SubmittingPatches
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- How to Get Your Change Into the Linux Kernel
- or
- Care And Operation Of Your Linus Torvalds
- For a person or company who wishes to submit a change to the Linux
- kernel, the process can sometimes be daunting if you're not familiar
- with "the system." This text is a collection of suggestions which
- can greatly increase the chances of your change being accepted.
- If you are submitting a driver, also read Documentation/SubmittingDrivers.
- --------------------------------------------
- SECTION 1 - CREATING AND SENDING YOUR CHANGE
- --------------------------------------------
- 1) "diff -u"
- ------------
- Use "diff -u" or "diff -urN" to create patches.
- All changes to the Linux kernel occur in the form of patches, as
- generated by diff(1). When creating your patch, make sure to create it
- in "unified diff" format, as supplied by the '-u' argument to diff(1).
- Patches should be based in the root kernel source directory, not in
- any lower subdirectory.
- To create a patch for a single file, it is often sufficient to do:
- SRCTREE= /devel/linux-2.4
- MYFILE= drivers/net/mydriver.c
- cd $SRCTREE
- cp $MYFILE $MYFILE.orig
- vi $MYFILE # make your change
- diff -u $MYFILE.orig $MYFILE > /tmp/patch
- To create a patch for multiple files, you should unpack a "vanilla",
- or unmodified kernel source tree, and generate a diff against your
- own source tree. For example:
- MYSRC= /devel/linux-2.4
- tar xvfz linux-2.4.0-test11.tar.gz
- mv linux linux-vanilla
- wget http://www.moses.uklinux.net/patches/dontdiff
- diff -urN -X dontdiff linux-vanilla $MYSRC > /tmp/patch
- rm -f dontdiff
- "dontdiff" is a list of files which are generated by the kernel during
- the build process, and should be ignored in any diff(1)-generated
- patch. dontdiff is maintained by Tigran Aivazian <tigran@veritas.com>
- Make sure your patch does not include any extra files which do not
- belong in a patch submission. Make sure to review your patch -after-
- generated it with diff(1), to ensure accuracy.
- 2) Describe your changes.
- Describe the technical detail of the change(s) your patch includes.
- Be as specific as possible. The WORST descriptions possible include
- things like "update driver X", "bug fix for driver X", or "this patch
- includes updates for subsystem X. Please apply."
- If your description starts to get long, that's a sign that you probably
- need to split up your patch. See #3, next.
- 3) Separate your changes.
- Separate each logical change into its own patch.
- For example, if your changes include both bug fixes and performance
- enhancements for a single driver, separate those changes into two
- or more patches. If your changes include an API update, and a new
- driver which uses that new API, separate those into two patches.
- On the other hand, if you make a single change to numerous files,
- group those changes into a single patch. Thus a single logical change
- is contained within a single patch.
- If one patch depends on another patch in order for a change to be
- complete, that is OK. Simply note "this patch depends on patch X"
- in your patch description.
- 4) Select e-mail destination.
- Look through the MAINTAINERS file and the source code, and determine
- if your change applies to a specific subsystem of the kernel, with
- an assigned maintainer. If so, e-mail that person.
- If no maintainer is listed, or the maintainer does not respond, send
- your patch to the primary Linux kernel developer's mailing list,
- linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org. Most kernel developers monitor this
- e-mail list, and can comment on your changes.
- Linus Torvalds is the final arbiter of all changes accepted into the
- Linux kernel. His e-mail address is torvalds@transmeta.com. He gets
- a lot of e-mail, so typically you should do your best to -avoid- sending
- him e-mail.
- Patches which are bug fixes, are "obvious" changes, or similarly
- require little discussion should be sent or CC'd to Linus. Patches
- which require discussion or do not have a clear advantage should
- usually be sent first to linux-kernel. Only after the patch is
- discussed should the patch then be submitted to Linus.
- 5) Select your CC (e-mail carbon copy) list.
- Unless you have a reason NOT to do so, CC linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org.
- Other kernel developers besides Linus need to be aware of your change,
- so that they may comment on it and offer code review and suggestions.
- linux-kernel is the primary Linux kernel developer mailing list.
- Other mailing lists are available for specific subsystems, such as
- USB, framebuffer devices, the VFS, the SCSI subsystem, etc. See the
- MAINTAINERS file for a mailing list that relates specifically to
- your change.
- Even if the maintainer did not respond in step #4, make sure to ALWAYS
- copy the maintainer when you change their code.
- 6) No MIME, no links, no compression, no attachments. Just plain text.
- Linus and other kernel developers need to be able to read and comment
- on the changes you are submitting. It is important for a kernel
- developer to be able to "quote" your changes, using standard e-mail
- tools, so that they may comment on specific portions of your code.
- For this reason, all patches should be submitting e-mail "inline".
- WARNING: Be wary of your editor's word-wrap corrupting your patch,
- if you choose to cut-n-paste your patch.
- Do not attach the patch as a MIME attachment, compressed or not.
- Many popular e-mail applications will not always transmit a MIME
- attachment as plain text, making it impossible to comment on your
- code. A MIME attachment also takes Linus a bit more time to process,
- decreasing the likelihood of your MIME-attached change being accepted.
- Exception: If your mailer is mangling patches then someone may ask
- you to re-send them using MIME.
- 7) E-mail size.
- When sending patches to Linus, always follow step #6.
- Large changes are not appropriate for mailing lists, and some
- maintainers. If your patch, uncompressed, exceeds 40Kb in size,
- it is preferred that you store your patch on an Internet-accessible
- server, and provide instead a URL (link) pointing to your patch.
- 8) Name your kernel version.
- It is important to note, either in the subject line or in the patch
- description, the kernel version to which this patch applies.
- If the patch does not apply cleanly to the latest kernel version,
- Linus will not apply it.
- 9) Don't get discouraged. Re-submit.
- After you have submitted your change, be patient and wait. If Linus
- likes your change and applies it, it will appear in the next version
- of the kernel that he releases.
- However, if your change doesn't appear in the next version of the
- kernel, there could be any number of reasons. It's YOUR job to
- narrow down those reasons, correct what was wrong, and submit your
- updated change.
- It is quite common for Linus to "drop" your patch without comment.
- That's the nature of the system. If he drops your patch, it could be
- due to
- * Your patch did not apply cleanly to the latest kernel version
- * Your patch was not sufficiently discussed on linux-kernel.
- * A style issue (see section 2),
- * An e-mail formatting issue (re-read this section)
- * A technical problem with your change
- * He gets tons of e-mail, and yours got lost in the shuffle
- * You are being annoying (See Figure 1)
- When in doubt, solicit comments on linux-kernel mailing list.
- 10) Include PATCH in the subject
- Due to high e-mail traffic to Linus, and to linux-kernel, it is common
- convention to prefix your subject line with [PATCH]. This lets Linus
- and other kernel developers more easily distinguish patches from other
- e-mail discussions.
- -----------------------------------
- SECTION 2 - HINTS, TIPS, AND TRICKS
- -----------------------------------
- This section lists many of the common "rules" associated with code
- submitted to the kernel. There are always exceptions... but you must
- have a really good reason for doing so. You could probably call this
- section Linus Computer Science 101.
- 1) Read Documentation/CodingStyle
- Nuff said. If your code deviates too much from this, it is likely
- to be rejected without further review, and without comment.
- 2) #ifdefs are ugly
- Code cluttered with ifdefs is difficult to read and maintain. Don't do
- it. Instead, put your ifdefs in a header, and conditionally define
- 'static inline' functions, or macros, which are used in the code.
- Let the compiler optimize away the "no-op" case.
- Simple example, of poor code:
- dev = init_etherdev (NULL, 0);
- if (!dev)
- return -ENODEV;
- #ifdef CONFIG_NET_FUNKINESS
- init_funky_net(dev);
- #endif
- Cleaned-up example:
- (in header)
- #ifndef CONFIG_NET_FUNKINESS
- static inline void init_funky_net (struct net_device *d) {}
- #endif
- (in the code itself)
- dev = init_etherdev (NULL, 0);
- if (!dev)
- return -ENODEV;
- init_funky_net(dev);
- 3) 'static inline' is better than a macro
- Static inline functions are greatly preferred over macros.
- They provide type safety, have no length limitations, no formatting
- limitations, and under gcc they are as cheap as macros.
- Macros should only be used for cases where a static inline is clearly
- suboptimal [there a few, isolated cases of this in fast paths],
- or where it is impossible to use a static inline function [such as
- string-izing].
- 'static inline' is preferred over 'static __inline__', 'extern inline',
- and 'extern __inline__'.
- 4) Don't over-design.
- Don't try to anticipate nebulous future cases which may or may not
- be useful: "Make it as simple as you can, and no simpler"