create_operator.sgml
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- <refentry id="SQL-CREATEOPERATOR">
- <refmeta>
- <refentrytitle>
- CREATE OPERATOR
- </refentrytitle>
- <refmiscinfo>SQL - Language Statements</refmiscinfo>
- </refmeta>
- <refnamediv>
- <refname>
- CREATE OPERATOR
- </refname>
- <refpurpose>
- Defines a new user operator
- </refpurpose>
- </refnamediv>
- <refsynopsisdiv>
- <refsynopsisdivinfo>
- <date>1999-04-14</date>
- </refsynopsisdivinfo>
- <synopsis>
- CREATE OPERATOR <replaceable>name</replaceable> (
- PROCEDURE = <replaceable class="parameter">func_name</replaceable>
- [, LEFTARG = <replaceable class="parameter">type1</replaceable> ]
- [, RIGHTARG = <replaceable class="parameter">type2</replaceable> ]
- [, COMMUTATOR = <replaceable class="parameter">com_op</replaceable> ]
- [, NEGATOR = <replaceable class="parameter">neg_op</replaceable> ]
- [, RESTRICT = <replaceable class="parameter">res_proc</replaceable> ]
- [, JOIN = <replaceable class="parameter">join_proc</replaceable> ]
- [, HASHES ]
- [, SORT1 = <replaceable class="parameter">left_sort_op</replaceable> ]
- [, SORT2 = <replaceable class="parameter">right_sort_op</replaceable> ]
- )
- </synopsis>
-
- <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-CREATEOPERATOR-1">
- <refsect2info>
- <date>1999-04-14</date>
- </refsect2info>
- <title>
- Inputs
- </title>
- <para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- The operator to be defined. See below for allowable characters.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable class="parameter">func_name</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- The function used to implement this operator.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable class="parameter">type1</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- The type for the left-hand side of the operator, if any. This option would be
- omitted for a right-unary operator.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable class="parameter">type2</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- The type for the right-hand side of the operator, if any. This option would be
- omitted for a left-unary operator.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable class="parameter">com_op</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- The commutator for this operator.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable class="parameter">neg_op</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- The negator of this operator.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable class="parameter">res_proc</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- The restriction selectivity estimator function for this operator.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable class="parameter">join_proc</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- The join selectivity estimator function for this operator.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>HASHES</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- Indicates this operator can support a hash-join algorithm.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable class="parameter">left_sort_op</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- Operator that sorts the left-hand data type of this operator.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable class="parameter">right_sort_op</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- Operator that sorts the right-hand data type of this operator.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </para>
- </refsect2>
- <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-CREATEOPERATOR-2">
- <refsect2info>
- <date>1999-04-14</date>
- </refsect2info>
- <title>
- Outputs
- </title>
- <para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><computeroutput>
- CREATE
- </computeroutput></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- Message returned if the operator is successfully created.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </para>
- </refsect2>
- </refsynopsisdiv>
- <refsect1 id="R1-SQL-CREATEOPERATOR-1">
- <refsect1info>
- <date>1999-04-14</date>
- </refsect1info>
- <title>
- Description
- </title>
- <para>
- <command>CREATE OPERATOR</command> defines a new operator,
- <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable>.
- The user who defines an operator becomes its owner.
- </para>
- <para>
- The operator <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable>
- is a sequence of up to thirty two (32) characters in any combination
- from the following:
- <literallayout>
- + - * / < > = ~ ! @ # % ^ & | ` ? $ :
- </literallayout>
- <note>
- <para>
- No alphabetic characters are allowed in an operator name.
- This enables <productname>Postgres</productname> to parse SQL input
- into tokens without requiring spaces between each token.
- </para>
- </note>
- </para>
- <para>
- The operator "!=" is mapped to "<>" on input, so they are
- therefore equivalent.
- </para>
- <para>
- At least one of LEFTARG and RIGHTARG must be defined. For
- binary operators, both should be defined. For right unary
- operators, only LEFTARG should be defined, while for left
- unary operators only RIGHTARG should be defined.
- </para>
- <para>
- Also, the
- <replaceable class="parameter">func_name</replaceable> procedure must have
- been previously defined using <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command> and must
- be defined to accept the correct number of arguments
- (either one or two).
- </para>
- <para>
- The commutator operator should be identified if one exists,
- so that <productname>Postgres</productname> can
- reverse the order of the operands if it wishes.
- For example, the operator area-less-than, <<<,
- would probably have a commutator
- operator, area-greater-than, >>>.
- Hence, the query optimizer could freely convert:
- <programlisting>
- "0,0,1,1"::box >>> MYBOXES.description
- </programlisting>
- to
- <programlisting>
- MYBOXES.description <<< "0,0,1,1"::box
- </programlisting>
- </para>
- <para>
- This allows the execution code to always use the latter
- representation and simplifies the query optimizer somewhat.
- </para>
- <para>
- Similarly, if there is a negator operator then it should be
- identified.
- Suppose that an
- operator, area-equal, ===, exists, as well as an area not
- equal, !==.
- The negator link allows the query optimizer to simplify
- <programlisting>
- NOT MYBOXES.description === "0,0,1,1"::box
- </programlisting>
- to
- <programlisting>
- MYBOXES.description !== "0,0,1,1"::box
- </programlisting>
- </para>
- <para>
- If a commutator operator name is supplied,
- <productname>Postgres</productname>
- searches for it in the catalog. If it is found and it
- does not yet have a commutator itself, then the commutator's
- entry is updated to have the newly created operator as its
- commutator. This applies to the negator, as well.
- </para>
- <para>
- This is to allow the definition of two operators that are
- the commutators or the negators of each other. The first
- operator should be defined without a commutator or negator
- (as appropriate). When the second operator is defined,
- name the first as the commutator or negator. The first
- will be updated as a side effect. (As of Postgres 6.5,
- it also works to just have both operators refer to each other.)
- </para>
- <para>
- The next three specifications are present to support the
- query optimizer in performing joins.
- <productname>Postgres</productname> can always
- evaluate a join (i.e., processing a clause with two tuple
- variables separated by an operator that returns a boolean)
- by iterative substitution [WONG76].
- In addition, <productname>Postgres</productname>
- can use a hash-join algorithm along
- the lines of [SHAP86]; however, it must know whether this
- strategy is applicable. The current hash-join algorithm
- is only correct for operators that represent equality tests;
- furthermore, equality of the datatype must mean bitwise equality
- of the representation of the type. (For example, a datatype that
- contains unused bits that don't matter for equality tests could
- not be hashjoined.)
- The HASHES flag indicates to the query optimizer that a hash join
- may safely be used with this operator.</para>
- <para>
- Similarly, the two sort operators indicate to the query
- optimizer whether merge-sort is a usable join strategy and
- which operators should be used to sort the two operand
- classes. Sort operators should only be provided for an equality
- operator, and they should refer to less-than operators for the
- left and right side data types respectively.
- </para>
- <para>
- If other join strategies are found to be practical,
- <productname>Postgres</productname>
- will change the optimizer and run-time system to use
- them and will require additional specification when an
- operator is defined. Fortunately, the research community
- invents new join strategies infrequently, and the added
- generality of user-defined join strategies was not felt to
- be worth the complexity involved.
- </para>
- <para>
- The last two pieces of the specification are present so
- the query optimizer can estimate result sizes. If a
- clause of the form:
- <programlisting>
- MYBOXES.description <<< "0,0,1,1"::box
- </programlisting>
- is present in the qualification,
- then <productname>Postgres</productname> may have to
- estimate the fraction of the instances in MYBOXES that
- satisfy the clause. The function
- <replaceable class="parameter">res_proc</replaceable>
- must be a registered function (meaning it is already defined using
- <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command>) which accepts arguments of the correct
- data types and returns a floating point number. The
- query optimizer simply calls this function, passing the
- parameter "0,0,1,1" and multiplies the result by the relation
- size to get the desired expected number of instances.
- </para>
- <para>
- Similarly, when the operands of the operator both contain
- instance variables, the query optimizer must estimate the
- size of the resulting join. The function join_proc will
- return another floating point number which will be multiplied
- by the cardinalities of the two classes involved to
- compute the desired expected result size.
- </para>
- <para>
- The difference between the function
- <programlisting>
- my_procedure_1 (MYBOXES.description, "0,0,1,1"::box)
- </programlisting>
- and the operator
- <programlisting>
- MYBOXES.description === "0,0,1,1"::box
- </programlisting>
- is that <productname>Postgres</productname>
- attempts to optimize operators and can
- decide to use an index to restrict the search space when
- operators are involved. However, there is no attempt to
- optimize functions, and they are performed by brute force.
- Moreover, functions can have any number of arguments while
- operators are restricted to one or two.
- </para>
-
- <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-CREATEOPERATOR-3">
- <refsect2info>
- <date>1999-04-14</date>
- </refsect2info>
- <title>
- Notes
- </title>
- <para>
- Refer to the chapter on operators in the
- <citetitle>PostgreSQL User's Guide</citetitle>
- for further information.
- Refer to <command>DROP OPERATOR</command> to delete
- user-defined operators from a database.
- </para>
- </refsect2>
- </refsect1>
-
- <refsect1 id="R1-SQL-CREATEOPERATOR-2">
- <title>
- Usage
- </title>
- <para>The following command defines a new operator,
- area-equality, for the BOX data type.
- </para>
- <programlisting>
- CREATE OPERATOR === (
- LEFTARG = box,
- RIGHTARG = box,
- PROCEDURE = area_equal_procedure,
- COMMUTATOR = ===,
- NEGATOR = !==,
- RESTRICT = area_restriction_procedure,
- JOIN = area_join_procedure,
- HASHES,
- SORT1 = <<<,
- SORT2 = <<<
- );
- </programlisting>
- </refsect1>
-
- <refsect1 id="R1-SQL-CREATEOPERATOR-3">
- <title>
- Compatibility
- </title>
- <para>
- CREATE OPERATOR is a <productname>Postgres</productname> extension.
- </para>
-
- <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-CREATEOPERATOR-4">
- <refsect2info>
- <date>1999-04-14</date>
- </refsect2info>
- <title>
- SQL92
- </title>
- <para>
- There is no CREATE OPERATOR statement in <acronym>SQL92</acronym>.
- </para>
- </refsect2>
- </refsect1>
- </refentry>
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