README
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- The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public
- License Version 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file
- except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- the License at http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
- Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS
- IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or
- implied. See the License for the specific language governing
- rights and limitations under the License.
- The Original Code is the MPI Arbitrary Precision Integer Arithmetic
- library.
- The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
- Michael J. Fromberger <sting@linguist.dartmouth.edu>
- Portions created by Michael J. Fromberger are
- Copyright (C) 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 Michael J. Fromberger.
- All Rights Reserved.
- Contributor(s):
- Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under the
- terms of the GNU General Public License Version 2 or later (the
- "GPL"), in which case the provisions of the GPL are applicable
- instead of those above. If you wish to allow use of your
- version of this file only under the terms of the GPL and not to
- allow others to use your version of this file under the MPL,
- indicate your decision by deleting the provisions above and
- replace them with the notice and other provisions required by
- the GPL. If you do not delete the provisions above, a recipient
- may use your version of this file under either the MPL or the GPL.
- About the MPI Library
- ---------------------
- The files 'mpi.h' and 'mpi.c' define a simple, arbitrary precision
- signed integer arithmetic package. The implementation is not the most
- efficient possible, but the code is small and should be fairly easily
- portable to just about any machine that supports an ANSI C compiler,
- as long as it is capable of at least 16-bit arithmetic (but also see
- below for more on this).
- This library was written with an eye to cryptographic applications;
- thus, some care is taken to make sure that temporary values are not
- left lying around in memory when they are no longer in use. This adds
- some overhead for zeroing buffers before they are released back into
- the free pool; however, it gives you the assurance that there is only
- one copy of your important values residing in your process's address
- space at a time. Obviously, it is difficult to guarantee anything, in
- a pre-emptive multitasking environment, but this at least helps you
- keep a lid on the more obvious ways your data can get spread around in
- memory.
- Using the Library
- -----------------
- To use the MPI library in your program, you must include the header:
- #include "mpi.h"
- This header provides all the type and function declarations you'll
- need to use the library. Almost all the names defined by the library
- begin with the prefix 'mp_', so it should be easy to keep them from
- clashing with your program's namespace (he says, glibly, knowing full
- well there are always pathological cases).
- There are a few things you may want to configure about the library.
- By default, the MPI library uses an unsigned short for its digit type,
- and an unsigned int for its word type. The word type must be big
- enough to contain at least two digits, for the primitive arithmetic to
- work out. On my machine, a short is 2 bytes and an int is 4 bytes --
- but if you have 64-bit ints, you might want to use a 4-byte digit and
- an 8-byte word. I have tested the library using 1-byte digits and
- 2-byte words, as well. Whatever you choose to do, the things you need
- to change are:
- (1) The type definitions for mp_digit and mp_word.
- (2) The macro DIGIT_FMT which tells mp_print() how to display a
- single digit. This is just a printf() format string, so you
- can adjust it appropriately.
- (3) The macros DIGIT_MAX and MP_WORD_MAX, which specify the
- largest value expressible in an mp_digit and an mp_word,
- respectively.
- Both the mp_digit and mp_word should be UNSIGNED integer types. The
- code relies on having the full positive precision of the type used for
- digits and words.
- The remaining type definitions should be left alone, for the most
- part. The code in the library does not make any significant
- assumptions about the sizes of things, but there is little if any
- reason to change the other parameters, so I would recommend you leave
- them as you found them.
- The library comes with a Perl script, 'types.pl', which will scan your
- current Makefile settings, and attempt to find good definitions for
- these types. It relies on a Unix sort of build environment, so it
- probably won't work under MacOS or Windows, but it can be convenient
- if you're porting to a new flavour of Unix. Just run 'types.pl' at
- the command line, and it will spit out its results to the standard
- output.
- Conventions
- -----------
- Most functions in the library return a value of type mp_err. This
- permits the library to communicate success or various kinds of failure
- to the calling program. The return values currently defined are:
- MP_OKAY - okay, operation succeeded, all's well
- MP_YES - okay, the answer is yes (same as MP_OKAY)
- MP_NO - okay, but answer is no (not MP_OKAY)
- MP_MEM - operation ran out of memory
- MP_RANGE - input parameter was out of range
- MP_BADARG - an invalid input parameter was provided
- MP_UNDEF - no output value is defined for this input
- The only function which currently uses MP_UNDEF is mp_invmod().
- Division by zero is undefined, but the division functions will return
- MP_RANGE for a zero divisor. MP_BADARG usually means you passed a
- bogus mp_int structure to the function. MP_YES and MP_NO are not used
- by the library itself; they're defined so you can use them in your own
- extensions.
- If you need a readable interpretation of these error codes in your
- program, you may also use the mp_strerror() function. This function
- takes an mp_err as input, and returns a pointer to a human-readable
- string describing the meaning of the error. These strings are stored
- as constants within the library, so the caller should not attempt to
- modify or free the memory associated with these strings.
- The library represents values in signed-magnitude format. Values
- strictly less than zero are negative, all others are considered
- positive (zero is positive by fiat). You can access the 'sign' member
- of the mp_int structure directly, but better is to use the mp_cmp_z()
- function, to find out which side of zero the value lies on.
- Most arithmetic functions have a single-digit variant, as well as the
- full arbitrary-precision. An mp_digit is an unsigned value between 0
- and DIGIT_MAX inclusive. The radix is available as RADIX. The number
- of bits in a given digit is given as DIGIT_BIT.
- Generally, input parameters are given before output parameters.
- Unless otherwise specified, any input parameter can be re-used as an
- output parameter, without confusing anything.
- The basic numeric type defined by the library is an mp_int. Virtually
- all the functions in the library take a pointer to an mp_int as one of
- their parameters. An explanation of how to create and use these
- <HR>
- <A NAME="p23">
- <H3>Problem 23:</H3>
- structures follows. And so, without further ado...
- Initialization and Cleanup
- --------------------------
- The basic numeric type defined by the library is an 'mp_int'.
- However, it is not sufficient to simply declare a variable of type
- mp_int in your program. These variables also need to be initialized
- before they can be used, to allocate the internal storage they require
- for computation.
- This is done using one of the following functions:
- mp_init(mp_int *mp);
- mp_init_copy(mp_int *mp, mp_int *from);
- mp_init_size(mp_int *mp, mp_size p);
- Each of these requires a pointer to a structure of type mp_int. The
- basic mp_init() simply initializes the mp_int to a default size, and
- sets its value to zero. If you would like to initialize a copy of an
- existing mp_int, use mp_init_copy(), where the 'from' parameter is the
- mp_int you'd like to make a copy of. The third function,
- mp_init_size(), permits you to specify how many digits of precision
- should be preallocated for your mp_int. This can help the library
- avoid unnecessary re-allocations later on.
- The default precision used by mp_init() can be retrieved using:
- precision = mp_get_prec();
- This returns the number of digits that will be allocated. You can
- change this value by using:
- mp_set_prec(unsigned int prec);
- Any positive value is acceptable -- if you pass zero, the default
- precision will be re-set to the compiled-in library default (this is
- specified in the header file 'mpi-config.h', and typically defaults to
- 8 or 16).
- Just as you must allocate an mp_int before you can use it, you must
- clean up the structure when you are done with it. This is performed
- using the mp_clear() function. Remember that any mp_int that you
- create as a local variable in a function must be mp_clear()'d before
- that function exits, or else the memory allocated to that mp_int will
- be orphaned and unrecoverable.
- To set an mp_int to a given value, the following functions are given:
- mp_set(mp_int *mp, mp_digit d);
- mp_set_int(mp_int *mp, long z);
- The mp_set() function sets the mp_int to a single digit value, while
- mp_set_int() sets the mp_int to a signed long integer value.
- To set an mp_int to zero, use:
- mp_zero(mp_int *mp);
- Copying and Moving
- ------------------
- If you have two initialized mp_int's, and you want to copy the value
- of one into the other, use:
- mp_copy(from, to)
- This takes care of clearing the old value of 'to', and copies the new
- value into it. If 'to' is not yet initialized, use mp_init_copy()
- instead (see above).
- Note: The library tries, whenever possible, to avoid allocating
- ---- new memory. Thus, mp_copy() tries first to satisfy the needs
- of the copy by re-using the memory already allocated to 'to'.
- Only if this proves insufficient will mp_copy() actually
- allocate new memory.
- For this reason, if you know a priori that 'to' has enough
- available space to hold 'from', you don't need to check the
- return value of mp_copy() for memory failure. The USED()
- macro tells you how many digits are used by an mp_int, and
- the ALLOC() macro tells you how many are allocated.
- If you have two initialized mp_int's, and you want to exchange their
- values, use:
- mp_exch(a, b)
- This is better than using mp_copy() with a temporary, since it will
- not (ever) touch the memory allocator -- it just swaps the exact
- contents of the two structures. The mp_exch() function cannot fail;
- if you pass it an invalid structure, it just ignores it, and does
- nothing.
- Basic Arithmetic
- ----------------
- Once you have initialized your integers, you can operate on them. The
- basic arithmetic functions on full mp_int values are:
- mp_add(a, b, c) - computes c = a + b
- mp_sub(a, b, c) - computes c = a - b
- mp_mul(a, b, c) - computes c = a * b
- mp_sqr(a, b) - computes b = a * a
- mp_div(a, b, q, r) - computes q, r such that a = bq + r
- mp_div_2d(a, d, q, r) - computes q = a / 2^d, r = a % 2^d
- mp_expt(a, b, c) - computes c = a ** b
- mp_2expt(a, k) - computes a = 2^k
- mp_sqrt(a, c) - computes c = floor(sqrt(a))
- The mp_div_2d() function efficiently computes division by powers of
- two. Either the q or r parameter may be NULL, in which case that
- portion of the computation will be discarded.
- The algorithms used for some of the computations here are described in
- the following files which are included with this distribution:
- mul.txt Describes the multiplication algorithm
- div.txt Describes the division algorithm
- expt.txt Describes the exponentiation algorithm
- sqrt.txt Describes the square-root algorithm
- square.txt Describes the squaring algorithm
- There are single-digit versions of most of these routines, as well.
- In the following prototypes, 'd' is a single mp_digit:
- mp_add_d(a, d, c) - computes c = a + d
- mp_sub_d(a, d, c) - computes c = a - d
- mp_mul_d(a, d, c) - computes c = a * d
- mp_mul_2(a, c) - computes c = a * 2
- mp_div_d(a, d, q, r) - computes q, r such that a = bq + r
- mp_div_2(a, c) - computes c = a / 2
- mp_expt_d(a, d, c) - computes c = a ** d
- The mp_mul_2() and mp_div_2() functions take advantage of the internal
- representation of an mp_int to do multiplication by two more quickly
- than mp_mul_d() would. Other basic functions of an arithmetic variety
- include:
- mp_zero(a) - assign 0 to a
- mp_neg(a, c) - negate a: c = -a
- mp_abs(a, c) - absolute value: c = |a|
- Comparisons
- -----------
- Several comparison functions are provided. Each of these, unless
- otherwise specified, returns zero if the comparands are equal, < 0 if
- the first is less than the second, and > 0 if the first is greater
- than the second:
- mp_cmp_z(a) - compare a <=> 0
- mp_cmp_d(a, d) - compare a <=> d, d is a single digit
- mp_cmp(a, b) - compare a <=> b
- mp_cmp_mag(a, b) - compare |a| <=> |b|
- mp_cmp_int(a, z) - compare a <=> z, z is a signed long integer
- mp_isodd(a) - return nonzero if odd, zero otherwise
- mp_iseven(a) - return nonzero if even, zero otherwise
- Modular Arithmetic
- ------------------
- Modular variations of the basic arithmetic functions are also
- supported. These are available if the MP_MODARITH parameter in
- mpi-config.h is turned on (it is by default). The modular arithmetic
- functions are:
- mp_mod(a, m, c) - compute c = a (mod m), 0 <= c < m
- mp_mod_d(a, d, c) - compute c = a (mod d), 0 <= c < d (see below)
- mp_addmod(a, b, m, c) - compute c = (a + b) mod m
- mp_submod(a, b, m, c) - compute c = (a - b) mod m
- mp_mulmod(a, b, m, c) - compute c = (a * b) mod m
- mp_sqrmod(a, m, c) - compute c = (a * a) mod m
- mp_exptmod(a, b, m, c) - compute c = (a ** b) mod m
- mp_exptmod_d(a, d, m, c)- compute c = (a ** d) mod m
- The mp_sqr() function squares its input argument. A call to mp_sqr(a,
- c) is identical in meaning to mp_mul(a, a, c); however, if the
- MP_SQUARE variable is set true in mpi-config.h (see below), then it
- will be implemented with a different algorithm, that is supposed to
- take advantage of the redundant computation that takes place during
- squaring. Unfortunately, some compilers result in worse performance
- on this code, so you can change the behaviour at will. There is a
- utility program "mulsqr.c" that lets you test which does better on
- your system.
- The mp_sqrmod() function is analogous to the mp_sqr() function; it
- uses the mp_sqr() function rather than mp_mul(), and then performs the
- modular reduction. This probably won't help much unless you are doing
- a lot of them.
- See the file 'square.txt' for a synopsis of the algorithm used.
- Note: The mp_mod_d() function computes a modular reduction around
- ---- a single digit d. The result is a single digit c.
- Because an inverse is defined for a (mod m) if and only if (a, m) = 1
- (that is, if a and m are relatively prime), mp_invmod() may not be
- able to compute an inverse for the arguments. In this case, it
- returns the value MP_UNDEF, and does not modify c. If an inverse is
- defined, however, it returns MP_OKAY, and sets c to the value of the
- inverse (mod m).
- See the file 'redux.txt' for a description of the modular reduction
- algorithm used by mp_exptmod().
- Greatest Common Divisor
- -----------------------
- If The greates common divisor of two values can be found using one of the
- following functions:
- mp_gcd(a, b, c) - compute c = (a, b) using binary algorithm
- mp_lcm(a, b, c) - compute c = [a, b] = ab / (a, b)
- mp_xgcd(a, b, g, x, y) - compute g, x, y so that ax + by = g = (a, b)
- Also provided is a function to compute modular inverses, if they
- exist:
- mp_invmod(a, m, c) - compute c = a^-1 (mod m), if it exists
- The function mp_xgcd() computes the greatest common divisor, and also
- returns values of x and y satisfying Bezout's identity. This is used
- by mp_invmod() to find modular inverses. However, if you do not need
- these values, you will find that mp_gcd() is MUCH more efficient,
- since it doesn't need all the intermediate values that mp_xgcd()
- requires in order to compute x and y.
- The mp_gcd() (and mp_xgcd()) functions use the binary (extended) GCD
- algorithm due to Josef Stein.
- Input & Output Functions
- ------------------------
- The following basic I/O routines are provided. These are present at
- all times:
- mp_read_radix(mp, str, r) - convert a string in radix r to an mp_int
- mp_read_raw(mp, s, len) - convert a string of bytes to an mp_int
- mp_radix_size(mp, r) - return length of buffer needed by mp_toradix()
- mp_raw_size(mp) - return length of buffer needed by mp_toraw()
- mp_toradix(mp, str, r) - convert an mp_int to a string of radix r
- digits
- mp_toraw(mp, str) - convert an mp_int to a string of bytes
- mp_tovalue(ch, r) - convert ch to its value when taken as
- a radix r digit, or -1 if invalid
- mp_strerror(err) - get a string describing mp_err value 'err'
- If you compile the MPI library with MP_IOFUNC defined, you will also
- have access to the following additional I/O function:
- mp_print(mp, ofp) - print an mp_int as text to output stream ofp
- Note that mp_radix_size() returns a size in bytes guaranteed to be AT
- LEAST big enough for the digits output by mp_toradix(). Because it
- uses an approximation technique to figure out how many digits will be
- needed, it may return a figure which is larger than necessary. Thus,
- the caller should not rely on the value to determine how many bytes
- will actually be written by mp_toradix(). The string mp_toradix()
- creates will be NUL terminated, so the standard C library function
- strlen() should be able to ascertain this for you, if you need it.
- The mp_read_radix() and mp_toradix() functions support bases from 2 to
- 64 inclusive. If you require more general radix conversion facilities
- than this, you will need to write them yourself (that's why mp_div_d()
- is provided, after all).
- Note: mp_read_radix() will accept as digits either capital or
- ---- lower-case letters. However, the current implementation of
- mp_toradix() only outputs upper-case letters, when writing
- bases betwee 10 and 36. The underlying code supports using
- lower-case letters, but the interface stub does not have a
- selector for it. You can add one yourself if you think it
- is worthwhile -- I do not. Bases from 36 to 64 use lower-
- case letters as distinct from upper-case. Bases 63 and
- 64 use the characters '+' and '/' as digits.
- Note also that compiling with MP_IOFUNC defined will cause
- inclusion of <stdio.h>, so if you are trying to write code
- which does not depend on the standard C library, you will
- probably want to avoid this option. This is needed because
- the mp_print() function takes a standard library FILE * as
- one of its parameters, and uses the fprintf() function.
- The mp_toraw() function converts the integer to a sequence of bytes,
- in big-endian ordering (most-significant byte first). Assuming your
- bytes are 8 bits wide, this corresponds to base 256. The sign is
- encoded as a single leading byte, whose value is 0 for zero or
- positive values, or 1 for negative values. The mp_read_raw() function
- reverses this process -- it takes a buffer of bytes, interprets the
- first as a sign indicator (0 = zero/positive, nonzero = negative), and
- the rest as a sequence of 1-byte digits in big-endian ordering.
- The mp_raw_size() function returns the exact number of bytes required
- to store the given integer in "raw" format (as described in the
- previous paragraph). Zero is returned in case of error; a valid
- integer will require at least three bytes of storage.
- In previous versions of the MPI library, an "external representation
- format" was supported. This was removed, however, because I found I
- was never using it, it was not as portable as I would have liked, and
- I decided it was a waste of space.
- Other Functions
- ---------------
- The files 'mpprime.h' and 'mpprime.c' define some routines which are
- useful for divisibility testing and probabilistic primality testing.
- The routines defined are:
- mpp_divis(a, b) - is a divisible by b?
- mpp_divis_d(a, d) - is a divisible by digit d?
- mpp_random(a) - set a to random value at current precision
- mpp_random_size(a, prec) - set a to random value at given precision
- Note: The mpp_random() and mpp_random_size() functions use the C
- ---- library's rand() function to generate random values. It is
- up to the caller to seed this generator before it is called.
- These functions are not suitable for generating quantities
- requiring cryptographic-quality randomness; they are intended
- primarily for use in primality testing.
- Note too that the MPI library does not call srand(), so your
- application should do this, if you ever want the sequence
- to change.
- mpp_divis_vector(a, v, s, w) - is a divisible by any of the s digits
- in v? If so, let w be the index of
- that digit
- mpp_divis_primes(a, np) - is a divisible by any of the first np
- primes? If so, set np to the prime
- which divided a.
- mpp_fermat(a, d) - test if w^a = w (mod a). If so,
- returns MP_YES, otherwise MP_NO.
- mpp_pprime(a, nt) - perform nt iterations of the Rabin-
- Miller probabilistic primality test
- on a. Returns MP_YES if all tests
- passed, or MP_NO if any test fails.
- The mpp_fermat() function works based on Fermat's little theorem, a
- consequence of which is that if p is a prime, and (w, p) = 1, then:
- w^p = w (mod p)
- Put another way, if w^p != w (mod p), then p is not prime. The test
- is expensive to compute, but it helps to quickly eliminate an enormous
- class of composite numbers prior to Rabin-Miller testing.
- Building the Library
- --------------------
- The MPI library is designed to be as self-contained as possible. You
- should be able to compile it with your favourite ANSI C compiler, and
- link it into your program directly. If you are on a Unix system using
- the GNU C compiler (gcc), the following should work:
- % gcc -ansi -pedantic -Wall -O2 -c mpi.c
- The file 'mpi-config.h' defines several configurable parameters for
- the library, which you can adjust to suit your application. At the
- time of this writing, the available options are:
- MP_IOFUNC - Define true to include the mp_print() function,
- which is moderately useful for debugging. This
- implicitly includes <stdio.h>.
- MP_MODARITH - Define true to include the modular arithmetic
- functions. If you don't need modular arithmetic
- in your application, you can set this to zero to
- leave out all the modular routines.
- MP_NUMTH - Define true to include number theoretic functions
- such as mp_gcd(), mp_lcm(), and mp_invmod().
- MP_LOGTAB - If true, the file "logtab.h" is included, which
- is basically a static table of base 2 logarithms.
- These are used to compute how big the buffers for
- radix conversion need to be. If you set this false,
- the library includes <math.h> and uses log(). This
- typically forces you to link against math libraries.
- MP_MEMSET - If true, use memset() to zero buffers. If you run
- into weird alignment related bugs, set this to zero
- and an explicit loop will be used.
- MP_MEMCPY - If true, use memcpy() to copy buffers. If you run
- into weird alignment bugs, set this to zero and an
- explicit loop will be used.
- MP_CRYPTO - If true, whenever arrays of digits are free'd, they
- are zeroed first. This is useful if you're using
- the library in a cryptographic environment; however,
- it does add overhead to each free operation. For
- performance, if you don't care about zeroing your
- buffers, set this to false.
- MP_ARGCHK - Set to 0, 1, or 2. This defines how the argument
- checking macro, ARGCHK(), gets expanded. If this
- is set to zero, ARGCHK() expands to nothing; no
- argument checks are performed. If this is 1, the
- ARGCHK() macro expands to code that returns MP_BADARG
- or similar at runtime. If it is 2, ARGCHK() expands
- to an assert() call that aborts the program on a
- bad input.
- MP_DEBUG - Turns on debugging output. This is probably not at
- all useful unless you are debugging the library. It
- tends to spit out a LOT of output.
- MP_DEFPREC - The default precision of a newly-created mp_int, in
- digits. The precision can be changed at runtime by
- the mp_set_prec() function, but this is its initial
- value.
- MP_SQUARE - If this is set to a nonzero value, the mp_sqr()
- function will use an alternate algorithm that takes
- advantage of the redundant inner product computation
- when both multiplicands are identical. Unfortunately,
- with some compilers this is actually SLOWER than just
- calling mp_mul() with the same argument twice. So
- if you set MP_SQUARE to zero, mp_sqr() will be expan-
- ded into a call to mp_mul(). This applies to all
- the uses of mp_sqr(), including mp_sqrmod() and the
- internal calls to s_mp_sqr() inside mpi.c
- The program 'mulsqr' (mulsqr.c) can be used to test
- which works best for your configuration. Set up the
- CC and CFLAGS variables in the Makefile, then type:
- make mulsqr
- Invoke it with arguments similar to the following:
- mulsqr 25000 1024
- That is, 25000 products computed on 1024-bit values.
- The output will compare the two timings, and recommend
- a setting for MP_SQUARE. It is off by default.
- If you would like to use the mp_print() function (see above), be sure
- to define MP_IOFUNC in mpi-config.h. Many of the test drivers in the
- 'tests' subdirectory expect this to be defined (although the test
- driver 'mpi-test' doesn't need it)
- The Makefile which comes with the library should take care of building
- the library for you, if you have set the CC and CFLAGS variables at
- the top of the file appropriately. By default, they are set up to
- use the GNU C compiler:
- CC=gcc
- CFLAGS=-ansi -pedantic -Wall -O2
- If all goes well, the library should compile without warnings using
- this combination. You should, of course, make whatever adjustments
- you find necessary.
- The MPI library distribution comes with several additional programs
- which are intended to demonstrate the use of the library, and provide
- a framework for testing it. There are a handful of test driver
- programs, in the files named 'mptest-X.c', where X is a digit. Also,
- there are some simple command-line utilities (in the 'utils'
- directory) for manipulating large numbers. These include:
- basecvt.c A radix-conversion program, supporting bases from
- 2 to 64 inclusive.
- bbsrand.c A BBS (quadratic residue) pseudo-random number
- generator. The file 'bbsrand.c' is just the driver
- for the program; the real code lives in the files
- 'bbs_rand.h' and 'bbs_rand.c'
- dec2hex.c Converts decimal to hexadecimal
- gcd.c Computes the greatest common divisor of two values.
- If invoked as 'xgcd', also computes constants x and
- y such that (a, b) = ax + by, in accordance with
- Bezout's identity.
- hex2dec.c Converts hexadecimal to decimal
- invmod.c Computes modular inverses
- isprime.c Performs the Rabin-Miller probabilistic primality
- test on a number. Values which fail this test are
- definitely composite, and those which pass are very
- likely to be prime (although there are no guarantees)
- lap.c Computes the order (least annihilating power) of
- a value v modulo m. Very dumb algorithm.
- primegen.c Generates large (probable) primes.
- prng.c A pseudo-random number generator based on the
- BBS generator code in 'bbs_rand.c'
- sieve.c Implements the Sieve of Eratosthenes, using a big
- bitmap, to generate a list of prime numbers.
- fact.c Computes the factorial of an arbitrary precision
- integer (iterative).
- exptmod.c Computes arbitrary precision modular exponentiation
- from the command line (exptmod a b m -> a^b (mod m))
- Most of these can be built from the Makefile that comes with the
- library. Try 'make tools', if your environment supports it. (If you
- are compiling on a Macintosh, I'm afraid you'll have to build them by
- hand -- fortunately, this is not difficult -- the library itself
- should compile just fine under Metrowerks CodeWarrior).
- Testing the Library
- -------------------
- Automatic test vectors are included, in the form of a program called
- 'mpi-test'. To build this program and run all the tests, simply
- invoke the shell script 'all-tests'. If all the tests pass, you
- should see a message:
- All tests passed
- If something went wrong, you'll get:
- One or more tests failed.
- If this happens, scan back through the preceding lines, to see which
- test failed. Any failure indicates a bug in the library, which needs
- to be fixed before it will give accurate results. If you get any such
- thing, please let me know, and I'll try to fix it. Please let me know
- what platform and compiler you were using, as well as which test
- failed. If a reason for failure was given, please send me that text
- as well.
- If you're on a system such as the Macintosh, where the standard Unix
- build tools don't work, you can build the 'mpi-test' program manually,
- and run it by hand. This is tedious and obnoxious, sorry.
- Further manual testing can be performed by building the manual testing
- programs, whose source is found in the 'tests' subdirectory. Each
- test is in a source file called 'mptest-X.c'. The Makefile contains a
- target to build all of them at once:
- make tests
- Read the comments at the top of each source file to see what the
- driver is supposed to test. You probably don't need to do this; these
- programs were only written to help me as I was developing the library.
- The relevant files are:
- mpi-test.c The source for the test driver
- make-test-arrays A Perl script to generate some of the internal
- data structures used by mpi-test.c
- test-arrays.txt The source file for make-test-arrays
- all-tests A Bourne shell script which runs all the
- tests in the mpi-test suite
- Running 'make mpi-test' should build the mpi-test program. If you
- cannot use make, here is what needs to be done:
- (1) Use 'make-test-arrays' to generate the file 'test-info.c' from
- the 'test-arrays.txt' file. Since Perl can be found everywhere,
- even on the Macintosh, this should be no trouble. Under Unix,
- this looks like:
- make-test-arrays test-arrays.txt > test-info.c
- (2) Build the MPI library:
- gcc -ansi -pedantic -Wall -c mpi.c
- (3) Build the mpi-test program:
- gcc -ansi -pedantic -Wall -o mpi-test mpi.o mpi-test.c
- When you've got mpi-test, you can use 'all-tests' to run all the tests
- made available by mpi-test. If any of them fail, there should be a
- diagnostic indicating what went wrong. These are fairly high-level
- diagnostics, and won't really help you debug the problem; they're
- simply intended to help you isolate which function caused the problem.
- If you encounter a problem of this sort, feel free to e-mail me, and I
- will certainly attempt to help you debug it.
- Note: Several of the tests hard-wired into 'mpi-test' operate under
- ---- the assumption that you are using at least a 16-bit mp_digit
- type. If that is not true, several tests might fail, because
- of range problems with the maximum digit value.
- If you are using an 8-bit digit, you will also need to
- modify the code for mp_read_raw(), which assumes that
- multiplication by 256 can be done with mp_mul_d(), a
- fact that fails when DIGIT_MAX is 255. You can replace
- the call with s_mp_lshd(), which will give you the same
- effect, and without doing as much work. :)
- Acknowledgements:
- ----------------
- The algorithms used in this library were drawn primarily from Volume
- 2 of Donald Knuth's magnum opus, _The Art of Computer Programming_,
- "Semi-Numerical Methods". Barrett's algorithm for modular reduction
- came from Menezes, Oorschot, and Vanstone's _Handbook of Applied
- Cryptography_, Chapter 14.
- Thanks are due to Tom St. Denis, for finding an obnoxious sign-related
- bug in mp_read_raw() that made things break on platforms which use
- signed chars.
- About the Author
- ----------------
- This software was written by Michael J. Fromberger. You can contact
- the author as follows:
- E-mail: <sting@linguist.dartmouth.edu>
- Postal: 8000 Cummings Hall, Thayer School of Engineering
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- PGP key: http://linguist.dartmouth.edu/~sting/keys/mjf.html
- 9736 188B 5AFA 23D6 D6AA BE0D 5856 4525 289D 9907
- Last updated: 16-Jan-2000