sbus_drivers.txt
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- Writing SBUS Drivers
- David S. Miller (davem@redhat.com)
- The SBUS driver interfaces of the Linux kernel have been
- revamped completely for 2.4.x for several reasons. Foremost were
- performance and complexity concerns. This document details these
- new interfaces and how they are used to write an SBUS device driver.
- SBUS drivers need to include <asm/sbus.h> to get access
- to functions and structures described here.
- Probing and Detection
- Each SBUS device inside the machine is described by a
- structure called "struct sbus_dev". Likewise, each SBUS bus
- found in the system is described by a "struct sbus_bus". For
- each SBUS bus, the devices underneath are hung in a tree-like
- fashion off of the bus structure.
- The SBUS device structure contains enough information
- for you to implement your device probing algorithm and obtain
- the bits necessary to run your device. The most commonly
- used members of this structure, and their typical usage,
- will be detailed below.
- Here is how probing is performed by an SBUS driver
- under Linux:
- static void init_one_mydevice(struct sbus_dev *sdev)
- {
- ...
- }
- static int mydevice_match(struct sbus_dev *sdev)
- {
- if (some_criteria(sdev))
- return 1;
- return 0;
- }
- static void mydevice_probe(void)
- {
- struct sbus_bus *sbus;
- struct sbus_dev *sdev;
- for_each_sbus(sbus) {
- for_each_sbusdev(sdev, sbus) {
- if (mydevice_match(sdev))
- init_one_mydevice(sdev);
- }
- }
- }
- All this does is walk through all SBUS devices in the
- system, checks each to see if it is of the type which
- your driver is written for, and if so it calls the init
- routine to attach the device and prepare to drive it.
- "init_one_mydevice" might do things like allocate software
- state structures, map in I/O registers, place the hardware
- into an initialized state, etc.
- Mapping and Accessing I/O Registers
- Each SBUS device structure contains an array of descriptors
- which describe each register set. We abuse struct resource for that.
- They each correspond to the "reg" properties provided by the OBP firmware.
- Before you can access your device's registers you must map
- them. And later if you wish to shutdown your driver (for module
- unload or similar) you must unmap them. You must treat them as
- a resource, which you allocate (map) before using and free up
- (unmap) when you are done with it.
- The mapping information is stored in an opaque value
- typed as an "unsigned long". This is the type of the return value
- of the mapping interface, and the arguments to the unmapping
- interface. Let's say you want to map the first set of registers.
- Perhaps part of your driver software state structure looks like:
- struct mydevice {
- unsigned long control_regs;
- ...
- struct sbus_dev *sdev;
- ...
- };
- At initialization time you then use the sbus_ioremap
- interface to map in your registers, like so:
- static void init_one_mydevice(struct sbus_dev *sdev)
- {
- struct mydevice *mp;
- ...
- mp->control_regs = sbus_ioremap(&sdev->resource[0], 0,
- CONTROL_REGS_SIZE, "mydevice regs");
- if (!mp->control_regs) {
- /* Failure, cleanup and return. */
- }
- }
- Second argument to sbus_ioremap is an offset for
- cranky devices with broken OBP PROM. The sbus_ioremap uses only
- a start address and flags from the resource structure.
- Therefore it is possible to use the same resource to map
- several sets of registers or even to fabricate a resource
- structure if driver gets physical address from some private place.
- This practice is discouraged though. Use whatever OBP PROM
- provided to you.
- And here is how you might unmap these registers later at
- driver shutdown or module unload time, using the sbus_iounmap
- interface:
- static void mydevice_unmap_regs(struct mydevice *mp)
- {
- sbus_iounmap(mp->control_regs, CONTROL_REGS_SIZE);
- }
- Finally, to actually access your registers there are 6
- interface routines at your disposal. Accesses are byte (8 bit),
- word (16 bit), or longword (32 bit) sized. Here they are:
- u8 sbus_readb(unsigned long reg) /* read byte */
- u16 sbus_readw(unsigned long reg) /* read word */
- u32 sbus_readl(unsigned long reg) /* read longword */
- void sbus_writeb(u8 value, unsigned long reg) /* write byte */
- void sbus_writew(u16 value, unsigned long reg) /* write word */
- void sbus_writel(u32 value, unsigned long reg) /* write longword */
- So, let's say your device has a control register of some sort
- at offset zero. The following might implement resetting your device:
- #define CONTROL 0x00UL
- #define CONTROL_RESET 0x00000001 /* Reset hardware */
- static void mydevice_reset(struct mydevice *mp)
- {
- sbus_writel(CONTROL_RESET, mp->regs + CONTROL);
- }
- Or perhaps there is a data port register at an offset of
- 16 bytes which allows you to read bytes from a fifo in the device:
- #define DATA 0x10UL
- static u8 mydevice_get_byte(struct mydevice *mp)
- {
- return sbus_readb(mp->regs + DATA);
- }
- It's pretty straightforward, and clueful readers may have
- noticed that these interfaces mimick the PCI interfaces of the
- Linux kernel. This was not by accident.
- WARNING:
- DO NOT try to treat these opaque register mapping
- values as a memory mapped pointer to some structure
- which you can dereference.
- It may be memory mapped, it may not be. In fact it
- could be a physical address, or it could be the time
- of day xor'd with 0xdeadbeef. :-)
- Whatever it is, it's an implementation detail. The
- interface was done this way to shield the driver
- author from such complexities.
- Doing DVMA
- SBUS devices can perform DMA transactions in a way similar
- to PCI but dissimilar to ISA, e.g. DMA masters supply address.
- In contrast to PCI, however, that address (a bus address) is
- translated by IOMMU before a memory access is performed and therefore
- it is virtual. Sun calls this procedure DVMA.
- Linux supports two styles of using SBUS DVMA: "consistent memory"
- and "streaming DVMA". CPU view of consistent memory chunk is, well,
- consistent with a view of a device. Think of it as an uncached memory.
- Typically this way of doing DVMA is not very fast and drivers use it
- mostly for control blocks or queues. On some CPUs we cannot flush or
- invalidate individual pages or cache lines and doing explicit flushing
- over ever little byte in every control block would be wasteful.
- Streaming DVMA is a preferred way to transfer large amounts of data.
- This process works in the following way:
- 1. a CPU stops accessing a certain part of memory,
- flushes its caches covering that memory;
- 2. a device does DVMA accesses, then posts an interrupt;
- 3. CPU invalidates its caches and starts to access the memory.
- A single streaming DVMA operation can touch several discontiguous
- regions of a virtual bus address space. This is called a scatter-gather
- DVMA.
- [TBD: Why do not we neither Solaris attempt to map disjoint pages
- into a single virtual chunk with the help of IOMMU, so that non SG
- DVMA masters would do SG? It'd be very helpful for RAID.]
- In order to perform a consistent DVMA a driver does something
- like the following:
- char *mem; /* Address in the CPU space */
- u32 busa; /* Address in the SBus space */
- mem = (char *) sbus_alloc_consistant(sdev, MYMEMSIZE, &busa);
- Then mem is used when CPU accesses this memory and u32
- is fed to the device so that it can do DVMA. This is typically
- done with an sbus_writel() into some device register.
- Do not forget to free the DVMA resources once you are done:
- sbus_free_consistant(sdev, MYMEMSIZE, mem, busa);
- Streaming DVMA is more interesting. First you allocate some
- memory suitable for it or pin down some user pages. Then it all works
- like this:
- char *mem = argumen1;
- unsigned int size = argument2;
- u32 busa; /* Address in the SBus space */
- *mem = 1; /* CPU can access */
- busa = sbus_map_single(sdev, mem, size);
- if (busa == 0) .......
- /* Tell the device to use busa here */
- /* CPU cannot access the memory without sbus_dma_sync_single() */
- sbus_unmap_single(sdev, busa, size);
- if (*mem == 0) .... /* CPU can access again */
- It is possible to retain mappings and ask the device to
- access data again and again without calling sbus_unmap_single.
- However, CPU caches must be invalidated with sbus_dma_sync_single
- before such access.
- [TBD but what about writeback caches here... do we have any?]
- There is an equivalent set of functions doing the same thing
- only with several memory segments at once for devices capable of
- scatter-gather transfers. Use the Source, Luke.
- Examples
- drivers/net/sunhme.c
- This is a complicated driver which illustrates many concepts
- discussed above and plus it handles both PCI and SBUS boards.
- drivers/scsi/esp.c
- Check it out for scatter-gather DVMA.
- drivers/sbus/char/bpp.c
- A non-DVMA device.
- drivers/net/sunlance.c
- Lance driver abuses consistent mappings for data transfer.
- It is a nifty trick which we do not particularly recommend...
- Just check it out and know that it's legal.
- Bad examples, do NOT use
- drivers/video/cgsix.c
- This one uses result of sbus_ioremap as if it is an address.
- This does NOT work on sparc64 and therefore is broken. We will
- convert it at a later date.