z8530drv.txt
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- This is a subset of the documentation. To use this driver you MUST have the
- full package from:
- Internet:
- =========
- 1. ftp://ftp.ccac.rwth-aachen.de/pub/jr/z8530drv-utils_3.0-3.tar.gz
- 2. ftp://ftp.pspt.fi/pub/ham/linux/ax25/z8530drv-utils_3.0-3.tar.gz
- Please note that the information in this document may be hopelessly outdated.
- A new version of the documentation, along with links to other important
- Linux Kernel AX.25 documentation and programs, is available on
- http://yaina.de/jreuter
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- SCC.C - Linux driver for Z8530 based HDLC cards for AX.25
- ********************************************************************
- (c) 1993,2000 by Joerg Reuter DL1BKE <jreuter@yaina.de>
- portions (c) 1993 Guido ten Dolle PE1NNZ
- for the complete copyright notice see >> Copying.Z8530DRV <<
- ********************************************************************
- 1. Initialization of the driver
- ===============================
- To use the driver, 3 steps must be performed:
- 1. if compiled as module: loading the module
- 2. Setup of hardware, MODEM and KISS parameters with sccinit
- 3. Attach each channel to the Linux kernel AX.25 with "ifconfig"
- Unlike the versions below 2.4 this driver is a real network device
- driver. If you want to run xNOS instead of our fine kernel AX.25
- use a 2.x version (available from above sites) or read the
- AX.25-HOWTO on how to emulate a KISS TNC on network device drivers.
- 1.1 Loading the module
- ======================
- (If you're going to compile the driver as a part of the kernel image,
- skip this chapter and continue with 1.2)
- Before you can use a module, you'll have to load it with
- insmod scc.o
- please read 'man insmod' that comes with modutils.
- You should include the insmod in one of the /etc/rc.d/rc.* files,
- and don't forget to insert a call of sccinit after that. It
- will read your /etc/z8530drv.conf.
- 1.2. /etc/z8530drv.conf
- =======================
- To setup all parameters you must run /sbin/sccinit from one
- of your rc.*-files. This has to be done BEFORE you can
- "ifconfig" an interface. Sccinit reads the file /etc/z8530drv.conf
- and sets the hardware, MODEM and KISS parameters. A sample file is
- delivered with this package. Change it to your needs.
- The file itself consists of two main sections.
- 1.2.1 configuration of hardware parameters
- ==========================================
- The hardware setup section defines the following parameters for each
- Z8530:
- chip 1
- data_a 0x300 # data port A
- ctrl_a 0x304 # control port A
- data_b 0x301 # data port B
- ctrl_b 0x305 # control port B
- irq 5 # IRQ No. 5
- pclock 4915200 # clock
- board BAYCOM # hardware type
- escc no # enhanced SCC chip? (8580/85180/85280)
- vector 0 # latch for interrupt vector
- special no # address of special function register
- option 0 # option to set via sfr
- chip - this is just a delimiter to make sccinit a bit simpler to
- program. A parameter has no effect.
- data_a - the address of the data port A of this Z8530 (needed)
- ctrl_a - the address of the control port A (needed)
- data_b - the address of the data port B (needed)
- ctrl_b - the address of the control port B (needed)
- irq - the used IRQ for this chip. Different chips can use different
- IRQs or the same. If they share an interrupt, it needs to be
- specified within one chip-definition only.
- pclock - the clock at the PCLK pin of the Z8530 (option, 4915200 is
- default), measured in Hertz
- board - the "type" of the board:
- SCC type value
- ---------------------------------
- PA0HZP SCC card PA0HZP
- EAGLE card EAGLE
- PC100 card PC100
- PRIMUS-PC (DG9BL) card PRIMUS
- BayCom (U)SCC card BAYCOM
- escc - if you want support for ESCC chips (8580, 85180, 85280), set
- this to "yes" (option, defaults to "no")
- vector - address of the vector latch (aka "intack port") for PA0HZP
- cards. There can be only one vector latch for all chips!
- (option, defaults to 0)
- special - address of the special function register on several cards.
- (option, defaults to 0)
- option - The value you write into that register (option, default is 0)
- You can specify up to four chips (8 channels). If this is not enough,
- just change
- #define MAXSCC 4
- to a higher value.
- Example for the BAYCOM USCC:
- ----------------------------
- chip 1
- data_a 0x300 # data port A
- ctrl_a 0x304 # control port A
- data_b 0x301 # data port B
- ctrl_b 0x305 # control port B
- irq 5 # IRQ No. 5 (#)
- board BAYCOM # hardware type (*)
- #
- # SCC chip 2
- #
- chip 2
- data_a 0x302
- ctrl_a 0x306
- data_b 0x303
- ctrl_b 0x307
- board BAYCOM
- An example for a PA0HZP card:
- -----------------------------
- chip 1
- data_a 0x153
- data_b 0x151
- ctrl_a 0x152
- ctrl_b 0x150
- irq 9
- pclock 4915200
- board PA0HZP
- vector 0x168
- escc no
- #
- #
- #
- chip 2
- data_a 0x157
- data_b 0x155
- ctrl_a 0x156
- ctrl_b 0x154
- irq 9
- pclock 4915200
- board PA0HZP
- vector 0x168
- escc no
- A DRSI would should probably work with this:
- --------------------------------------------
- (actually: two DRSI cards...)
- chip 1
- data_a 0x303
- data_b 0x301
- ctrl_a 0x302
- ctrl_b 0x300
- irq 7
- pclock 4915200
- board DRSI
- escc no
- #
- #
- #
- chip 2
- data_a 0x313
- data_b 0x311
- ctrl_a 0x312
- ctrl_b 0x310
- irq 7
- pclock 4915200
- board DRSI
- escc no
- Note that you cannot use the on-board baudrate generator off DRSI
- cards. Use "mode dpll" for clock source (see below).
- This is based on information provided by Mike Bilow (and verified
- by Paul Helay)
- The utility "gencfg"
- --------------------
- If you only know the parameters for the PE1CHL driver for DOS,
- run gencfg. It will generate the correct port addresses (I hope).
- Its parameters are exactly the same as the ones you use with
- the "attach scc" command in net, except that the string "init" must
- not appear. Example:
- gencfg 2 0x150 4 2 0 1 0x168 9 4915200
- will print a skeleton z8530drv.conf for the OptoSCC to stdout.
- gencfg 2 0x300 2 4 5 -4 0 7 4915200 0x10
- does the same for the BAYCOM USCC card. In my opinion it is much easier
- to edit scc_config.h...
- 1.2.2 channel configuration
- ===========================
- The channel definition is divided into three sub sections for each
- channel:
- An example for scc0:
- # DEVICE
- device scc0 # the device for the following params
- # MODEM / BUFFERS
- speed 1200 # the default baudrate
- clock dpll # clock source:
- # dpll = normal half duplex operation
- # external = MODEM provides own Rx/Tx clock
- # divider = use full duplex divider if
- # installed (1)
- mode nrzi # HDLC encoding mode
- # nrzi = 1k2 MODEM, G3RUH 9k6 MODEM
- # nrz = DF9IC 9k6 MODEM
- #
- bufsize 384 # size of buffers. Note that this must include
- # the AX.25 header, not only the data field!
- # (optional, defaults to 384)
- # KISS (Layer 1)
- txdelay 36 # (see chapter 1.4)
- persist 64
- slot 8
- tail 8
- fulldup 0
- wait 12
- min 3
- maxkey 7
- idle 3
- maxdef 120
- group 0
- txoff off
- softdcd on
- slip off
- The order WITHIN these sections is unimportant. The order OF these
- sections IS important. The MODEM parameters are set with the first
- recognized KISS parameter...
- Please note that you can initialize the board only once after boot
- (or insmod). You can change all parameters but "mode" and "clock"
- later with the Sccparam program or through KISS. Just to avoid
- security holes...
- (1) this divider is usually mounted on the SCC-PBC (PA0HZP) or not
- present at all (BayCom). It feeds back the output of the DPLL
- (digital pll) as transmit clock. Using this mode without a divider
- installed will normally result in keying the transceiver until
- maxkey expires --- of course without sending anything (useful).
- 2. Attachment of a channel by your AX.25 software
- =================================================
- 2.1 Kernel AX.25
- ================
- To set up an AX.25 device you can simply type:
- ifconfig scc0 44.128.1.1 hw ax25 dl0tha-7
- This will create a network interface with the IP number 44.128.20.107
- and the callsign "dl0tha". If you do not have any IP number (yet) you
- can use any of the 44.128.0.0 network. Note that you do not need
- axattach. The purpose of axattach (like slattach) is to create a KISS
- network device linked to a TTY. Please read the documentation of the
- ax25-utils and the AX.25-HOWTO to learn how to set the parameters of
- the kernel AX.25.
- 2.2 NOS, NET and TFKISS
- =======================
- Since the TTY driver (aka KISS TNC emulation) is gone you need
- to emulate the old behaviour. The cost of using these programs is
- that you probably need to compile the kernel AX.25, regardless of whether
- you actually use it or not. First setup your /etc/ax25/axports,
- for example:
- 9k6 dl0tha-9 9600 255 4 9600 baud port (scc3)
- axlink dl0tha-15 38400 255 4 Link to NOS
- Now "ifconfig" the scc device:
- ifconfig scc3 44.128.1.1 hw ax25 dl0tha-9
- You can now axattach a pseudo-TTY:
- axattach /dev/ptys0 axlink
- and start your NOS and attach /dev/ptys0 there. The problem is that
- NOS is reachable only via digipeating through the kernel AX.25
- (disastrous on a DAMA controlled channel). To solve this problem,
- configure "rxecho" to echo the incoming frames from "9k6" to "axlink"
- and outgoing frames from "axlink" to "9k6" and start:
- rxecho
- Or simply use "kissbridge" coming with z8530drv-utils:
- ifconfig scc3 hw ax25 dl0tha-9
- kissbridge scc3 /dev/ptys0
- 3. Adjustment and Display of parameters
- =======================================
- 3.1 Displaying SCC Parameters:
- ==============================
- Once a SCC channel has been attached, the parameter settings and
- some statistic information can be shown using the param program:
- dl1bke-u:~$ sccstat scc0
- Parameters:
- speed : 1200 baud
- txdelay : 36
- persist : 255
- slottime : 0
- txtail : 8
- fulldup : 1
- waittime : 12
- mintime : 3 sec
- maxkeyup : 7 sec
- idletime : 3 sec
- maxdefer : 120 sec
- group : 0x00
- txoff : off
- softdcd : on
- SLIP : off
- Status:
- HDLC Z8530 Interrupts Buffers
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Sent : 273 RxOver : 0 RxInts : 125074 Size : 384
- Received : 1095 TxUnder: 0 TxInts : 4684 NoSpace : 0
- RxErrors : 1591 ExInts : 11776
- TxErrors : 0 SpInts : 1503
- Tx State : idle
- The status info shown is:
- Sent - number of frames transmitted
- Received - number of frames received
- RxErrors - number of receive errors (CRC, ABORT)
- TxErrors - number of discarded Tx frames (due to various reasons)
- Tx State - status of the Tx interrupt handler: idle/busy/active/tail (2)
- RxOver - number of receiver overruns
- TxUnder - number of transmitter underruns
- RxInts - number of receiver interrupts
- TxInts - number of transmitter interrupts
- EpInts - number of receiver special condition interrupts
- SpInts - number of external/status interrupts
- Size - maximum size of an AX.25 frame (*with* AX.25 headers!)
- NoSpace - number of times a buffer could not get allocated
- An overrun is abnormal. If lots of these occur, the product of
- baudrate and number of interfaces is too high for the processing
- power of your computer. NoSpace errors are unlikely to be caused by the
- driver or the kernel AX.25.
- 3.2 Setting Parameters
- ======================
- The setting of parameters of the emulated KISS TNC is done in the
- same way in the SCC driver. You can change parameters by using
- the kissparms program from the ax25-utils package or use the program
- "sccparam":
- sccparam <device> <paramname> <decimal-|hexadecimal value>
- You can change the following parameters:
- param : value
- ------------------------
- speed : 1200
- txdelay : 36
- persist : 255
- slottime : 0
- txtail : 8
- fulldup : 1
- waittime : 12
- mintime : 3
- maxkeyup : 7
- idletime : 3
- maxdefer : 120
- group : 0x00
- txoff : off
- softdcd : on
- SLIP : off
- The parameters have the following meaning:
- speed:
- The baudrate on this channel in bits/sec
- Example: sccparam /dev/scc3 speed 9600
- txdelay:
- The delay (in units of 10 ms) after keying of the
- transmitter, until the first byte is sent. This is usually
- called "TXDELAY" in a TNC. When 0 is specified, the driver
- will just wait until the CTS signal is asserted. This
- assumes the presence of a timer or other circuitry in the
- MODEM and/or transmitter, that asserts CTS when the
- transmitter is ready for data.
- A normal value of this parameter is 30-36.
- Example: sccparam /dev/scc0 txd 20
- persist:
- This is the probability that the transmitter will be keyed
- when the channel is found to be free. It is a value from 0
- to 255, and the probability is (value+1)/256. The value
- should be somewhere near 50-60, and should be lowered when
- the channel is used more heavily.
- Example: sccparam /dev/scc2 persist 20
- slottime:
- This is the time between samples of the channel. It is
- expressed in units of 10 ms. About 200-300 ms (value 20-30)
- seems to be a good value.
- Example: sccparam /dev/scc0 slot 20
- tail:
- The time the transmitter will remain keyed after the last
- byte of a packet has been transferred to the SCC. This is
- necessary because the CRC and a flag still have to leave the
- SCC before the transmitter is keyed down. The value depends
- on the baudrate selected. A few character times should be
- sufficient, e.g. 40ms at 1200 baud. (value 4)
- The value of this parameter is in 10 ms units.
- Example: sccparam /dev/scc2 4
- full:
- The full-duplex mode switch. This can be one of the following
- values:
- 0: The interface will operate in CSMA mode (the normal
- half-duplex packet radio operation)
- 1: Fullduplex mode, i.e. the transmitter will be keyed at
- any time, without checking the received carrier. It
- will be unkeyed when there are no packets to be sent.
- 2: Like 1, but the transmitter will remain keyed, also
- when there are no packets to be sent. Flags will be
- sent in that case, until a timeout (parameter 10)
- occurs.
- Example: sccparam /dev/scc0 fulldup off
- wait:
- The initial waittime before any transmit attempt, after the
- frame has been queue for transmit. This is the length of
- the first slot in CSMA mode. In full duplex modes it is
- set to 0 for maximum performance.
- The value of this parameter is in 10 ms units.
- Example: sccparam /dev/scc1 wait 4
- maxkey:
- The maximal time the transmitter will be keyed to send
- packets, in seconds. This can be useful on busy CSMA
- channels, to avoid "getting a bad reputation" when you are
- generating a lot of traffic. After the specified time has
- elapsed, no new frame will be started. Instead, the trans-
- mitter will be switched off for a specified time (parameter
- min), and then the selected algorithm for keyup will be
- started again.
- The value 0 as well as "off" will disable this feature,
- and allow infinite transmission time.
- Example: sccparam /dev/scc0 maxk 20
- min:
- This is the time the transmitter will be switched off when
- the maximum transmission time is exceeded.
- Example: sccparam /dev/scc3 min 10
- idle
- This parameter specifies the maximum idle time in full duplex
- 2 mode, in seconds. When no frames have been sent for this
- time, the transmitter will be keyed down. A value of 0 is
- has same result as the fullduplex mode 1. This parameter
- can be disabled.
- Example: sccparam /dev/scc2 idle off # transmit forever
- maxdefer
- This is the maximum time (in seconds) to wait for a free channel
- to send. When this timer expires the transmitter will be keyed
- IMMEDIATELY. If you love to get trouble with other users you
- should set this to a very low value ;-)
- Example: sccparam /dev/scc0 maxdefer 240 # 2 minutes
- txoff:
- When this parameter has the value 0, the transmission of packets
- is enable. Otherwise it is disabled.
- Example: sccparam /dev/scc2 txoff on
- group:
- It is possible to build special radio equipment to use more than
- one frequency on the same band, e.g. using several receivers and
- only one transmitter that can be switched between frequencies.
- Also, you can connect several radios that are active on the same
- band. In these cases, it is not possible, or not a good idea, to
- transmit on more than one frequency. The SCC driver provides a
- method to lock transmitters on different interfaces, using the
- "param <interface> group <x>" command. This will only work when
- you are using CSMA mode (parameter full = 0).
- The number <x> must be 0 if you want no group restrictions, and
- can be computed as follows to create restricted groups:
- <x> is the sum of some OCTAL numbers:
- 200 This transmitter will only be keyed when all other
- transmitters in the group are off.
- 100 This transmitter will only be keyed when the carrier
- detect of all other interfaces in the group is off.
- 0xx A byte that can be used to define different groups.
- Interfaces are in the same group, when the logical AND
- between their xx values is nonzero.
- Examples:
- When 2 interfaces use group 201, their transmitters will never be
- keyed at the same time.
- When 2 interfaces use group 101, the transmitters will only key
- when both channels are clear at the same time. When group 301,
- the transmitters will not be keyed at the same time.
- Don't forget to convert the octal numbers into decimal before
- you set the parameter.
- Example: (to be written)
- softdcd:
- use a software dcd instead of the real one... Useful for a very
- slow squelch.
- Example: sccparam /dev/scc0 soft on
- 4. Problems
- ===========
- If you have tx-problems with your BayCom USCC card please check
- the manufacturer of the 8530. SGS chips have a slightly
- different timing. Try Zilog... A solution is to write to register 8
- instead to the data port, but this won't work with the ESCC chips.
- *SIGH!*
- A very common problem is that the PTT locks until the maxkeyup timer
- expires, although interrupts and clock source are correct. In most
- cases compiling the driver with CONFIG_SCC_DELAY (set with
- make config) solves the problems. For more hints read the (pseudo) FAQ
- and the documentation coming with z8530drv-utils.
- I got reports that the driver has problems on some 386-based systems.
- (i.e. Amstrad) Those systems have a bogus AT bus timing which will
- lead to delayed answers on interrupts. You can recognize these
- problems by looking at the output of Sccstat for the suspected
- port. If it shows under- and overruns you own such a system.
- Delayed processing of received data: This depends on
- - the kernel version
- - kernel profiling compiled or not
- - a high interrupt load
- - a high load of the machine --- running X, Xmorph, XV and Povray,
- while compiling the kernel... hmm ... even with 32 MB RAM ... ;-)
- Or running a named for the whole .ampr.org domain on an 8 MB
- box...
- - using information from rxecho or kissbridge.
- Kernel panics: please read /linux/README and find out if it
- really occurred within the scc driver.
- If you cannot solve a problem, send me
- - a description of the problem,
- - information on your hardware (computer system, scc board, modem)
- - your kernel version
- - the output of cat /proc/net/z8530
- 4. Thor RLC100
- ==============
- Mysteriously this board seems not to work with the driver. Anyone
- got it up-and-running?
- Many thanks to Linus Torvalds and Alan Cox for including the driver
- in the Linux standard distribution and their support.
- Joerg Reuter ampr-net: dl1bke@db0pra.ampr.org
- AX-25 : DL1BKE @ DB0ABH.#BAY.DEU.EU
- Internet: jreuter@yaina.de
- WWW : http://yaina.de/jreuter