README
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- PyGreSQL - v2.4: PostgreSQL module for Python
- ==============================================
- 0. Copyright notice
- ===================
- PyGreSQL, version 2.4
- A Python interface for PostgreSQL database.
- Written by D'Arcy J.M. Cain, darcy@druid.net<BR>
- Based heavily on code written by Pascal Andre, andre@chimay.via.ecp.fr.
- Copyright (c) 1995, Pascal ANDRE (andre@via.ecp.fr)
- Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
- documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement
- is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this
- paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies or in any
- new file that contains a substantial portion of this file.
- IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT,
- SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS,
- ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE
- AUTHOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- THE AUTHOR SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
- TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
- PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE
- AUTHOR HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES,
- ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.
- Further modifications copyright 1997, 1998 and 1999 by D'Arcy J.M. Cain
- (darcy@druid.net) subject to the same terms and conditions as above.
- 1. Presentation
- ===============
- 1.1. Introduction
- -----------------
- PostgreSQL is a database system derived from Postgres4.2. It conforms to
- (most of) ANSI SQL and offers many interesting capabilities (C dynamic linking
- for functions or type definition, etc.). This package is copyright by the
- Regents of the University of California, and is freely distributable.
- Python is an interpreted programming language. It is object oriented, simple
- to use (light syntax, simple and straightforward statements), and has many
- extensions for building GUIs, interfacing with WWW, etc. An intelligent web
- browser (HotJava like) is currently under development (November 1995), and
- this should open programmers many doors. Python is copyrighted by Stichting S
- Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and is freely distributable.
- PyGreSQL is a python module that interfaces to a PostgreSQL database. It
- embeds the PostgreSQL query library to allow easy use of the powerful
- PostgreSQL features from a Python script.
- PyGreSQL 2.0 was developed and tested on a NetBSD 1.3_BETA system. It is
- based on the PyGres95 code written by Pascal Andre, andre@chimay.via.ecp.fr.
- I changed the version to 2.0 and updated the code for Python 1.5 and
- PostgreSQL 6.2.1. While I was at it I upgraded the code to use full ANSI
- style prototypes and changed the order of arguments to connect.
- 1.2. Distribution files
- -----------------------
- README - this file
- Announce - announcement of this release
- ChangeLog - changes that affected this package during its history
- pgmodule.c - the C python module
- pg.py - PyGreSQL DB class.
- tutorial/ - demos directory
- Content: basics.py, syscat.py, advanced.py, func.py and
- pgtools.py. The samples here have been taken from the
- PostgreSQL manual and were used for module testing. They
- demonstrate some PostgreSQL features. Pgtools.py is an
- add-in used for demonstration.
- 1.3. Installation
- -----------------
- * You first have to get and build Python and PostgreSQL.
- * PyGreSQL is implemented as two parts, a C module labeled _pg and a
- Python wrapper called pg.py. This changed between 2.1 and 2.2. This
- should not affect any existing programs but the installation is slightly
- different.
- * Find the directory where your 'Setup' file lives (usually ??/Modules) and
- copy or symlink the 'pgmodule.c' file there.
- * Add the following line to your Setup file
- _pg pgmodule.c -I[pgInc] -L[pgLib] -lpq # -lcrypt # needed on some systems
- where:
- [pgInc] = path of the PostgreSQL include
- [pgLib] = path of the PostgreSQL libraries
- Some options may be added to this line:
- -DNO_DEF_VAR - no default variables support
- -DNO_DIRECT - no direct access methods
- -DNO_LARGE - no large object support
- -DNO_PQSOCKET - if running an older PostgreSQL
- Define NO_PQSOCKET if you are using a version of PostgreSQL before 6.4
- that does not have the PQsocket function. The other options will be
- described in the next sections.
- * If you want a shared module, make sure that the "*shared*" keyword is
- uncommented and add the above line below it. You used to need to install
- your shared modules with "make sharedinstall but this no longer seems
- to be true."
- * Copy pg.py to the lib directory where the rest of your modules are. For
- example, that's /usr/local/lib/Python on my system.
- * Do 'make -f Makefile.pre.in boot' and do 'make && make install'
- * For more details read the documentation at the top of Makefile.pre.in
- * If you are on NetBSD, look in the packages directory under databases. If
- it isn't there yet, it should be there shortly. You can also pick up the
- package files from ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/pygresql.pkg.tgz.
- There is also a package in the FreeBSD ports collection but as I write
- this it is at version 2.1. I will try to get that updated as well.
- * For Linux installation look at README.linux
- 1.4. Where to get ... ?
- -----------------------
- The home sites of the different packages are:
- - Python: http://www.python.org/
- - PosgreSQL: http://www.PostgreSQL.org/
- - PyGreSQL: http://www.druid.net/pygresql/
- A Linux RPM can be picked up from ftp://www.eevolute.com/pub/python/.
- A NetBSD package thould be in the distribution soon and is available
- at ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/pygresql.pkg.tgz.
- 1.5. Information and support
- ----------------------------
- If you need information about these packages please check their web sites:
- - Python: http://www.python.org/
- - PostgreSQL: http://www.postgresql.org/
- - PyGres95: http://www.via.ecp.fr/via/products/pygres.html
- - PyGreSQL: http://www.druid.net/pygresql/
- For support:
- - Python: newgroup comp.lang.python
- - PostgreSQL: mailing list (see package documentation for information)
- - PyGres95: contact me (andre@via.ecp.fr) for bug reports, ideas, remarks
- I will try to answer as long as my free time allow me to do
- that.
- - PyGreSQL: contact me (darcy@druid.net) concerning the changes to 2.x.
- 2. Programming information
- ==========================
- This module defines three objects: the pgobject that handles the connection
- and all the requests to the database, the pglargeobject that handles
- all the accesses to Postgres large objects and pgqueryobject that handles
- query results.
- If you want to see a simple example of the use of some of these functions,
- see http://www.druid.net/rides/ where I have a link at the bottom to the
- actual Python code for the page.
- 2.1. pg module description
- ----------------------------
- The module defines only a few methods that allow to connect to a database and
- to allow to define "default variables" that override the environment variables
- used by PostgreSQL.
- These "default variables" were designed to allow you to handle general
- connection parameters without heavy code in your programs. You can prompt the
- user for a value, put it in the default variable, and forget it, without
- having to modify your environment. The support for default variables can be
- disabled by setting the -DNO_DEF_VAR option in the Python Setup file. Methods
- relative to this are specified by te tag [DV].
- All variables are set to None at module initialization, specifying that
- standard environment variables should be used.
- 2.1.1. connect - opens a pg connection
- ----------------------------------------
- Syntax:
- connect(dbname, host, port, opt, tty, user, passwd)
- Parameters:
- dbname - name of connected database (string/None)
- host - name of the server host (string/None)
- port - port used by the database server (integer/-1)
- opt - connection options (string/None)
- tty - debug terminal (string/None)
- user - PostgreSQL user (string/None)
- passwd - password for user (string/None)
- Return type:
- pgobject - the object handling the connection
- Exceptions raised:
- TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments
- SyntaxError - duplicate argument definition
- pg.error - some error occurred during pg connection definition
- (+ all exceptions relative to object allocation)
- Description:
- This method opens a connection to a specified database on a given
- PostgreSQL server. You can use keywords here, as described in the
- Python tutorial;
- the names of the keywords are the name of the parameters given in the
- syntax line. For a precise description of the parameters, please refer to
- the PostgreSQL user manual.
- 2.1.2. get_defhost, set_defhost - default server host name handling [DV]
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: get_defhost()
- Parameters:
- none
- Return type:
- string, None - default host specification
- Exceptions raised:
- SyntaxError - too many arguments
- Description:
- This method returns the current default host specification, or None if the
- environment variables should be used. Environment variables won't be looked
- up.
- Syntax: set_defhost(host)
- Parameters:
- host - new default host (string/None)
- Return type:
- string, None - previous default host specification
- Exceptions raised:
- TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments
- Description:
- This methods sets the default host value for new connections. If None is
- supplied as parameter, environment variables will be used in future
- connections. It returns the previous setting for default host.
- 2.1.3. get_defport, set_defport - default server port handling [DV]
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: get_defport()
- Parameters: none
- Return type:
- integer, None - default port specification
- Exceptions raised:
- SyntaxError - too many arguments
- Description:
- This method returns the current default port specification, or None if
- the environment variables should be used. Environment variables won't
- be looked up.
- Syntax: set_defport(port)
- Parameters:
- port - new default port (integer/-1)
- Return type:
- integer, None - previous default port specification
- Description:
- This methods sets the default port value for new connections. If -1 is
- supplied as parameter, environment variables will be used in future
- connections. It returns the previous setting for default port.
- 2.1.4. get_defopt, set_defopt - default connection options handling [DV]
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: get_defopt()
- Parameters: none
- Return type:
- string, None - default options specification
- Exceptions raised:
- SyntaxError - too many arguments
- Description:
- This method returns the current default connection options specification,
- or None if the environment variables should be used. Environment variables
- won't be looked up.
- Syntax: set_defopt(options)
- Parameters:
- options - new default connection options (string/None)
- Return type:
- string, None - previous default options specification
- Exceptions raised:
- TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments
- Description:
- This methods sets the default connection options value for new connections.
- If None is supplied as parameter, environment variables will be used in
- future connections. It returns the previous setting for default options.
- 2.1.5. get_deftty, set_deftty - default connection debug tty handling [DV]
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: get_deftty()
- Parameters: none
- Return type:
- string, None - default debug terminal specification
- Exceptions raised:
- SyntaxError - too many arguments
- Description:
- This method returns the current default debug terminal specification, or
- None if the environment variables should be used. Environment variables
- won't be looked up.
- Syntax: set_deftty(terminal)
- Parameters:
- terminal - new default debug terminal (string/None)
- Return type:
- string, None - previous default debug terminal specification
- Exceptions raised:
- TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments
- Description:
- This methods sets the default debug terminal value for new connections. If
- None is supplied as parameter, environment variables will be used in future
- connections. It returns the previous setting for default terminal.
- 2.1.6. get_defbase, set_defbase - default database name handling [DV]
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: get_defbase()
- Parameters: none
- Return type:
- string, None - default database name specification
- Exceptions raised:
- SyntaxError - too many arguments
- Description:
- This method returns the current default database name specification, or
- None if the environment variables should be used. Environment variables
- won't be looked up.
- Syntax: set_defbase(base)
- Parameters:
- base - new default base name (string/None)
- Return type:
- string, None - previous default database name specification
- Exceptions raised:
- TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments
- Description:
- This method sets the default database name value for new connections. If
- None is supplied as parameter, environment variables will be used in
- future connections. It returns the previous setting for default host.
- 2.1.7. Module constants
- -----------------------
- Some constants are defined in the module dictionary. They are intended to be
- used as parameters for methods calls. You should refer to PostgreSQL user
- manual for more information about them. These constants are:
- - large objects access modes, used by (pgobject.)locreate and
- (pglarge.)open: (pg.)INV_READ, (pg.)INV_WRITE, (pg.)INV_ARCHIVE
- - positional flags, used by (pglarge.)seek: (pg.)SEEK_SET,
- (pg.)SEEK_CUR, (pg.)SEEK_END.
- - version and __version__ constants that give the current version.
- 2.1.9.
- 2.1.10. Miscellaneous attributes
- The following methods return information about the current connection.
- -
- 2.2. pgobject description
- ---------------------------
- This object handle a connection to a PostgreSQL database. It embeds and
- hides all the parameters that define this connection, thus just leaving really
- significant parameters in function calls.
- Some methods give direct access to the connection socket. They are specified
- by the tag [DA]. DO NOT USE THEM UNLESS YOU REALLY KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING. If
- you prefer disabling them, set the -DNO_DIRECT option in the Python Setup file.
- Some other methods give access to large objects (refer to PostgreSQL user
- manual for more information about these). if you want to forbid access to these
- from the module, set the -DNO_LARGE option in the Python Setup file. These
- methods are specified by the tag [LO].
- 2.2.1. query - executes a SQL command string
- --------------------------------------------
- Syntax: query(command)
- Parameters:
- command - SQL command (string)
- Return type:
- pgqueryobject, None - result values
- Exceptions raised:
- TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments.
- ValueError - empty SQL query
- pg.error - error during query processing, or invalid connection
- Description:
- This method simply sends a SQL query to the database. If the query is
- an insert statement, the return value is the OID of the newly
- inserted row. If it is otherwise a query that does not return a result
- (ie. is not a some kind of SELECT statement), it returns None.
- Otherwise, it returns a pgqueryobject that can be accessed via the
- getresult method or printed.
- pgqueryobject methods
- ---------------------
- 2.2.1.1. getresult - gets the values returned by the query
- -------------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: getresult()
- Parameters: none
- Return type:
- list - result values
- Exceptions raised:
- SyntaxError - too many parameters
- pg.error - invalid previous result
- Description:
- This method returns the list of the values returned by the query.
- More information about this result may be get using listfields,
- fieldname and fiednum methods.
- 2.2.1.2. dictresult - like getresult but returns list of dictionaries
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: dictresult()
- Parameters: none
- Return type:
- list - result values as a dictionary
- Exceptions raised:
- SyntaxError - too many parameters
- pg.error - invalid previous result
- Description:
- This method returns the list of the values returned by the query
- with each tuple returned as a dictionary with the field names
- used as the dictionary index.
- 2.2.1.3. listfields - lists the fields names of the previous query result
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: listfields()
- Parameters: none
- Return type:
- list - fields names
- Exceptions raised:
- SyntaxError - too many parameters
- pg.error - invalid previous result, or invalid connection
- Description:
- This method returns the list of names of the fields defined for the
- query result. The fields are in the same order as the result values.
-
- 2.2.1.4. fieldname, fieldnum - field name-number conversion
- ---------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: fieldname(i)
- Parameters:
- i - field number (integer)
- Return type:
- string - field name
- Exceptions raised:
- TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
- ValueError - invalid field number
- pg.error - invalid previous result, or invalid connection
- Description:
- This method allows to find a field name from its rank number. It can be
- useful for displaying a result. The fields are in the same order than the
- result values.
- Syntax: fieldnum(name)
- Parameters:
- name - field name (string)
- Return type:
- integer - field number
- Exceptions raised:
- TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
- ValueError - unknown field name
- pg.error - invalid previous result, or invalid connection
- Description:
- This method returns a field number from its name. It can be used to
- build a function that converts result list strings to their correct
- type, using a hardcoded table definition. The number returned is the
- field rank in the result values list.
- 2.2.1.5 ntuples - return number of tuples in query object
- ---------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: ntuples()
- Parameters: None
- Return type: integer
- Description:
- This method returns the number of tuples found in a query.
- 2.2.2. reset - resets the connection
- ------------------------------------
- Syntax: reset()
- Parameters: None
- Return type: None
- Exceptions raised:
- TypeError - too many (any) arguments
- Description:
- This method resets the current database.
- 2.2.3. close - close the database connection
- --------------------------------------------
- Syntax: close()
- Parameters: none
- Return type: None
- Exceptions raised:
- TypeError - too many (any) arguments
- Description:
- This method closes the database connection. The connection will
- be closed in any case when the connection is deleted but this
- allows you to explicitly close it. It is mainly here to allow
- the DB-SIG API wrapper to implement a close function.
- 2.2.4. fileno - returns the socket used to connect to the database
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: fileno()
- Parameters: none
- Exceptions raised:
- TypeError - too many (any) arguments
- Description:
- This method returns the underlying socket id used to connect
- to the database. This is useful for use in select calls, etc.
- Note: This function depends on having a recent version of the
- database. See "-DNO_PQSOCKET" described above.
- 2.2.5. getnotify - gets the last notify from the server
- -------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: getnotify()
- Parameters: none
- Return type:
- tuple, None - last notify from server
- Exceptions raised:
- SyntaxError - too many parameters
- pg.error - invalid connection
- Description:
- This methods try to get a notify from the server (from the SQL statement
- NOTIFY). If the server returns no notify, the methods returns None.
- Otherwise, it returns a tuple (couple) (relname, pid), where relname is the
- name of the notify and pid the process id of the connection that triggered
- the notify. Remember to do a listen query first otherwise getnotify
- will always return None.
- 2.2.6. inserttable - insert a list into a table
- -----------------------------------------------
- Syntax: inserttable(table, values)
- Parameters:
- table - the table name (string)
- values - list of rows values (list)
- Return type:
- None
- Exception raised:
- pg.error - invalid connection
- TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments
- Description:
- This method allow to quickly insert large blocks of data in a table: it
- inserts the whole values list into the given table. The list is a list of
- tuples/lists that define the values for each inserted row. The rows values
- may contain string, integer, long or double (real) values.
- BE VERY CAREFUL: this method doesn't typecheck the fields according to the
- table definition; it just look whether or not it knows how to handle such
- types.
- 2.2.7. putline - writes a line to the server socket [DA]
- --------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: putline(line)
- Parameters:
- line - line to be written (string)
- Return type:
- None
- Exceptions raised:
- pg.error - invalid connection
- TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
- Description:
- This method allows to directly write a string to the server socket.
- 2.2.8. getline - gets a line from server socket [DA]
- ----------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: getline()
- Parameters: none
- Return type:
- string - the line read
- Exceptions raised:
- pg.error - invalid connection
- SyntaxError - too many parameters
- Description:
- This method allows to directly read a string from the server socket.
- 2.2.9. endcopy - synchronizes client and server [DA]
- ----------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: endcopy()
- Parameters: none
- Return type:
- None
- Exceptions raised:
- pg.error - invalid connection
- SyntaxError - too many parameters
- Description:
- The use of direct access methods may desynchonize client and server. This
- method ensure that client and server will be synchronized.
- 2.2.10. locreate - creates of large object in the database [LO]
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: locreate(mode)
- Parameters:
- mode - large object create mode
- Return type:
- pglarge - object handling the postgres large object
- Exceptions raised:
- pg.error - invalid connection, or creation error
- TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
- Description:
- This method creates a large object in the database. The mode can be defined
- by OR-ing the constants defined in the pg module (INV_READ, INV_WRITE and
- INV_ARCHIVE). Please refer to PostgreSQL user manual for a description of
- the mode values.
- 2.2.11. getlo - builds a large object from given oid [LO]
- ---------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: getlo(oid)
- Parameters:
- oid - oid of the existing large object (integer)
- Return type:
- pglarge - object handling the postgres large object
- Exceptions raised:
- pg.error - invalid connection
- TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
- ValueError - bad oid value (0 is invalid_oid)
- Description:
- This method allows to reuse a formerly created large object through the
- pglarge interface, providing the user have its oid.
- 2.2.12. loimport - import a file to a postgres large object [LO]
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: loimport(name)
- Parameters:
- name - the name of the file to be imported (string)
- Return type:
- pglarge - object handling the postgres large object
- Exceptions raised:
- pg.error - invalid connection, or error during file import
- TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments
- Description:
- This methods allows to create large objects in a very simple way. You just
- give the name of a file containing the data to be use.
- 2.2.13. pgobject attributes
- -----------------------------
- Every pgobject defines a set of read-only attributes that describe the
- connection and its status. These attributes are:
- host - the hostname of the server (string)
- port - the port of the server (integer)
- db - the selected database (string)
- options - the connection options (string)
- tty - the connection debug terminal (string)
- user - the username on the database system (string)
- status - the status of the connection (integer: 1 - OK, 0 - BAD)
- error - the last warning/error message from the server (string)
- 2.3. pglarge description
- --------------------------
- This object handles all the request concerning a postgres large object. It
- embeds and hides all the 'recurrent' variables (object oid and connection),
- exactly in the same way pgobjects do, thus only keeping significant
- parameters in function calls. It keeps a reference to the pgobject used for
- its creation, sending requests though with its parameters. Any modification but
- dereferencing the pgobject will thus affect the pglarge object.
- Dereferencing the initial pgobject is not a problem since Python won't
- deallocate it before the large object dereference it.
- All functions return a generic error message on call error, whatever the
- exact error was. The 'error' attribute of the object allow to get the exact
- error message.
- 2.3.1. open - opens a large object
- ----------------------------------
- Syntax: open(mode)
- Parameters:
- mode - open mode definition (integer)
- Return type:
- None
- Exceptions raised:
- pg.error - invalid connection
- TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
- IOError - already opened object, or open error
- Description:
- This method opens a large object for reading/writing, in the same way than
- the UNIX open() function. The mode value can be obtained by OR-ing the
- constants defined in the pgmodule (INV_READ, INV_WRITE).
- 2.3.2. close - closes a large object
- ------------------------------------
- Syntax: close()
- Parameters: none
- Return type:
- None
- Exceptions raised:
- pg.error - invalid connection
- SyntaxError - too many parameters
- IOError - object is not opened, or close error
- Description:
- This method closes a previously opened large object, in the same way than
- the UNIX close() function.
- 2.3.4. read, write, tell, seek, unlink - file like large object handling
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: read(size)
- Parameters:
- size - maximal size of the buffer to be read
- Return type:
- sized string - the read buffer
- Exceptions raised:
- pg.error - invalid connection or invalid object
- TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
- IOError - object is not opened, or read error
- Description:
- This function allows to read data from a large object, starting at current
- position.
- Syntax: write(string)
- Parameters:
- (sized) string - buffer to be written
- Return type:
- None
- Exceptions raised:
- pg.error - invalid connection or invalid object
- TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
- IOError - object is not opened, or write error
- Description:
- This function allows to write data to a large object, starting at current
- position.
- Syntax: seek(offset, whence)
- Parameters:
- offset - position offset
- whence - positional parameter
- Return type:
- integer - new position in object
- Exception raised:
- pg.error - invalid connection or invalid object
- TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
- IOError - object is not opened, or seek error
- Description:
- This method allows to move the position cursor in the large object. The
- whence parameter can be obtained by OR-ing the constants defined in the
- pg module (SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END).
- Syntax: tell()
- Parameters: none
- Return type:
- integer - current position in large object
- Exception raised:
- pg.error - invalid connection or invalid object
- SyntaxError - too many parameters
- IOError - object is not opened, or seek error
- Description:
- This method allows to get the current position in the large object.
- Syntax: unlink()
- Parameter: none
- Return type:
- None
- Exception raised:
- pg.error - invalid connection or invalid object
- SyntaxError - too many parameters
- IOError - object is not closed, or unlink error
- Description:
- This methods unlinks (deletes) the postgres large object.
- 2.3.5. size - gives the large object size
- -----------------------------------------
- Syntax: size()
- Parameters: none
- Return type:
- integer - large object size
- Exceptions raised:
- pg.error - invalid connection or invalid object
- SyntaxError - too many parameters
- IOError - object is not opened, or seek/tell error
- Description:
- This (composite) method allows to get the size of a large object. Currently
- the large object needs to be opened. It was implemented because this
- function is very useful for a WWW interfaced database.
- 2.3.6. export - saves a large object to a file
- ----------------------------------------------
- Syntax: export(name)
- Parameters:
- name - file to be created
- Return type:
- None
- Exception raised:
- pg.error - invalid connection or invalid object
- TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
- IOError - object is not closed, or export error
- Description:
- This methods allows to dump the content of a large object in a very simple
- way. The exported file is created on the host of the program, not the
- server host.
- 2.3.7. Object attributes
- ------------------------
- pglarge objects define a read-only set of attributes that allow to get some
- information about it. These attributes are:
- oid - the oid associated with the object
- pgcnx - the pgobject associated with the object
- error - the last warning/error message of the connection
- BE CAREFUL: in multithreaded environments, 'error' may be modified by another
- thread using the same pgobject. Remember these object are shared, not
- duplicated. You should provide some locking to be able if you want to check
- this.
- The oid attribute is very interesting because it allow you reuse the oid
- later, creating the pglarge object with a pgobject getlo() method call.
- 3. The pg wrapper
- ================
- The previous functions are wrapped in a module called pg. The module
- has a class called DB. The above functions are also included in the
- name space so it isn't necessary to import both modules. The preferred
- way to use this module is as follows.
- from pg import DB
- db = DB(...) # See description of the initialization method below.
- The following describes the methods and variables of this class.
- 3.1. Initialization
- -------------------
- The DB class is initialized with the same arguments as the connect
- method described in section 2. It also initializes a few internal
- variables. The statement 'db = DB()' will open the local database
- with the name of the user just like connect() does.
- 3.2. pkey
- ---------
- Syntax:
- pkey(table)
- Parameters:
- table - name of table
- Returns:
- Name of field which is the primary key of the table.
- Description:
- This method returns the primary key of a table. Note that this raises
- an exception if the table doesn't have a primary key.
- 3.3. get_databases - get list of databases in the system
- --------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: get_databases()
- Parameters: none
- Returns: list of databases in the system
- Description:
- Although you can do this with a simple select, it is added here for
- convenience
- 3.4. get_tables - get list of tables in connected database
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Syntax: get_tables()
- Parameters: none
- Returns: list of tables in connected database
- 3.5. get_attnames
- -----------------
- Syntax:
- get_attnames(table)
- Parameters:
- table - name of table
- Returns:
- List of attribute names
- Description:
- Given the name of a table, digs out the list of attribute names.
- 3.6. get - get a tuple from a database table
- --------------------------------------------
- Syntax:
- get(table, arg, [keyname])
- Parameters:
- table - name of table
- arg - either a dictionary or the value to be looked up
- keyname - name of field to use as key (optional)
- Returns:
- A dictionary mapping attribute names to row values.
- Description:
- This method is the basic mechanism to get a single row. It assumes
- that the key specifies a unique row. If keyname is not specified
- then the primary key for the table is used. If arg is a dictionary
- then the value for the key is taken from it and it is modified to
- include the new values, replacing existing values where necessary.
- The oid is also put into the dictionary but in order to allow the
- caller to work with multiple tables, the attribute name is munged
- to make it unique. It consists of the string "oid_" followed by
- the name of the table.
- 3.7. insert - insert a tuple into a database table
- --------------------------------------------------
- Syntax:
- insert(table, a)
- Parameters:
- table - name of table
- a - a dictionary of values
- Returns:
- The OID of the newly inserted row.
- Description:
- This method inserts values into the table specified filling in the
- values from the dictionary. It then reloads the dictionary with the
- values from the database. This causes the dictionary to be updated
- with values that are modified by rules, triggers, etc.
- 3.8. update
- -----------
- Syntax:
- update(table, a)
- Parameters:
- table - name of table
- a - a dictionary of values
- Returns:
- A dictionary with the new row
- Description:
- Similar to insert but updates an existing row. The update is based
- on the OID value as munged by get. The array returned is the
- one sent modified to reflect any changes caused by the update due
- to triggers, rules, defaults, etc.
- 3.9. clear
- ----------
- Syntax:
- clear(table, [a])
- Parameters:
- table - name of table
- a - a dictionary of values
- Returns:
- A dictionary with an empty row
- Description:
- This method clears all the attributes to values determined by the types.
- Numeric types are set to 0, dates are set to 'TODAY' and everything
- else is set to the empty string. If the array argument is present,
- it is used as the array and any entries matching attribute names
- are cleared with everything else left unchanged.
- 3.8. delete
- -----------
- Syntax:
- delete(table, a)
- Parameters:
- table - name of table
- a - a dictionary of values
- Returns:
- None
- Description:
- This method deletes the row from a table. It deletes based on the OID
- as munged as described above.
- 4. Future directions
- ====================
- The large object and direct access functions need much more attention.
- I want to add a DB-SIG API wrapper around the underlying module. This
- will be in 3.0.