paride.txt
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- Linux and parallel port IDE devices
- PARIDE v1.03 (c) 1997-8 Grant Guenther <grant@torque.net>
- 1. Introduction
- Owing to the simplicity and near universality of the parallel port interface
- to personal computers, many external devices such as portable hard-disk,
- CD-ROM, LS-120 and tape drives use the parallel port to connect to their
- host computer. While some devices (notably scanners) use ad-hoc methods
- to pass commands and data through the parallel port interface, most
- external devices are actually identical to an internal model, but with
- a parallel-port adapter chip added in. Some of the original parallel port
- adapters were little more than mechanisms for multiplexing a SCSI bus.
- (The Iomega PPA-3 adapter used in the ZIP drives is an example of this
- approach). Most current designs, however, take a different approach.
- The adapter chip reproduces a small ISA or IDE bus in the external device
- and the communication protocol provides operations for reading and writing
- device registers, as well as data block transfer functions. Sometimes,
- the device being addressed via the parallel cable is a standard SCSI
- controller like an NCR 5380. The "ditto" family of external tape
- drives use the ISA replicator to interface a floppy disk controller,
- which is then connected to a floppy-tape mechanism. The vast majority
- of external parallel port devices, however, are now based on standard
- IDE type devices, which require no intermediate controller. If one
- were to open up a parallel port CD-ROM drive, for instance, one would
- find a standard ATAPI CD-ROM drive, a power supply, and a single adapter
- that interconnected a standard PC parallel port cable and a standard
- IDE cable. It is usually possible to exchange the CD-ROM device with
- any other device using the IDE interface.
- The document describes the support in Linux for parallel port IDE
- devices. It does not cover parallel port SCSI devices, "ditto" tape
- drives or scanners. Many different devices are supported by the
- parallel port IDE subsystem, including:
- MicroSolutions backpack CD-ROM
- MicroSolutions backpack PD/CD
- MicroSolutions backpack hard-drives
- MicroSolutions backpack 8000t tape drive
- SyQuest EZ-135, EZ-230 & SparQ drives
- Avatar Shark
- Imation Superdisk LS-120
- Maxell Superdisk LS-120
- FreeCom Power CD
- Hewlett-Packard 5GB and 8GB tape drives
- Hewlett-Packard 7100 and 7200 CD-RW drives
- as well as most of the clone and no-name products on the market.
- To support such a wide range of devices, PARIDE, the parallel port IDE
- subsystem, is actually structured in three parts. There is a base
- paride module which provides a registry and some common methods for
- accessing the parallel ports. The second component is a set of
- high-level drivers for each of the different types of supported devices:
- pd IDE disk
- pcd ATAPI CD-ROM
- pf ATAPI disk
- pt ATAPI tape
- pg ATAPI generic
- (Currently, the pg driver is only used with CD-R drives).
- The high-level drivers function according to the relevant standards.
- The third component of PARIDE is a set of low-level protocol drivers
- for each of the parallel port IDE adapter chips. Thanks to the interest
- and encouragement of Linux users from many parts of the world,
- support is available for almost all known adapter protocols:
- aten ATEN EH-100 (HK)
- bpck Microsolutions backpack (US)
- comm DataStor (old-type) "commuter" adapter (TW)
- dstr DataStor EP-2000 (TW)
- epat Shuttle EPAT (UK)
- epia Shuttle EPIA (UK)
- fit2 FIT TD-2000 (US)
- fit3 FIT TD-3000 (US)
- friq Freecom IQ cable (DE)
- frpw Freecom Power (DE)
- kbic KingByte KBIC-951A and KBIC-971A (TW)
- ktti KT Technology PHd adapter (SG)
- on20 OnSpec 90c20 (US)
- on26 OnSpec 90c26 (US)
- 2. Using the PARIDE subsystem
- While configuring the Linux kernel, you may choose either to build
- the PARIDE drivers into your kernel, or to build them as modules.
- In either case, you will need to select "Parallel port IDE device support"
- as well as at least one of the high-level drivers and at least one
- of the parallel port communication protocols. If you do not know
- what kind of parallel port adapter is used in your drive, you could
- begin by checking the file names and any text files on your DOS
- installation floppy. Alternatively, you can look at the markings on
- the adapter chip itself. That's usually sufficient to identify the
- correct device.
- You can actually select all the protocol modules, and allow the PARIDE
- subsystem to try them all for you.
- For the "brand-name" products listed above, here are the protocol
- and high-level drivers that you would use:
- Manufacturer Model Driver Protocol
-
- MicroSolutions CD-ROM pcd bpck
- MicroSolutions PD drive pf bpck
- MicroSolutions hard-drive pd bpck
- MicroSolutions 8000t tape pt bpck
- SyQuest EZ, SparQ pd epat
- Imation Superdisk pf epat
- Maxell Superdisk pf friq
- Avatar Shark pd epat
- FreeCom CD-ROM pcd frpw
- Hewlett-Packard 5GB Tape pt epat
- Hewlett-Packard 7200e (CD) pcd epat
- Hewlett-Packard 7200e (CD-R) pg epat
- 2.1 Configuring built-in drivers
- We recommend that you get to know how the drivers work and how to
- configure them as loadable modules, before attempting to compile a
- kernel with the drivers built-in.
- If you built all of your PARIDE support directly into your kernel,
- and you have just a single parallel port IDE device, your kernel should
- locate it automatically for you. If you have more than one device,
- you may need to give some command line options to your bootloader
- (eg: LILO), how to do that is beyond the scope of this document.
- The high-level drivers accept a number of command line parameters, all
- of which are documented in the source files in linux/drivers/block/paride.
- By default, each driver will automatically try all parallel ports it
- can find, and all protocol types that have been installed, until it finds
- a parallel port IDE adapter. Once it finds one, the probe stops. So,
- if you have more than one device, you will need to tell the drivers
- how to identify them. This requires specifying the port address, the
- protocol identification number and, for some devices, the drive's
- chain ID. While your system is booting, a number of messages are
- displayed on the console. Like all such messages, they can be
- reviewed with the 'dmesg' command. Among those messages will be
- some lines like:
- paride: bpck registered as protocol 0
- paride: epat registered as protocol 1
- The numbers will always be the same until you build a new kernel with
- different protocol selections. You should note these numbers as you
- will need them to identify the devices.
- If you happen to be using a MicroSolutions backpack device, you will
- also need to know the unit ID number for each drive. This is usually
- the last two digits of the drive's serial number (but read MicroSolutions'
- documentation about this).
- As an example, let's assume that you have a MicroSolutions PD/CD drive
- with unit ID number 36 connected to the parallel port at 0x378, a SyQuest
- EZ-135 connected to the chained port on the PD/CD drive and also an
- Imation Superdisk connected to port 0x278. You could give the following
- options on your boot command:
- pd.drive0=0x378,1 pf.drive0=0x278,1 pf.drive1=0x378,0,36
- In the last option, pf.drive1 configures device /dev/pf1, the 0x378
- is the parallel port base address, the 0 is the protocol registration
- number and 36 is the chain ID.
- Please note: while PARIDE will work both with and without the
- PARPORT parallel port sharing system that is included by the
- "Parallel port support" option, PARPORT must be included and enabled
- if you want to use chains of devices on the same parallel port.
- 2.2 Loading and configuring PARIDE as modules
- It is much faster and simpler to get to understand the PARIDE drivers
- if you use them as loadable kernel modules.
- Note 1: using these drivers with the "kerneld" automatic module loading
- system is not recommended for beginners, and is not documented here.
- Note 2: if you build PARPORT support as a loadable module, PARIDE must
- also be built as loadable modules, and PARPORT must be loaded before the
- PARIDE modules.
- To use PARIDE, you must begin by
- insmod paride
- this loads a base module which provides a registry for the protocols,
- among other tasks.
- Then, load as many of the protocol modules as you think you might need.
- As you load each module, it will register the protocols that it supports,
- and print a log message to your kernel log file and your console. For
- example:
- # insmod epat
- paride: epat registered as protocol 0
- # insmod kbic
- paride: k951 registered as protocol 1
- paride: k971 registered as protocol 2
- Finally, you can load high-level drivers for each kind of device that
- you have connected. By default, each driver will autoprobe for a single
- device, but you can support up to four similar devices by giving their
- individual co-ordinates when you load the driver.
- For example, if you had two no-name CD-ROM drives both using the
- KingByte KBIC-951A adapter, one on port 0x378 and the other on 0x3bc
- you could give the following command:
- # insmod pcd drive0=0x378,1 drive1=0x3bc,1
- For most adapters, giving a port address and protocol number is sufficient,
- but check the source files in linux/drivers/block/paride for more
- information. (Hopefully someone will write some man pages one day !).
- As another example, here's what happens when PARPORT is installed, and
- a SyQuest EZ-135 is attached to port 0x378:
- # insmod paride
- paride: version 1.0 installed
- # insmod epat
- paride: epat registered as protocol 0
- # insmod pd
- pd: pd version 1.0, major 45, cluster 64, nice 0
- pda: Sharing parport1 at 0x378
- pda: epat 1.0, Shuttle EPAT chip c3 at 0x378, mode 5 (EPP-32), delay 1
- pda: SyQuest EZ135A, 262144 blocks [128M], (512/16/32), removable media
- pda: pda1
- Note that the last line is the output from the generic partition table
- scanner - in this case it reports that it has found a disk with one partition.
- 2.3 Using a PARIDE device
- Once the drivers have been loaded, you can access PARIDE devices in the
- same way as their traditional counterparts. You will probably need to
- create the device "special files". Here is a simple script that you can
- cut to a file and execute:
- #!/bin/bash
- #
- # mkd -- a script to create the device special files for the PARIDE subsystem
- #
- function mkdev {
- mknod $1 $2 $3 $4 ; chmod 0660 $1 ; chown root:disk $1
- }
- #
- function pd {
- D=$( printf \$( printf "x%03x" $[ $1 + 97 ] ) )
- mkdev pd$D b 45 $[ $1 * 16 ]
- for P in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
- do mkdev pd$D$P b 45 $[ $1 * 16 + $P ]
- done
- }
- #
- cd /dev
- #
- for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do pd $u ; done
- for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pcd$u b 46 $u ; done
- for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pf$u b 47 $u ; done
- for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pt$u c 96 $u ; done
- for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev npt$u c 96 $[ $u + 128 ] ; done
- for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pg$u c 97 $u ; done
- #
- # end of mkd
- With the device files and drivers in place, you can access PARIDE devices
- like any other Linux device. For example, to mount a CD-ROM in pcd0, use:
- mount /dev/pcd0 /cdrom
- If you have a fresh Avatar Shark cartridge, and the drive is pda, you
- might do something like:
- fdisk /dev/pda -- make a new partition table with
- partition 1 of type 83
- mke2fs /dev/pda1 -- to build the file system
- mkdir /shark -- make a place to mount the disk
- mount /dev/pda1 /shark
- Devices like the Imation superdisk work in the same way, except that
- they do not have a partition table. For example to make a 120MB
- floppy that you could share with a DOS system:
- mkdosfs /dev/pf0
- mount /dev/pf0 /mnt
- 2.4 The pf driver
- The pf driver is intended for use with parallel port ATAPI disk
- devices. The most common devices in this category are PD drives
- and LS-120 drives. Traditionally, media for these devices are not
- partitioned. Consequently, the pf driver does not support partitioned
- media. This may be changed in a future version of the driver.
- 2.5 Using the pt driver
- The pt driver for parallel port ATAPI tape drives is a minimal driver.
- It does not yet support many of the standard tape ioctl operations.
- For best performance, a block size of 32KB should be used. You will
- probably want to set the parallel port delay to 0, if you can.
- 2.6 Using the pg driver
- The pg driver can be used in conjunction with the cdrecord program
- to create CD-ROMs. Please get cdrecord version 1.6.1 or later
- from ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord/ . To record CD-R media
- your parallel port should ideally be set to EPP mode, and the "port delay"
- should be set to 0. With those settings it is possible to record at 2x
- speed without any buffer underruns. If you cannot get the driver to work
- in EPP mode, try to use "bidirectional" or "PS/2" mode and 1x speeds only.
- 3. Troubleshooting
- 3.1 Use EPP mode if you can
- The most common problems that people report with the PARIDE drivers
- concern the parallel port CMOS settings. At this time, none of the
- PARIDE protocol modules support ECP mode, or any ECP combination modes.
- If you are able to do so, please set your parallel port into EPP mode
- using your CMOS setup procedure.
- 3.2 Check the port delay
- Some parallel ports cannot reliably transfer data at full speed. To
- offset the errors, the PARIDE protocol modules introduce a "port
- delay" between each access to the i/o ports. Each protocol sets
- a default value for this delay. In most cases, the user can override
- the default and set it to 0 - resulting in somewhat higher transfer
- rates. In some rare cases (especially with older 486 systems) the
- default delays are not long enough. if you experience corrupt data
- transfers, or unexpected failures, you may wish to increase the
- port delay. The delay can be programmed using the "driveN" parameters
- to each of the high-level drivers. Please see the notes above, or
- read the comments at the beginning of the driver source files in
- linux/drivers/block/paride.
- 3.3 Some drives need a printer reset
- There appear to be a number of "noname" external drives on the market
- that do not always power up correctly. We have noticed this with some
- drives based on OnSpec and older Freecom adapters. In these rare cases,
- the adapter can often be reinitialised by issuing a "printer reset" on
- the parallel port. As the reset operation is potentially disruptive in
- multiple device environments, the PARIDE drivers will not do it
- automatically. You can however, force a printer reset by doing:
- insmod lp reset=1
- rmmod lp
- If you have one of these marginal cases, you should probably build
- your paride drivers as modules, and arrange to do the printer reset
- before loading the PARIDE drivers.
- 3.4 Use the verbose option and dmesg if you need help
- While a lot of testing has gone into these drivers to make them work
- as smoothly as possible, problems will arise. If you do have problems,
- please check all the obvious things first: does the drive work in
- DOS with the manufacturer's drivers ? If that doesn't yield any useful
- clues, then please make sure that only one drive is hooked to your system,
- and that either (a) PARPORT is enabled or (b) no other device driver
- is using your parallel port (check in /proc/ioports). Then, load the
- appropriate drivers (you can load several protocol modules if you want)
- as in:
- # insmod paride
- # insmod epat
- # insmod bpck
- # insmod kbic
- ...
- # insmod pd verbose=1
- (using the correct driver for the type of device you have, of course).
- The verbose=1 parameter will cause the drivers to log a trace of their
- activity as they attempt to locate your drive.
- Use 'dmesg' to capture a log of all the PARIDE messages (any messages
- beginning with paride:, a protocol module's name or a driver's name) and
- include that with your bug report. You can submit a bug report in one
- of two ways. Either send it directly to the author of the PARIDE suite,
- by e-mail to grant@torque.net, or join the linux-parport mailing list
- and post your report there.
- 3.5 For more information or help
- You can join the linux-parport mailing list by sending a mail message
- to
- linux-parport-request@torque.net
- with the single word
- subscribe
- in the body of the mail message (not in the subject line). Please be
- sure that your mail program is correctly set up when you do this, as
- the list manager is a robot that will subscribe you using the reply
- address in your mail headers. REMOVE any anti-spam gimmicks you may
- have in your mail headers, when sending mail to the list server.
- You might also find some useful information on the linux-parport
- web pages (although they are not always up to date) at
- http://www.torque.net/parport/