pci.txt
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- How To Write Linux PCI Drivers
- by Martin Mares <mj@ucw.cz> on 07-Feb-2000
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- The world of PCI is vast and it's full of (mostly unpleasant) surprises.
- Different PCI devices have different requirements and different bugs --
- because of this, the PCI support layer in Linux kernel is not as trivial
- as one would wish. This short pamphlet tries to help all potential driver
- authors to find their way through the deep forests of PCI handling.
- 0. Structure of PCI drivers
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- There exist two kinds of PCI drivers: new-style ones (which leave most of
- probing for devices to the PCI layer and support online insertion and removal
- of devices [thus supporting PCI, hot-pluggable PCI and CardBus in single
- driver]) and old-style ones which just do all the probing themselves. Unless
- you have a very good reason to do so, please don't use the old way of probing
- in any new code. After the driver finds the devices it wishes to operate
- on (either the old or the new way), it needs to perform the following steps:
- Enable the device
- Access device configuration space
- Discover resources (addresses and IRQ numbers) provided by the device
- Allocate these resources
- Communicate with the device
- Most of these topics are covered by the following sections, for the rest
- look at <linux/pci.h>, it's hopefully well commented.
- If the PCI subsystem is not configured (CONFIG_PCI is not set), most of
- the functions described below are defined as inline functions either completely
- empty or just returning an appropriate error codes to avoid lots of ifdefs
- in the drivers.
- 1. New-style drivers
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- The new-style drivers just call pci_register_driver during their initialization
- with a pointer to a structure describing the driver (struct pci_driver) which
- contains:
- name Name of the driver
- id_table Pointer to table of device ID's the driver is
- interested in. Most drivers should export this
- table using MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(pci,...).
- Set to NULL to call probe() function for every
- PCI device known to the system.
- probe Pointer to a probing function which gets called (during
- execution of pci_register_driver for already existing
- devices or later if a new device gets inserted) for all
- PCI devices which match the ID table and are not handled
- by the other drivers yet. This function gets passed a pointer
- to the pci_dev structure representing the device and also
- which entry in the ID table did the device match. It returns
- zero when the driver has accepted the device or an error
- code (negative number) otherwise. This function always gets
- called from process context, so it can sleep.
- remove Pointer to a function which gets called whenever a device
- being handled by this driver is removed (either during
- deregistration of the driver or when it's manually pulled
- out of a hot-pluggable slot). This function always gets
- called from process context, so it can sleep.
- save_state Save a device's state before it's suspend.
- suspend Put device into low power state.
- resume Wake device from low power state.
- enable_wake Enable device to generate wake events from a low power state.
- (Please see Documentation/power/pci.txt for descriptions
- of PCI Power Management and the related functions)
- The ID table is an array of struct pci_device_id ending with a all-zero entry.
- Each entry consists of:
- vendor, device Vendor and device ID to match (or PCI_ANY_ID)
- subvendor, Subsystem vendor and device ID to match (or PCI_ANY_ID)
- subdevice
- class, Device class to match. The class_mask tells which bits
- class_mask of the class are honored during the comparison.
- driver_data Data private to the driver.
- When the driver exits, it just calls pci_unregister_driver() and the PCI layer
- automatically calls the remove hook for all devices handled by the driver.
- Please mark the initialization and cleanup functions where appropriate
- (the corresponding macros are defined in <linux/init.h>):
- __init Initialization code. Thrown away after the driver
- initializes.
- __exit Exit code. Ignored for non-modular drivers.
- __devinit Device initialization code. Identical to __init if
- the kernel is not compiled with CONFIG_HOTPLUG, normal
- function otherwise.
- __devexit The same for __exit.
- Tips:
- The module_init()/module_exit() functions (and all initialization
- functions called only from these) should be marked __init/exit.
- The struct pci_driver shouldn't be marked with any of these tags.
- The ID table array should be marked __devinitdata.
- The probe() and remove() functions (and all initialization
- functions called only from these) should be marked __devinit/exit.
- If you are sure the driver is not a hotplug driver then use only
- __init/exit __initdata/exitdata.
- Pointers to functions marked as __devexit must be created using
- __devexit_p(function_name). That will generate the function
- name or NULL if the __devexit function will be discarded.
- 2. How to find PCI devices manually (the old style)
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- PCI drivers not using the pci_register_driver() interface search
- for PCI devices manually using the following constructs:
- Searching by vendor and device ID:
- struct pci_dev *dev = NULL;
- while (dev = pci_find_device(VENDOR_ID, DEVICE_ID, dev))
- configure_device(dev);
- Searching by class ID (iterate in a similar way):
- pci_find_class(CLASS_ID, dev)
- Searching by both vendor/device and subsystem vendor/device ID:
- pci_find_subsys(VENDOR_ID, DEVICE_ID, SUBSYS_VENDOR_ID, SUBSYS_DEVICE_ID, dev).
- You can use the constant PCI_ANY_ID as a wildcard replacement for
- VENDOR_ID or DEVICE_ID. This allows searching for any device from a
- specific vendor, for example.
- In case you need to decide according to some more complex criteria,
- you can walk the list of all known PCI devices yourself:
- struct pci_dev *dev;
- pci_for_each_dev(dev) {
- ... do anything you want with dev ...
- }
- For compatibility with device ordering in older kernels, you can also
- use pci_for_each_dev_reverse(dev) for walking the list in the opposite
- direction.
- 3. Enabling devices
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Before you do anything with the device you've found, you need to enable
- it by calling pci_enable_device() which enables I/O and memory regions of
- the device, assigns missing resources if needed and wakes up the device
- if it was in suspended state. Please note that this function can fail.
- If you want to use the device in bus mastering mode, call pci_set_master()
- which enables the bus master bit in PCI_COMMAND register and also fixes
- the latency timer value if it's set to something bogus by the BIOS.
- 4. How to access PCI config space
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- You can use pci_(read|write)_config_(byte|word|dword) to access the config
- space of a device represented by struct pci_dev *. All these functions return 0
- when successful or an error code (PCIBIOS_...) which can be translated to a text
- string by pcibios_strerror. Most drivers expect that accesses to valid PCI
- devices don't fail.
- If you access fields in the standard portion of the config header, please
- use symbolic names of locations and bits declared in <linux/pci.h>.
- If you need to access Extended PCI Capability registers, just call
- pci_find_capability() for the particular capability and it will find the
- corresponding register block for you.
- 5. Addresses and interrupts
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Memory and port addresses and interrupt numbers should NOT be read from the
- config space. You should use the values in the pci_dev structure as they might
- have been remapped by the kernel.
- See Documentation/IO-mapping.txt for how to access device memory.
- You still need to call request_region() for I/O regions and request_mem_region()
- for memory regions to make sure nobody else is using the same device.
- All interrupt handlers should be registered with SA_SHIRQ and use the devid
- to map IRQs to devices (remember that all PCI interrupts are shared).
- 6. Other interesting functions
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- pci_find_slot() Find pci_dev corresponding to given bus and
- slot numbers.
- pci_set_power_state() Set PCI Power Management state (0=D0 ... 3=D3)
- pci_find_capability() Find specified capability in device's capability
- list.
- pci_module_init() Inline helper function for ensuring correct
- pci_driver initialization and error handling.
- pci_resource_start() Returns bus start address for a given PCI region
- pci_resource_end() Returns bus end address for a given PCI region
- pci_resource_len() Returns the byte length of a PCI region
- pci_set_drvdata() Set private driver data pointer for a pci_dev
- pci_get_drvdata() Return private driver data pointer for a pci_dev
- 7. Miscellaneous hints
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- When displaying PCI slot names to the user (for example when a driver wants
- to tell the user what card has it found), please use pci_dev->slot_name
- for this purpose.
- Always refer to the PCI devices by a pointer to the pci_dev structure.
- All PCI layer functions use this identification and it's the only
- reasonable one. Don't use bus/slot/function numbers except for very
- special purposes -- on systems with multiple primary buses their semantics
- can be pretty complex.
- If you're going to use PCI bus mastering DMA, take a look at
- Documentation/DMA-mapping.txt.
- 8. Obsolete functions
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- There are several functions kept only for compatibility with old drivers
- not updated to the new PCI interface. Please don't use them in new code.
- pcibios_present() Since ages, you don't need to test presence
- of PCI subsystem when trying to talk with it.
- If it's not there, the list of PCI devices
- is empty and all functions for searching for
- devices just return NULL.
- pcibios_(read|write)_* Superseded by their pci_(read|write)_*
- counterparts.
- pcibios_find_* Superseded by their pci_find_* counterparts.