basics.py
上传用户:blenddy
上传日期:2007-01-07
资源大小:6495k
文件大小:10k
- #! /usr/local/bin/python
- # basics.py - basic SQL commands tutorial
- # inspired from the Postgres95 tutorial
- # adapted to Python 1995 by Pascal ANDRE
- print "__________________________________________________________________"
- print "MODULE BASICS.PY : BASIC SQL COMMANDS TUTORIAL"
- print
- print "This module is designed for being imported from python prompt"
- print
- print "In order to run the samples included here, first create a connection"
- print "using : cnx = basics.DB(...)"
- print "then start the demo with: basics.demo(cnx)"
- print "__________________________________________________________________"
- from pg import DB
- from pgtools import *
- # table creation commands
- def create_table(pgcnx):
- print "-----------------------------"
- print "-- Creating a table:"
- print "-- a CREATE TABLE is used to create base tables. POSTGRES"
- print "-- SQL has its own set of built-in types. (Note that"
- print "-- keywords are case-insensitive but identifiers are "
- print "-- case-sensitive.)"
- print "-----------------------------"
- print
- print "Sending query :"
- print "CREATE TABLE weather ("
- print " city varchar(80),"
- print " temp_lo int,"
- print " temp_hi int,"
- print " prcp float8,"
- print " date date"
- print ")"
- pgcnx.query("CREATE TABLE weather (city varchar(80), temp_lo int,"
- "temp_hi int, prcp float8, date date)")
- print
- print "Sending query :"
- print "CREATE TABLE cities ("
- print " name varchar(80),"
- print " location point"
- print ")"
- pgcnx.query("CREATE TABLE cities ("
- "name varchar(80),"
- "location point)")
- # data insertion commands
- def insert_data(pgcnx):
- print "-----------------------------"
- print "-- Inserting data:"
- print "-- an INSERT statement is used to insert a new row into"
- print "-- a table. There are several ways you can specify what"
- print "-- columns the data should go to."
- print "-----------------------------"
- print
- print "-- 1. the simplest case is when the list of value correspond to"
- print "-- the order of the columns specified in CREATE TABLE."
- print
- print "Sending query :"
- print "INSERT INTO weather "
- print " VALUES ('San Francisco', 46, 50, 0.25, '11/27/1994')"
- pgcnx.query("INSERT INTO weather "
- "VALUES ('San Francisco', 46, 50, 0.25, '11/27/1994')")
- print
- print "Sending query :"
- print "INSERT INTO cities "
- print " VALUES ('San Francisco', '(-194.0, 53.0)')"
- pgcnx.query("INSERT INTO cities "
- "VALUES ('San Francisco', '(-194.0, 53.0)')")
- print
- wait_key()
- print "-- 2. you can also specify what column the values correspond "
- print " to. (The columns can be specified in any order. You may "
- print " also omit any number of columns. eg. unknown precipitation"
- print " below)"
- print "Sending query :"
- print "INSERT INTO weather (city, temp_lo, temp_hi, prcp, date)"
- print " VALUES ('San Francisco', 43, 57, 0.0, '11/29/1994')"
- pgcnx.query("INSERT INTO weather (date, city, temp_hi, temp_lo)"
- "VALUES ('11/29/1994', 'Hayward', 54, 37)")
- # direct selection commands
- def select_data1(pgcnx):
- print "-----------------------------"
- print "-- Retrieving data:"
- print "-- a SELECT statement is used for retrieving data. The "
- print "-- basic syntax is:"
- print "-- SELECT columns FROM tables WHERE predicates"
- print "-----------------------------"
- print
- print "-- a simple one would be the query:"
- print "SELECT * FROM weather"
- print
- print "The result is :"
- q = pgcnx.query("SELECT * FROM weather")
- print q
- print
- print "-- you may also specify expressions in the target list (the "
- print "-- 'AS column' specifies the column name of the result. It is "
- print "-- optional.)"
- print "The query :"
- print " SELECT city, (temp_hi+temp_lo)/2 AS temp_avg, date "
- print " FROM weather"
- print "Gives :"
- print pgcnx.query("SELECT city, (temp_hi+temp_lo)/2 "
- "AS temp_avg, date FROM weather")
- print
- print "-- if you want to retrieve rows that satisfy certain condition"
- print "-- (ie. a restriction), specify the condition in WHERE. The "
- print "-- following retrieves the weather of San Francisco on rainy "
- print "-- days."
- print "SELECT *"
- print "FROM weather"
- print "WHERE city = 'San Francisco' "
- print " and prcp > 0.0"
- print pgcnx.query("SELECT * FROM weather WHERE city = 'San Francisco'"
- " AND prcp > 0.0")
- print
- print "-- here is a more complicated one. Duplicates are removed when "
- print "-- DISTINCT is specified. ORDER BY specifies the column to sort"
- print "-- on. (Just to make sure the following won't confuse you, "
- print "-- DISTINCT and ORDER BY can be used separately.)"
- print "SELECT DISTINCT city"
- print "FROM weather"
- print "ORDER BY city;"
- print pgcnx.query("SELECT DISTINCT city FROM weather ORDER BY city")
- # selection to a temporary table
- def select_data2(pgcnx):
- print "-----------------------------"
- print "-- Retrieving data into other classes:"
- print "-- a SELECT ... INTO statement can be used to retrieve "
- print "-- data into another class."
- print "-----------------------------"
- print
- print "The query :"
- print "SELECT * INTO TABLE temp "
- print "FROM weather"
- print "WHERE city = 'San Francisco' "
- print " and prcp > 0.0"
- pgcnx.query("SELECT * INTO TABLE temp FROM weather "
- "WHERE city = 'San Francisco' and prcp > 0.0")
- print "Fills the table temp, that can be listed with :"
- print "SELECT * from temp"
- print pgcnx.query("SELECT * from temp")
- # aggregate creation commands
- def create_aggregate(pgcnx):
- print "-----------------------------"
- print "-- Aggregates"
- print "-----------------------------"
- print
- print "Let's consider the query :"
- print "SELECT max(temp_lo)"
- print "FROM weather;"
- print pgcnx.query("SELECT max(temp_lo) FROM weather")
- print
- print "-- Aggregate with GROUP BY"
- print "SELECT city, max(temp_lo)"
- print "FROM weather "
- print "GROUP BY city;"
- print pgcnx.query( "SELECT city, max(temp_lo)"
- "FROM weather GROUP BY city")
- # table join commands
- def join_table(pgcnx):
- print "-----------------------------"
- print "-- Joining tables:"
- print "-- queries can access multiple tables at once or access"
- print "-- the same table in such a way that multiple instances"
- print "-- of the table are being processed at the same time."
- print "-----------------------------"
- print
- print "-- suppose we want to find all the records that are in the "
- print "-- temperature range of other records. W1 and W2 are aliases "
- print "--for weather."
- print
- print "SELECT W1.city, W1.temp_lo, W1.temp_hi, "
- print " W2.city, W2.temp_lo, W2.temp_hi"
- print "FROM weather W1, weather W2"
- print "WHERE W1.temp_lo < W2.temp_lo "
- print " and W1.temp_hi > W2.temp_hi"
- print
- print pgcnx.query("SELECT W1.city, W1.temp_lo, W1.temp_hi, "
- "W2.city, W2.temp_lo, W2.temp_hi FROM weather W1, weather W2 "
- "WHERE W1.temp_lo < W2.temp_lo and W1.temp_hi > W2.temp_hi")
- print
- print "-- let's join two tables. The following joins the weather table"
- print "-- and the cities table."
- print
- print "SELECT city, location, prcp, date"
- print "FROM weather, cities"
- print "WHERE name = city"
- print
- print pgcnx.query("SELECT city, location, prcp, date FROM weather, cities"
- " WHERE name = city")
- print
- print "-- since the column names are all different, we don't have to "
- print "-- specify the table name. If you want to be clear, you can do "
- print "-- the following. They give identical results, of course."
- print
- print "SELECT w.city, c.location, w.prcp, w.date"
- print "FROM weather w, cities c"
- print "WHERE c.name = w.city;"
- print
- print pgcnx.query("SELECT w.city, c.location, w.prcp, w.date "
- "FROM weather w, cities c WHERE c.name = w.city")
- # data updating commands
- def update_data(pgcnx):
- print "-----------------------------"
- print "-- Updating data:"
- print "-- an UPDATE statement is used for updating data. "
- print "-----------------------------"
- print
- print "-- suppose you discover the temperature readings are all off by"
- print "-- 2 degrees as of Nov 28, you may update the data as follow:"
- print
- print "UPDATE weather"
- print " SET temp_hi = temp_hi - 2, temp_lo = temp_lo - 2"
- print " WHERE date > '11/28/1994'"
- print
- pgcnx.query("UPDATE weather "
- "SET temp_hi = temp_hi - 2, temp_lo = temp_lo - 2"
- "WHERE date > '11/28/1994'")
- print
- print "SELECT * from weather"
- print pgcnx.query("SELECT * from weather")
- # data deletion commands
- def delete_data(pgcnx):
- print "-----------------------------"
- print "-- Deleting data:"
- print "-- a DELETE statement is used for deleting rows from a "
- print "-- table."
- print "-----------------------------"
- print
- print "-- suppose you are no longer interested in the weather of "
- print "-- Hayward, you can do the following to delete those rows from"
- print "-- the table"
- print
- print "DELETE FROM weather WHERE city = 'Hayward'"
- pgcnx.query("DELETE FROM weather WHERE city = 'Hayward'")
- print
- print "SELECT * from weather"
- print
- print pgcnx.query("SELECT * from weather")
- print
- print "-- you can also delete all the rows in a table by doing the "
- print "-- following. (This is different from DROP TABLE which removes "
- print "-- the table in addition to the removing the rows.)"
- print
- print "DELETE FROM weather"
- pgcnx.query("DELETE FROM weather")
- print
- print "SELECT * from weather"
- print pgcnx.query("SELECT * from weather")
- # table removal commands
- def remove_table(pgcnx):
- print "-----------------------------"
- print "-- Removing the tables:"
- print "-- DROP TABLE is used to remove tables. After you have"
- print "-- done this, you can no longer use those tables."
- print "-----------------------------"
- print
- print "DROP TABLE weather, cities, temp"
- pgcnx.query("DROP TABLE weather, cities, temp")
- # main demo function
- def demo(pgcnx):
- create_table(pgcnx)
- wait_key()
- insert_data(pgcnx)
- wait_key()
- select_data1(pgcnx)
- select_data2(pgcnx)
- create_aggregate(pgcnx)
- join_table(pgcnx)
- update_data(pgcnx)
- delete_data(pgcnx)
- remove_table(pgcnx)