pltcl_guide.nr
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上传日期:2007-01-07
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- .pl 27.0c
- .ll 17.0c
- .po 2.0c
- .nf
- .nh
- .de HD
- .sp 2m
- ..
- .de FT
- .sp 2m
- .tl _PL/Tcl_A PostgreSQL PL_Page %
- ..
- .wh 0 HD
- .wh -3 FT
- .sp 5m
- .ce 1000
- PL/Tcl
- A procedural language for the
- PostgreSQL
- database system
- .ce 0
- .sp 5m
- .fi
- .in +4
- PL/Tcl is a dynamic loadable extension for the PostgreSQL database system
- that enables the Tcl language to be used to create functions and
- trigger-procedures. It offers most of the capabilities a function
- writer has in the C language, except for some restrictions.
- The good restriction is, that everything is executed in a safe
- Tcl-interpreter. In addition to the limited command set of safe Tcl, only
- a few commands are available to access the database over SPI and to raise
- messages via elog(). There is no way to access internals of the
- database backend or gaining OS-level access under the permissions of the
- PostgreSQL user ID like in C. Thus, any unprivileged user may be
- permitted to use this language.
- The other, internal given, restriction is, that Tcl procedures cannot
- be used to create input-/output-functions for new data types.
- .bp
- .ti -4
- Data type conversions
- PostgreSQL has a rich set of builtin data types. And new data types can
- be defined. The trick is, that PostgreSQL doesn't really know much about
- the internals of a data type. It just offers a container for storing the
- values and knows some functions to call to convert between the external
- string representation and the internal container format. In addition, it
- knows which functions to call to compare containers or to do some
- arithmetics on them for sorting, indexing and calculations.
- Tcl on the other hand stores all values as strings.
- These two different concepts meet perfectly for what we need. A PostgreSQL
- function has a return value and up to 9 arguments. The data types appear
- in the pg_type system catalog, where we find their type specific regproc's
- responsible for input-/output-conversion from/to strings.
- A special case are set values, which can appear as arguments to a
- function. A set value is like a structure containing all the fields
- of a table as it's elements.
- C functions cannot have sets as return values. So we cannot do this in
- Tcl either.
- .ti -4
- PostgreSQL functions and Tcl procedure names
- In PostgreSQL, one and the same function name can be used for
- different functions as long as the number of arguments or their types
- differ. This would collide with Tcl procedure names. To offer the same
- flexibility in PL/Tcl, the internal Tcl procedure names contain the object
- ID of the procedures pg_proc row as part of their name. Thus, different
- argtype versions of the same PostgreSQL function are different for Tcl too.
- .bp
- .ti -4
- Defining PostgreSQL functions in PL/Tcl
- The following assumes, that the PL/Tcl language is created by the
- administrator of the database with the language name 'pltcl'. See the
- installation instructions to do that.
- To create a function in the PL/Tcl language, use the known syntax:
- .nf
- CREATE FUNCTION funcname ([typename [...]])
- .in +4
- RETURNS typename AS '
- .in +4
- PL/Tcl procedure body
- .in -4
- ' LANGUAGE 'pltcl';
- .in -4
- .fi
- When calling this function in a query, the arguments are given as
- variables $1 ... $n to the procedure body. So a little max function
- returning the higher of two int4 values would be created as:
- .nf
- create function max (int4, int4)
- .in +4
- returns int4 as '
- .in +4
- if {$1 > $2} {return $1}
- return $2
- .in -4
- ' language 'pltcl';
- .in -4
- .fi
- Set arguments are given to the procedure as Tcl arrays. The element names
- in the array are the field names of the set. If a field in the actual set
- has the NULL value, it will not appear in the array! The overpaid_2 sample
- from the CREATE FUNCTION section of the manual would be defined in Tcl as
- .nf
- create function overpaid_2 (EMP)
- .in +4
- returns bool as '
- .in +4
- if {200000.0 < $1(salary)} {
- .in +4
- return 't'
- .in -4
- }
- if {$1(age) < 30 && 100000.0 < $1(salary)} {
- .in +4
- return 't'
- .in -4
- }
- return 'f'
- .in -4
- ' language 'pltcl';
- .in -4
- .fi
- Sometimes (especially when using the SPI functions described later) it
- is useful to have some global status data that is held between two
- calls to a procedure. To protect PL/Tcl procedures from side effects,
- an array is made available to each procedure via the upvar
- command. The global name of this variable is the procedures internal
- name and the local name is GD.
- .bp
- .ti -4
- Defining trigger procedures in PL/Tcl
- Trigger procedures are defined in PostgreSQL as functions without
- arguments and a return type of opaque. And so are they in the PL/Tcl
- language.
- The informations from the trigger manager are given to the procedure body
- in the following variables:
- .in +4
- .ti -4
- $TG_name
- .br
- The name of the trigger from the CREATE TRIGGER statement
- .ti -4
- $TG_relid
- .br
- The Object ID of the table that caused the trigger procedure to be
- called.
- .ti -4
- $TG_relatts
- .br
- A Tcl list of the tables field names prefixed with an empty list element.
- So looking up an element name in the list with the lsearch Tcl command
- returns the same positive number starting from 1 as the fields are numbered
- in the pg_attribute system catalog.
- .ti -4
- $TG_when
- .br
- The string BEFORE or AFTER, depending on the event of the trigger call.
- .ti -4
- $TG_level
- .br
- The string ROW or STATEMENT, depending on the event of the trigger call.
- .ti -4
- $TG_op
- .br
- The string INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE, depending on the event of the trigger
- call.
- .ti -4
- $NEW
- .br
- An array containing the values of the new table row on INSERT/UPDATE
- actions, or empty on DELETE.
- .ti -4
- $OLD
- .br
- An array containing the values of the old table row on UPDATE/DELETE
- actions, or empty on INSERT.
- .ti -4
- $GD
- .br
- The global status data array as described in the functions section of this
- document.
- .ti -4
- $args
- .br
- A Tcl list of the arguments to the procedure as given in the
- CREATE TRIGGER statement. The arguments are also accessible as $1 ... $n
- in the procedure body.
- .bp
- .in -4
- The return value from a trigger procedure is one of the strings OK or SKIP,
- or a list as returned by the 'array get' Tcl command. If the return value
- is OK, the normal operation (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE) that fired this trigger
- will take place. Obviously, SKIP tells the trigger manager to silently
- suppress the operation. The list from 'array get' tells PL/Tcl
- to return a modified row to the trigger manager that will be inserted instead
- of the one given in $NEW (INSERT/UPDATE only). Needless to say that all
- this is only meaningful when the trigger is BEFORE and FOR EACH ROW.
- Here's a little example trigger procedure that forces an integer value
- in a table to keep track of the # of updates that are performed on the
- row. For new row's inserted, the value is initialized to 0 and then
- incremented on every update operation:
- .nf
- .in +4
- create function trigfunc_modcount() returns opaque as '
- switch $TG_op {
- INSERT {
- set NEW($1) 0
- }
- UPDATE {
- set NEW($1) $OLD($1)
- incr NEW($1)
- }
- default {
- return OK
- }
- }
- return [array get NEW]
- .ti -1
- ' language 'pltcl';
- create table T1 (key int4, modcnt int4, desc text);
- create trigger trig_T1_modcount before insert or update
- on T1 for each row execute procedure
- trigfunc_modcount('modcnt');
- .in -4
- .fi
- .bp
- .ti -4
- PostgreSQL database access from PL/Tcl
- The following commands are available to access the database from
- the body of a PL/Tcl procedure:
- .in +4
- .ti -4
- elog level msg
- .br
- Fire a log message. Possible levels are NOTICE, WARN, ERROR,
- FATAL, DEBUG and NOIND
- like for the elog() C function.
- .ti -4
- quote string
- .br
- Duplicates all occurences of single quote and backslash characters.
- It should be used when variables are used in the query string given
- to spi_exec or spi_prepare (not for the value list on spi_execp).
- Think about a query string like
- .ti +4
- select '$val' as ret
- where the Tcl variable actually contains "doesn't". This would result
- in the final query string
- .ti +4
- select 'doesn't' as ret
- what's wrong. It should contain
- .ti +4
- select 'doesn''t'
- and should be written as
- .ti +4
- select '[quote $val]' as ret
- to work.
- .ti -4
- spi_exec ?-count n? ?-array name? query ?loop-body?
- .br
- Call parser/planner/optimizer/executor for query.
- The optional -count value tells spi_exec the maximum number of rows
- to be processed by the query.
- If the query is
- a SELECT statement and the optional loop-body (a body of Tcl commands
- like in a foreach statement) is given, it is evaluated for each
- row selected and behaves like expected on continue/break. The values
- of selected fields are put into variables named as the column names. So a
- .ti +2
- spi_exec "select count(*) as cnt from pg_proc"
- will set the variable $cnt to the number of rows in the pg_proc system
- catalog. If the option -array is given, the column values are stored
- in the associative array named 'name' indexed by the column name
- instead of individual variables.
- .in +2
- .nf
- spi_exec -array C "select * from pg_class" {
- elog DEBUG "have table $C(relname)"
- }
- .fi
- .in -2
- will print a DEBUG log message for every row of pg_class. The return value
- of spi_exec is the number of rows affected by query as found in
- the global variable SPI_processed.
- .ti -4
- spi_prepare query typelist
- .br
- Prepares AND SAVES a query plan for later execution. It is a bit different
- from the C level SPI_prepare in that the plan is automatically copied to the
- toplevel memory context. Thus, there is currently no way of preparing a
- plan without saving it.
- If the query references arguments, the type names must be given as a Tcl
- list. The return value from spi_prepare is a query ID to be used in
- subsequent calls to spi_execp. See spi_execp for a sample.
- .ti -4
- spi_execp ?-count n? ?-array name? ?-nulls str? queryid ?values? ?loop-body?
- Execute a prepared plan from spi_prepare with variable substitution.
- The optional -count value tells spi_execp the maximum number of rows
- to be processed by the query.
- The optional value for -nulls is a string of spaces and 'n' characters
- telling spi_execp which of the values are NULL's. If given, it must
- have exactly the length of the number of values.
- The queryid is the ID returned by the spi_prepare call.
- If there was a typelist given to spi_prepare, a Tcl list of values of
- exactly the same length must be given to spi_execp after the query. If
- the type list on spi_prepare was empty, this argument must be omitted.
- If the query is a SELECT statement, the same as described for spi_exec
- happens for the loop-body and the variables for the fields selected.
- Here's an example for a PL/Tcl function using a prepared plan:
- .in +4
- .nf
- create table T1 (key int4, val text);
- create function T1_count(int4) returns int4 as '
- if {![info exists GD]} {
- # prepare the plan on the first call
- set GD(plan) [spi_prepare \\
- "select count(*) as cnt from T1 where key = \\$1" \\
- int4]
- }
- spi_execp -count 1 $GD(plan) [list $1]
- return $cnt
- .ti -1
- ' language 'pltcl';
- .fi
- .in -4
- Note that each backslash that Tcl should see must be doubled in
- the query creating the function, since the PostgreSQL parser processes
- backslashes too.
- .bp
- .ti -4
- Modules and the unknown command
- PL/Tcl has a special support for things often used. It recognizes two
- magic tables, pltcl_modules and pltcl_modfuncs.
- If these exist, the module 'unknown' is loaded into the interpreter
- right after creation. Whenever an unknown Tcl procedure is called,
- the unknown proc is called to check if the procedure is defined in one
- of the modules. If this is true, the module is loaded on demand.
- See the documentation in the modules subdirectory for detailed
- information.
- .in -4
- Now enjoy PL/Tcl.
- jwieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck)