sendmail.0
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- SENDMAIL(8) SENDMAIL(8)
- NNAAMMEE
- sseennddmmaaiill - an electronic mail transport agent
- SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
- sseennddmmaaiill [_f_l_a_g_s] [_a_d_d_r_e_s_s _._._.]
- nneewwaalliiaasseess
- mmaaiillqq [--vv]
- hhoossttssttaatt
- ppuurrggeessttaatt
- ssmmttppdd
- DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
- SSeennddmmaaiill sends a message to one or more _r_e_c_i_p_i_e_n_t_s_, rout-
- ing the message over whatever networks are necessary.
- SSeennddmmaaiill does internetwork forwarding as necessary to
- deliver the message to the correct place.
- SSeennddmmaaiill is not intended as a user interface routine;
- other programs provide user-friendly front ends; sseennddmmaaiill
- is used only to deliver pre-formatted messages.
- With no flags, sseennddmmaaiill reads its standard input up to an
- end-of-file or a line consisting only of a single dot and
- sends a copy of the message found there to all of the
- addresses listed. It determines the network(s) to use
- based on the syntax and contents of the addresses.
- Local addresses are looked up in a file and aliased appro-
- priately. Aliasing can be prevented by preceding the
- address with a backslash. Beginning with 8.10, the sender
- is included in any alias expansions, e.g., if `john' sends
- to `group', and `group' includes `john' in the expansion,
- then the letter will also be delivered to `john'.
- PPaarraammeetteerrss
- --BB_t_y_p_e Set the body type to _t_y_p_e. Current legal values
- are 7BIT or 8BITMIME.
- --bbaa Go into ARPANET mode. All input lines must end
- with a CR-LF, and all messages will be generated
- with a CR-LF at the end. Also, the ``From:'' and
- ``Sender:'' fields are examined for the name of the
- sender.
- --bbdd Run as a daemon. This requires Berkeley IPC.
- SSeennddmmaaiill will fork and run in background listening
- on socket 25 for incoming SMTP connections. This
- is normally run from /etc/rc.
- --bbDD Same as --bbdd except runs in foreground.
- --bbhh Print the persistent host status database.
- --bbHH Purge expired entries from the persistent host
- $Date: 1999/12/03 23:39:38 $ 1
- SENDMAIL(8) SENDMAIL(8)
- status database.
- --bbii Initialize the alias database.
- --bbmm Deliver mail in the usual way (default).
- --bbpp Print a listing of the queue.
- --bbss Use the SMTP protocol as described in RFC821 on
- standard input and output. This flag implies all
- the operations of the --bbaa flag that are compatible
- with SMTP.
- --bbtt Run in address test mode. This mode reads
- addresses and shows the steps in parsing; it is
- used for debugging configuration tables.
- --bbvv Verify names only - do not try to collect or
- deliver a message. Verify mode is normally used
- for validating users or mailing lists.
- --CC_f_i_l_e Use alternate configuration file. SSeennddmmaaiill refuses
- to run as root if an alternate configuration file
- is specified.
- --dd_X Set debugging value to _X.
- --FF_f_u_l_l_n_a_m_e
- Set the full name of the sender.
- --ff_n_a_m_e Sets the name of the ``from'' person (i.e., the
- envelope sender of the mail). --ff should only be
- used by ``trusted'' users (normally _r_o_o_t, _d_a_e_m_o_n,
- and _n_e_t_w_o_r_k) or if the person you are trying to
- become is the same as the person you are. Other-
- wise, an X-Authentication-Warning header will be
- added to the message.
- --hh_N Set the hop count to _N. The hop count is incre-
- mented every time the mail is processed. When it
- reaches a limit, the mail is returned with an error
- message, the victim of an aliasing loop. If not
- specified, ``Received:'' lines in the message are
- counted.
- --ii Ignore dots alone on lines by themselves in incom-
- ing messages. This should be set if you are read-
- ing data from a file.
- --LL _t_a_g Set the identifier used in syslog messages to the
- supplied _t_a_g.
- --NN _d_s_n Set delivery status notification conditions to _d_s_n,
- which can be `never' for no notifications or a
- $Date: 1999/12/03 23:39:38 $ 2
- SENDMAIL(8) SENDMAIL(8)
- comma separated list of the values `failure' to be
- notified if delivery failed, `delay' to be notified
- if delivery is delayed, and `success' to be noti-
- fied when the message is successfully delivered.
- --nn Don't do aliasing.
- --OO _o_p_t_i_o_n=_v_a_l_u_e
- Set option _o_p_t_i_o_n to the specified _v_a_l_u_e. This
- form uses long names. See below for more details.
- --oo_x _v_a_l_u_e
- Set option _x to the specified _v_a_l_u_e. This form
- uses single character names only. The short names
- are not described in this manual page; see the
- _S_e_n_d_m_a_i_l _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_o_n _G_u_i_d_e for
- details.
- --pp_p_r_o_t_o_c_o_l
- Set the name of the protocol used to receive the
- message. This can be a simple protocol name such
- as ``UUCP'' or a protocol and hostname, such as
- ``UUCP:ucbvax''.
- --qq[_t_i_m_e]
- Processed saved messages in the queue at given
- intervals. If _t_i_m_e is omitted, process the queue
- once. _T_i_m_e is given as a tagged number, with `s'
- being seconds, `m' being minutes, `h' being hours,
- `d' being days, and `w' being weeks. For example,
- `-q1h30m' or `-q90m' would both set the timeout to
- one hour thirty minutes. If _t_i_m_e is specified,
- sseennddmmaaiill will run in the background. This option
- can be used safely with --bbdd.
- --qqII_s_u_b_s_t_r
- Limit processed jobs to those containing _s_u_b_s_t_r as
- a substring of the queue id.
- --qqRR_s_u_b_s_t_r
- Limit processed jobs to those containing _s_u_b_s_t_r as
- a substring of one of the recipients.
- --qqSS_s_u_b_s_t_r
- Limit processed jobs to those containing _s_u_b_s_t_r as
- a substring of the sender.
- --RR _r_e_t_u_r_n
- Set the amount of the message to be returned if the
- message bounces. The _r_e_t_u_r_n parameter can be
- `full' to return the entire message or `hdrs' to
- return only the headers. In the latter case also
- local bounces return only the headers.
- $Date: 1999/12/03 23:39:38 $ 3
- SENDMAIL(8) SENDMAIL(8)
- --rr_n_a_m_e An alternate and obsolete form of the --ff flag.
- --tt Read message for recipients. To:, Cc:, and Bcc:
- lines will be scanned for recipient addresses. The
- Bcc: line will be deleted before transmission.
- --UU Initial (user) submission. This should _a_l_w_a_y_s be
- set when called from a user agent such as MMaaiill or
- eexxmmhh and _n_e_v_e_r be set when called by a network
- delivery agent such as rrmmaaiill.
- --VV _e_n_v_i_d
- Set the original envelope id. This is propagated
- across SMTP to servers that support DSNs and is
- returned in DSN-compliant error messages.
- --vv Go into verbose mode. Alias expansions will be
- announced, etc.
- --XX _l_o_g_f_i_l_e
- Log all traffic in and out of mailers in the indi-
- cated log file. This should only be used as a last
- resort for debugging mailer bugs. It will log a
- lot of data very quickly.
- ---- Stop processing command flags and use the rest of
- the arguments as addresses.
- OOppttiioonnss
- There are also a number of processing options that may be
- set. Normally these will only be used by a system admin-
- istrator. Options may be set either on the command line
- using the --oo flag (for short names), the --OO flag (for long
- names), or in the configuration file. This is a partial
- list limited to those options that are likely to be useful
- on the command line and only shows the long names; for a
- complete list (and details), consult the _S_e_n_d_m_a_i_l _I_n_s_t_a_l_-
- _l_a_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_o_n _G_u_i_d_e. The options are:
- AliasFile=_f_i_l_e
- Use alternate alias file.
- HoldExpensive
- On mailers that are considered ``expensive'' to
- connect to, don't initiate immediate connection.
- This requires queueing.
- CheckpointInterval=_N
- Checkpoint the queue file after every _N successful
- deliveries (default 10). This avoids excessive
- duplicate deliveries when sending to long mailing
- $Date: 1999/12/03 23:39:38 $ 4
- SENDMAIL(8) SENDMAIL(8)
- lists interrupted by system crashes.
- DeliveryMode=_x
- Set the delivery mode to _x. Delivery modes are `i'
- for interactive (synchronous) delivery, `b' for
- background (asynchronous) delivery, `q' for queue
- only - i.e., actual delivery is done the next time
- the queue is run, and `d' for deferred - the same
- as `q' except that database lookups for maps which
- have set the -D option (default for the host map)
- are avoided.
- ErrorMode=_x
- Set error processing to mode _x. Valid modes are
- `m' to mail back the error message, `w' to
- ``write'' back the error message (or mail it back
- if the sender is not logged in), `p' to print the
- errors on the terminal (default), `q' to throw away
- error messages (only exit status is returned), and
- `e' to do special processing for the BerkNet. If
- the text of the message is not mailed back by modes
- `m' or `w' and if the sender is local to this
- machine, a copy of the message is appended to the
- file _d_e_a_d_._l_e_t_t_e_r in the sender's home directory.
- SaveFromLine
- Save UNIX-style From lines at the front of mes-
- sages.
- MaxHopCount=_N
- The maximum number of times a message is allowed to
- ``hop'' before we decide it is in a loop.
- IgnoreDots
- Do not take dots on a line by themselves as a mes-
- sage terminator.
- SendMimeErrors
- Send error messages in MIME format. If not set,
- the DSN (Delivery Status Notification) SMTP exten-
- sion is disabled.
- ConnectionCacheTimeout=_t_i_m_e_o_u_t
- Set connection cache timeout.
- ConnectionCacheSize=_N
- Set connection cache size.
- LogLevel=_n
- The log level.
- MeToo=_F_a_l_s_e
- Don't send to ``me'' (the sender) if I am in an
- alias expansion.
- $Date: 1999/12/03 23:39:38 $ 5
- SENDMAIL(8) SENDMAIL(8)
- CheckAliases
- Validate the right hand side of aliases during a
- newaliases(1) command.
- OldStyleHeaders
- If set, this message may have old style headers.
- If not set, this message is guaranteed to have new
- style headers (i.e., commas instead of spaces
- between addresses). If set, an adaptive algorithm
- is used that will correctly determine the header
- format in most cases.
- QueueDirectory=_q_u_e_u_e_d_i_r
- Select the directory in which to queue messages.
- StatusFile=_f_i_l_e
- Save statistics in the named file.
- Timeout.queuereturn=_t_i_m_e
- Set the timeout on undelivered messages in the
- queue to the specified time. After delivery has
- failed (e.g., because of a host being down) for
- this amount of time, failed messages will be
- returned to the sender. The default is five days.
- UserDatabaseSpec=_u_s_e_r_d_a_t_a_b_a_s_e
- If set, a user database is consulted to get for-
- warding information. You can consider this an
- adjunct to the aliasing mechanism, except that the
- database is intended to be distributed; aliases are
- local to a particular host. This may not be avail-
- able if your sendmail does not have the USERDB
- option compiled in.
- ForkEachJob
- Fork each job during queue runs. May be convenient
- on memory-poor machines.
- SevenBitInput
- Strip incoming messages to seven bits.
- EightBitMode=_m_o_d_e
- Set the handling of eight bit input to seven bit
- destinations to _m_o_d_e: m (mimefy) will convert to
- seven-bit MIME format, p (pass) will pass it as
- eight bits (but violates protocols), and s (strict)
- will bounce the message.
- MinQueueAge=_t_i_m_e_o_u_t
- Sets how long a job must ferment in the queue
- between attempts to send it.
- DefaultCharSet=_c_h_a_r_s_e_t
- Sets the default character set used to label 8-bit
- $Date: 1999/12/03 23:39:38 $ 6
- SENDMAIL(8) SENDMAIL(8)
- data that is not otherwise labelled.
- DialDelay=_s_l_e_e_p_t_i_m_e
- If opening a connection fails, sleep for _s_l_e_e_p_t_i_m_e
- seconds and try again. Useful on dial-on-demand
- sites.
- NoRecipientAction=_a_c_t_i_o_n
- Set the behaviour when there are no recipient head-
- ers (To:, Cc: or Bcc:) in the message to _a_c_t_i_o_n:
- none leaves the message unchanged, add-to adds a
- To: header with the envelope recipients, add-appar-
- ently-to adds an Apparently-To: header with the
- envelope recipients, add-bcc adds an empty Bcc:
- header, and add-to-undisclosed adds a header read-
- ing `To: undisclosed-recipients:;'.
- MaxDaemonChildren=_N
- Sets the maximum number of children that an incom-
- ing SMTP daemon will allow to spawn at any time to
- _N.
- ConnectionRateThrottle=_N
- Sets the maximum number of connections per second
- to the SMTP port to _N.
- In aliases, the first character of a name may be a verti-
- cal bar to cause interpretation of the rest of the name as
- a command to pipe the mail to. It may be necessary to
- quote the name to keep sseennddmmaaiill from suppressing the
- blanks from between arguments. For example, a common
- alias is:
- msgs: "|/usr/bin/msgs -s"
- Aliases may also have the syntax ``:include:_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e'' to
- ask sseennddmmaaiill to read the named file for a list of recipi-
- ents. For example, an alias such as:
- poets: ":include:/usr/local/lib/poets.list"
- would read _/_u_s_r_/_l_o_c_a_l_/_l_i_b_/_p_o_e_t_s_._l_i_s_t for the list of
- addresses making up the group.
- SSeennddmmaaiill returns an exit status describing what it did.
- The codes are defined in <_s_y_s_e_x_i_t_s_._h>:
- EX_OK Successful completion on all addresses.
- EX_NOUSER
- User name not recognized.
- EX_UNAVAILABLE
- Catchall meaning necessary resources were not
- $Date: 1999/12/03 23:39:38 $ 7
- SENDMAIL(8) SENDMAIL(8)
- available.
- EX_SYNTAX
- Syntax error in address.
- EX_SOFTWARE
- Internal software error, including bad arguments.
- EX_OSERR
- Temporary operating system error, such as ``cannot
- fork''.
- EX_NOHOST
- Host name not recognized.
- EX_TEMPFAIL
- Message could not be sent immediately, but was
- queued.
- If invoked as nneewwaalliiaasseess, sseennddmmaaiill will rebuild the alias
- database. If invoked as mmaaiillqq, sseennddmmaaiill will print the
- contents of the mail queue. If invoked as hhoossttssttaatt, sseenndd--
- mmaaiill will print the persistent host status database. If
- invoked as ppuurrggeessttaatt, sseennddmmaaiill will purge expired entries
- from the persistent host status database. If invoked as
- ssmmttppdd, sseennddmmaaiill will act as a daemon, as if the --bbdd option
- were specified.
- NNOOTTEESS
- sseennddmmaaiill often gets blamed for many problems that are
- actually the result of other problems, such as overly per-
- missive modes on directories. For this reason, sseennddmmaaiill
- checks the modes on system directories and files to deter-
- mine if they can be trusted. Although these checks can be
- turned off and your system security reduced by setting the
- DDoonnttBBllaammeeSSeennddmmaaiill option, the permission problems should
- be fixed. For more information, see:
- _h_t_t_p_:_/_/_w_w_w_._s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l_._o_r_g_/_t_i_p_s_/_D_o_n_t_B_l_a_m_e_S_e_n_d_m_a_i_l_._h_t_m_l
- FFIILLEESS
- Except for the file _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_/_s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l_._c_f itself the fol-
- lowing pathnames are all specified in _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_/_s_e_n_d_-
- _m_a_i_l_._c_f. Thus, these values are only approximations.
- /etc/mail/aliases
- raw data for alias names
- /etc/mail/aliases.db
- data base of alias names
- /etc/mail/sendmail.cf
- configuration file
- $Date: 1999/12/03 23:39:38 $ 8
- SENDMAIL(8) SENDMAIL(8)
- /etc/mail/helpfile
- help file
- /etc/mail/statistics
- collected statistics
- /var/spool/mqueue/*
- temp files
- SSEEEE AALLSSOO
- binmail(1), mail(1), rmail(1), syslog(3), aliases(5),
- mailaddr(7), rc(8)
- DARPA Internet Request For Comments _R_F_C_8_1_9, _R_F_C_8_2_1,
- _R_F_C_8_2_2. _S_e_n_d_m_a_i_l _- _A_n _I_n_t_e_r_n_e_t_w_o_r_k _M_a_i_l _R_o_u_t_e_r, No. 9,
- SMM. _S_e_n_d_m_a_i_l _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_o_n _G_u_i_d_e, No. 8,
- SMM.
- http://www.sendmail.org/
- HHIISSTTOORRYY
- The sseennddmmaaiill command appeared in 4.2BSD.
- $Date: 1999/12/03 23:39:38 $ 9