|fB--long-file-namesfR]
- [fB-pfR|fB--preserve-pathsfR]
- [fB-ffR|fB--function-summariesfR]
- [fB-ofR|fB--object-directoryfR fIdirectory|filefR] fIsourcefilefR
- [fB-ufR|fB--unconditional-branchesfR]
- .SH "DESCRIPTION"
- .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
- &fBgcovfR is a test coverage program. Use it in concert with s-1GCCs0
- to analyze your programs to help create more efficient, faster running
- code and to discover untested parts of your program. You can use
- &fBgcovfR as a profiling tool to help discover where your
- optimization efforts will best affect your code. You can also use
- &fBgcovfR along with the other profiling tool, fBgproffR, to
- assess which parts of your code use the greatest amount of computing
- time.
- .PP
- Profiling tools help you analyze your code's performance. Using a
- profiler such as fBgcovfR or fBgproffR, you can find out some
- basic performance statistics, such as:
- .IP "(bu" 4
- how often each line of code executes
- .IP "(bu" 4
- what lines of code are actually executed
- .IP "(bu" 4
- how much computing time each section of code uses
- .PP
- Once you know these things about how your code works when compiled, you
- can look at each module to see which modules should be optimized.
- &fBgcovfR helps you determine where to work on optimization.
- .PP
- Software developers also use coverage testing in concert with
- testsuites, to make sure software is actually good enough for a release.
- Testsuites can verify that a program works as expected; a coverage
- program tests to see how much of the program is exercised by the
- testsuite. Developers can then determine what kinds of test cases need
- to be added to the testsuites to create both better testing and a better
- final product.
- .PP
- You should compile your code without optimization if you plan to use
- &fBgcovfR because the optimization, by combining some lines of code
- into one function, may not give you as much information as you need to
- look for `hot spots' where the code is using a great deal of computer
- time. Likewise, because fBgcovfR accumulates statistics by line (at
- the lowest resolution), it works best with a programming style that
- places only one statement on each line. If you use complicated macros
- that expand to loops or to other control structures, the statistics are
- less helpful---they only report on the line where the macro call
- appears. If your complex macros behave like functions, you can replace
- them with inline functions to solve this problem.
- .PP
- &fBgcovfR creates a logfile called fIfIsourcefilefI.gcovfR which
- indicates how many times each line of a source file fIfIsourcefilefI.cfR
- has executed. You can use these logfiles along with fBgproffR to aid
- in fine-tuning the performance of your programs. fBgproffR gives
- timing information you can use along with the information you get from
- &fBgcovfR.
- .PP
- &fBgcovfR works only on code compiled with s-1GCCs0. It is not
- compatible with any other profiling or test coverage mechanism.
- .SH "OPTIONS"
- .IX Header "OPTIONS"
- .IP "fB-hfR" 4
- .IX Item "-h"
- .PD 0
- .IP "fB--helpfR" 4
- .IX Item "--help"
- .PD
- Display help about using fBgcovfR (on the standard output), and
- exit without doing any further processing.
- .IP "fB-vfR" 4
- .IX Item "-v"
- .PD 0
- .IP "fB--versionfR" 4
- .IX Item "--version"
- .PD
- Display the fBgcovfR version number (on the standard output),
- and exit without doing any further processing.
- .IP "fB-afR" 4
- .IX Item "-a"
- .PD 0
- .IP "fB--all-blocksfR" 4
- .IX Item "--all-blocks"
- .PD
- Write individual execution counts for every basic block. Normally gcov
- outputs execution counts only for the main blocks of a line. With this
- option you can determine if blocks within a single line are not being
- executed.
- .IP "fB-bfR" 4
- .IX Item "-b"
- .PD 0
- .IP "fB--branch-probabilitiesfR" 4
- .IX Item "--branch-probabilities"
- .PD
- Write branch frequencies to the output file, and write branch summary
- info to the standard output. This option allows you to see how often
- each branch in your program was taken. Unconditional branches will not
- be shown, unless the fB-ufR option is given.
- .IP "fB-cfR" 4
- .IX Item "-c"
- .PD 0
- .IP "fB--branch-countsfR" 4
- .IX Item "--branch-counts"
- .PD
- Write branch frequencies as the number of branches taken, rather than
- the percentage of branches taken.
- .IP "fB-nfR" 4
- .IX Item "-n"
- .PD 0
- .IP "fB--no-outputfR" 4
- .IX Item "--no-output"
- .PD
- Do not create the fBgcovfR output file.
- .IP "fB-lfR" 4
- .IX Item "-l"
- .PD 0
- .IP "fB--long-file-namesfR" 4
- .IX Item "--long-file-names"
- .PD
- Create long file names for included source files. For example, if the
- header file fIx.hfR contains code, and was included in the file
- &fIa.cfR, then running fBgcovfR on the file fIa.cfR will produce
- an output file called fIa.c##x.h.gcovfR instead of fIx.h.gcovfR.
- This can be useful if fIx.hfR is included in multiple source
- files. If you uses the fB-pfR option, both the including and
- included file names will be complete path names.
- .IP "fB-pfR" 4
- .IX Item "-p"
- .PD 0
- .IP "fB--preserve-pathsfR" 4
- .IX Item "--preserve-paths"
- .PD
- Preserve complete path information in the names of generated
- &fI.gcovfR files. Without this option, just the filename component is
- used. With this option, all directories are used, with '/' characters
- translated to '#' characters, '.' directory components removed and '..'
- components renamed to '^'. This is useful if sourcefiles are in several
- different directories. It also affects the fB-lfR option.
- .IP "fB-ffR" 4
- .IX Item "-f"
- .PD 0
- .IP "fB--function-summariesfR" 4
- .IX Item "--function-summaries"
- .PD
- Output summaries for each function in addition to the file level summary.
- .IP "fB-ofR fIdirectory|filefR" 4
- .IX Item "-o directory|file"
- .PD 0
- .IP "fB--object-directoryfR fIdirectoryfR" 4
- .IX Item "--object-directory directory"
- .IP "fB--object-filefR fIfilefR" 4
- .IX Item "--object-file file"
- .PD
- Specify either the directory containing the gcov data files, or the
- object path name. The fI.gcnofR, and
- &fI.gcdafR data files are searched for using this option. If a directory
- is specified, the data files are in that directory and named after the
- source file name, without its extension. If a file is specified here,
- the data files are named after that file, without its extension. If this
- option is not supplied, it defaults to the current directory.
- .IP "fB-ufR" 4
- .IX Item "-u"
- .PD 0
- .IP "fB--unconditional-branchesfR" 4
- .IX Item "--unconditional-branches"
- .PD
- When branch counts are given, include those of unconditional branches.
- Unconditional branches are normally not interesting.
- .PP
- &fBgcovfR should be run with the current directory the same as that
- when you invoked the compiler. Otherwise it will not be able to locate
- the source files. fBgcovfR produces files called
- &fIfImanglednamefI.gcovfR in the current directory. These contain
- the coverage information of the source file they correspond to.
- One fI.gcovfR file is produced for each source file containing code,
- which was compiled to produce the data files. The fImanglednamefR part
- of the output file name is usually simply the source file name, but can
- be something more complicated if the fB-lfR or fB-pfR options are
- given. Refer to those options for details.
- .PP
- The fI.gcovfR files contain the ':' separated fields along with
- program source code. The format is
- .PP
- .Vb 1
- & <execution_count>:<line_number>:<source line text>
- .Ve
- .PP
- Additional block information may succeed each line, when requested by
- command line option. The fIexecution_countfR is fB-fR for lines
- containing no code and fB#####fR for lines which were never
- executed. Some lines of information at the start have fIline_numberfR
- of zero.
- .PP
- When printing percentages, 0% and 100% are only printed when the values
- are fIexactlyfR 0% and 100% respectively. Other values which would
- conventionally be rounded to 0% or 100% are instead printed as the
- nearest non-boundary value.
- .PP
- When using fBgcovfR, you must first compile your program with two
- special s-1GCCs0 options: fB-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coveragefR.
- This tells the compiler to generate additional information needed by
- gcov (basically a flow graph of the program) and also includes
- additional code in the object files for generating the extra profiling
- information needed by gcov. These additional files are placed in the
- directory where the object file is located.
- .PP
- Running the program will cause profile output to be generated. For each
- source file compiled with fB-fprofile-arcsfR, an accompanying
- &fI.gcdafR file will be placed in the object file directory.
- .PP
- Running fBgcovfR with your program's source file names as arguments
- will now produce a listing of the code along with frequency of execution
- for each line. For example, if your program is called fItmp.cfR, this
- is what you see when you use the basic fBgcovfR facility:
- .PP
- .Vb 5
- & $ gcc -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage tmp.c
- & $ a.out
- & $ gcov tmp.c
- & 90.00% of 10 source lines executed in file tmp.c
- & Creating tmp.c.gcov.
- .Ve
- .PP
- The file fItmp.c.gcovfR contains output from fBgcovfR.
- Here is a sample:
- .PP
- .Vb 23
- & -: 0:Source:tmp.c
- & -: 0:Graph:tmp.gcno
- & -: 0:Data:tmp.gcda
- & -: 0:Runs:1
- & -: 0:Programs:1
- & -: 1:#include <stdio.h>
- & -: 2:
- & -: 3:int main (void)
- & function main called 1 returned 1 blocks executed 75%
- & 1: 4:{
- & 1: 5: int i, total;
- & -: 6:
- & 1: 7: total = 0;
- & -: 8:
- & 11: 9: for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
- & 10: 10: total += i;
- & -: 11:
- & 1: 12: if (total != 45)
- & #####: 13: printf ("Failureen");
- & -: 14: else
- & 1: 15: printf ("Successen");
- & 1: 16: return 0;
- & -: 17:}
- .Ve
- .PP
- When you use the fB-afR option, you will get individual block
- counts, and the output looks like this:
- .PP
- .Vb 30
- & -: 0:Source:tmp.c
- & -: 0:Graph:tmp.gcno
- & -: 0:Data:tmp.gcda
- & -: 0:Runs:1
- & -: 0:Programs:1
- & -: 1:#include <stdio.h>
- & -: 2:
- & -: 3:int main (void)
- & function main called 1 returned 1 blocks executed 75%
- & 1: 4:{
- & 1: 4-block 0
- & 1: 5: int i, total;
- & -: 6:
- & 1: 7: total = 0;
- & -: 8:
- & 11: 9: for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
- & 11: 9-block 0
- & 10: 10: total += i;
- & 10: 10-block 0
- & -: 11:
- & 1: 12: if (total != 45)
- & 1: 12-block 0
- & #####: 13: printf ("Failureen");
- & $$$$$: 13-block 0
- & -: 14: else
- & 1: 15: printf ("Successen");
- & 1: 15-block 0
- & 1: 16: return 0;
- & 1: 16-block 0
- & -: 17:}
- .Ve
- .PP
- In this mode, each basic block is only shown on one line *(-- the last
- line of the block. A multi-line block will only contribute to the
- execution count of that last line, and other lines will not be shown
- to contain code, unless previous blocks end on those lines.
- The total execution count of a line is shown and subsequent lines show
- the execution counts for individual blocks that end on that line. After each
- block, the branch and call counts of the block will be shown, if the
- &fB-bfR option is given.
- .PP
- Because of the way s-1GCCs0 instruments calls, a call count can be shown
- after a line with no individual blocks.
- As you can see, line 13 contains a basic block that was not executed.
- .PP
- When you use the fB-bfR option, your output looks like this:
- .PP
- .Vb 6
- & $ gcov -b tmp.c
- & 90.00% of 10 source lines executed in file tmp.c
- & 80.00% of 5 branches executed in file tmp.c
- & 80.00% of 5 branches taken at least once in file tmp.c
- & 50.00% of 2 calls executed in file tmp.c
- & Creating tmp.c.gcov.
- .Ve
- .PP
- Here is a sample of a resulting fItmp.c.gcovfR file:
- .PP
- .Vb 29
- & -: 0:Source:tmp.c
- & -: 0:Graph:tmp.gcno
- & -: 0:Data:tmp.gcda
- & -: 0:Runs:1
- & -: 0:Programs:1
- & -: 1:#include <stdio.h>
- & -: 2:
- & -: 3:int main (void)
- & function main called 1 returned 1 blocks executed 75%
- & 1: 4:{
- & 1: 5: int i, total;
- & -: 6:
- & 1: 7: total = 0;
- & -: 8:
- & 11: 9: for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
- & branch 0 taken 91% (fallthrough)
- & branch 1 taken 9%
- & 10: 10: total += i;
- & -: 11:
- & 1: 12: if (total != 45)
- & branch 0 taken 0% (fallthrough)
- & branch 1 taken 100%
- & #####: 13: printf ("Failureen");
- & call 0 never executed
- & -: 14: else
- & 1: 15: printf ("Successen");
- & call 0 called 1 returned 100%
- & 1: 16: return 0;
- & -: 17:}
- .Ve
- .PP
- For each basic block, a line is printed after the last line of the basic
- block describing the branch or call that ends the basic block. There can
- be multiple branches and calls listed for a single source line if there
- are multiple basic blocks that end on that line. In this case, the
- branches and calls are each given a number. There is no simple way to map
- these branches and calls back to source constructs. In general, though,
- the lowest numbered branch or call will correspond to the leftmost construct
- on the source line.
- .PP
- For a branch, if it was executed at least once, then a percentage
- indicating the number of times the branch was taken divided by the
- number of times the branch was executed will be printed. Otherwise, the
- message ``never executed'' is printed.
- .PP
- For a call, if it was executed at least once, then a percentage
- indicating the number of times the call returned divided by the number
- of times the call was executed will be printed. This will usually be
- 100%, but may be less for functions call f(CW*(C`exit*(C'fR or f(CW*(C`longjmp*(C'fR,
- and thus may not return every time they are called.
- .PP
- The execution counts are cumulative. If the example program were
- executed again without removing the fI.gcdafR file, the count for the
- number of times each line in the source was executed would be added to
- the results of the previous run(s). This is potentially useful in
- several ways. For example, it could be used to accumulate data over a
- number of program runs as part of a test verification suite, or to
- provide more accurate long-term information over a large number of
- program runs.
- .PP
- The data in the fI.gcdafR files is saved immediately before the program
- exits. For each source file compiled with fB-fprofile-arcsfR, the
- profiling code first attempts to read in an existing fI.gcdafR file; if
- the file doesn't match the executable (differing number of basic block
- counts) it will ignore the contents of the file. It then adds in the
- new execution counts and finally writes the data to the file.
- .Sh "Using fBgcovfP with s-1GCCs0 Optimization"
- .IX Subsection "Using gcov with GCC Optimization"
- If you plan to use fBgcovfR to help optimize your code, you must
- first compile your program with two special s-1GCCs0 options:
- &fB-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coveragefR. Aside from that, you can use any
- other s-1GCCs0 options; but if you want to prove that every single line
- in your program was executed, you should not compile with optimization
- at the same time. On some machines the optimizer can eliminate some
- simple code lines by combining them with other lines. For example, code
- like this:
- .PP
- .Vb 4
- & if (a != b)
- & c = 1;
- & else
- & c = 0;
- .Ve
- .PP
- can be compiled into one instruction on some machines. In this case,
- there is no way for fBgcovfR to calculate separate execution counts
- for each line because there isn't separate code for each line. Hence
- the fBgcovfR output looks like this if you compiled the program with
- optimization:
- .PP
- .Vb 4
- & 100: 12:if (a != b)
- & 100: 13: c = 1;
- & 100: 14:else
- & 100: 15: c = 0;
- .Ve
- .PP
- The output shows that this block of code, combined by optimization,
- executed 100 times. In one sense this result is correct, because there
- was only one instruction representing all four of these lines. However,
- the output does not indicate how many times the result was 0 and how
- many times the result was 1.
- .PP
- Inlineable functions can create unexpected line counts. Line counts are
- shown for the source code of the inlineable function, but what is shown
- depends on where the function is inlined, or if it is not inlined at all.
- .PP
- If the function is not inlined, the compiler must emit an out of line
- copy of the function, in any object file that needs it. If
- &fIfileA.ofR and fIfileB.ofR both contain out of line bodies of a
- particular inlineable function, they will also both contain coverage
- counts for that function. When fIfileA.ofR and fIfileB.ofR are
- linked together, the linker will, on many systems, select one of those
- out of line bodies for all calls to that function, and remove or ignore
- the other. Unfortunately, it will not remove the coverage counters for
- the unused function body. Hence when instrumented, all but one use of
- that function will show zero counts.
- .PP
- If the function is inlined in several places, the block structure in
- each location might not be the same. For instance, a condition might
- now be calculable at compile time in some instances. Because the
- coverage of all the uses of the inline function will be shown for the
- same source lines, the line counts themselves might seem inconsistent.
- .SH "SEE ALSO"
- .IX Header "SEE ALSO"
- &fIgplfR|(7), fIgfdlfR|(7), fIfsf-fundingfR|(7), fIgccfR|(1) and the Info entry for fIgccfR.
- .SH "COPYRIGHT"
- .IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
- Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003
- Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- .PP
- Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
- under the terms of the s-1GNUs0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
- any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
- Invariant Sections being ``s-1GNUs0 General Public License'' and ``Funding
- Free Software'', the Front-Cover texts being (a) (see below), and with
- the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A copy of the license is
- included in the fIgfdlfR|(7) man page.
- .PP
- (a) The s-1FSFs0's Front-Cover Text is:
- .PP
- .Vb 1
- & A GNU Manual
- .Ve
- .PP
- (b) The s-1FSFs0's Back-Cover Text is:
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- .Vb 3
- & You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
- & software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
- & funds for GNU development.
- .Ve