DMA-mapping.txt
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- Dynamic DMA mapping
- ===================
- David S. Miller <davem@redhat.com>
- Richard Henderson <rth@cygnus.com>
- Jakub Jelinek <jakub@redhat.com>
- Most of the 64bit platforms have special hardware that translates bus
- addresses (DMA addresses) into physical addresses. This is similar to
- how page tables and/or a TLB translates virtual addresses to physical
- addresses on a cpu. This is needed so that e.g. PCI devices can
- access with a Single Address Cycle (32bit DMA address) any page in the
- 64bit physical address space. Previously in Linux those 64bit
- platforms had to set artificial limits on the maximum RAM size in the
- system, so that the virt_to_bus() static scheme works (the DMA address
- translation tables were simply filled on bootup to map each bus
- address to the physical page __pa(bus_to_virt())).
- So that Linux can use the dynamic DMA mapping, it needs some help from the
- drivers, namely it has to take into account that DMA addresses should be
- mapped only for the time they are actually used and unmapped after the DMA
- transfer.
- The following API will work of course even on platforms where no such
- hardware exists, see e.g. include/asm-i386/pci.h for how it is implemented on
- top of the virt_to_bus interface.
- First of all, you should make sure
- #include <linux/pci.h>
- is in your driver. This file will obtain for you the definition of the
- dma_addr_t (which can hold any valid DMA address for the platform)
- type which should be used everywhere you hold a DMA (bus) address
- returned from the DMA mapping functions.
- What memory is DMA'able?
- The first piece of information you must know is what kernel memory can
- be used with the DMA mapping facilitites. There has been an unwritten
- set of rules regarding this, and this text is an attempt to finally
- write them down.
- If you acquired your memory via the page allocator
- (i.e. __get_free_page*()) or the generic memory allocators
- (i.e. kmalloc() or kmem_cache_alloc()) then you may DMA to/from
- that memory using the addresses returned from those routines.
- This means specifically that you may _not_ use the memory/addresses
- returned from vmalloc() for DMA. It is possible to DMA to the
- _underlying_ memory mapped into a vmalloc() area, but this requires
- walking page tables to get the physical addresses, and then
- translating each of those pages back to a kernel address using
- something like __va(). [ EDIT: Update this when we integrate
- Gerd Knorr's generic code which does this. ]
- This rule also means that you may not use kernel image addresses
- (ie. items in the kernel's data/text/bss segment, or your driver's)
- nor may you use kernel stack addresses for DMA. Both of these items
- might be mapped somewhere entirely different than the rest of physical
- memory.
- Also, this means that you cannot take the return of a kmap()
- call and DMA to/from that. This is similar to vmalloc().
- What about block I/O and networking buffers? The block I/O and
- networking subsystems make sure that the buffers they use are valid
- for you to DMA from/to.
- DMA addressing limitations
- Does your device have any DMA addressing limitations? For example, is
- your device only capable of driving the low order 24-bits of address
- on the PCI bus for SAC DMA transfers? If so, you need to inform the
- PCI layer of this fact.
- By default, the kernel assumes that your device can address the full
- 32-bits in a SAC cycle. For a 64-bit DAC capable device, this needs
- to be increased. And for a device with limitations, as discussed in
- the previous paragraph, it needs to be decreased.
- For correct operation, you must interrogate the PCI layer in your
- device probe routine to see if the PCI controller on the machine can
- properly support the DMA addressing limitation your device has. It is
- good style to do this even if your device holds the default setting,
- because this shows that you did think about these issues wrt. your
- device.
- The query is performed via a call to pci_set_dma_mask():
- int pci_set_dma_mask(struct pci_dev *pdev, u64 device_mask);
- Here, pdev is a pointer to the PCI device struct of your device, and
- device_mask is a bit mask describing which bits of a PCI address your
- device supports. It returns zero if your card can perform DMA
- properly on the machine given the address mask you provided.
- If it returns non-zero, your device can not perform DMA properly on
- this platform, and attempting to do so will result in undefined
- behavior. You must either use a different mask, or not use DMA.
- This means that in the failure case, you have three options:
- 1) Use another DMA mask, if possible (see below).
- 2) Use some non-DMA mode for data transfer, if possible.
- 3) Ignore this device and do not initialize it.
- It is recommended that your driver print a kernel KERN_WARNING message
- when you end up performing either #2 or #2. In this manner, if a user
- of your driver reports that performance is bad or that the device is not
- even detected, you can ask them for the kernel messages to find out
- exactly why.
- The standard 32-bit addressing PCI device would do something like
- this:
- if (pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, 0xffffffff)) {
- printk(KERN_WARNING
- "mydev: No suitable DMA available.n");
- goto ignore_this_device;
- }
- Another common scenario is a 64-bit capable device. The approach
- here is to try for 64-bit DAC addressing, but back down to a
- 32-bit mask should that fail. The PCI platform code may fail the
- 64-bit mask not because the platform is not capable of 64-bit
- addressing. Rather, it may fail in this case simply because
- 32-bit SAC addressing is done more efficiently than DAC addressing.
- Sparc64 is one platform which behaves in this way.
- Here is how you would handle a 64-bit capable device which can drive
- all 64-bits during a DAC cycle:
- int using_dac;
- if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, 0xffffffffffffffff)) {
- using_dac = 1;
- } else if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, 0xffffffff)) {
- using_dac = 0;
- } else {
- printk(KERN_WARNING
- "mydev: No suitable DMA available.n");
- goto ignore_this_device;
- }
- If your 64-bit device is going to be an enormous consumer of DMA
- mappings, this can be problematic since the DMA mappings are a
- finite resource on many platforms. Please see the "DAC Addressing
- for Address Space Hungry Devices" setion near the end of this
- document for how to handle this case.
- Finally, if your device can only drive the low 24-bits of
- address during PCI bus mastering you might do something like:
- if (pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, 0x00ffffff)) {
- printk(KERN_WARNING
- "mydev: 24-bit DMA addressing not available.n");
- goto ignore_this_device;
- }
- When pci_set_dma_mask() is successful, and returns zero, the PCI layer
- saves away this mask you have provided. The PCI layer will use this
- information later when you make DMA mappings.
- There is a case which we are aware of at this time, which is worth
- mentioning in this documentation. If your device supports multiple
- functions (for example a sound card provides playback and record
- functions) and the various different functions have _different_
- DMA addressing limitations, you may wish to probe each mask and
- only provide the functionality which the machine can handle. It
- is important that the last call to pci_set_dma_mask() be for the
- most specific mask.
- Here is pseudo-code showing how this might be done:
- #define PLAYBACK_ADDRESS_BITS 0xffffffff
- #define RECORD_ADDRESS_BITS 0x00ffffff
- struct my_sound_card *card;
- struct pci_dev *pdev;
- ...
- if (pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, PLAYBACK_ADDRESS_BITS)) {
- card->playback_enabled = 1;
- } else {
- card->playback_enabled = 0;
- printk(KERN_WARN "%s: Playback disabled due to DMA limitations.n",
- card->name);
- }
- if (pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, RECORD_ADDRESS_BITS)) {
- card->record_enabled = 1;
- } else {
- card->record_enabled = 0;
- printk(KERN_WARN "%s: Record disabled due to DMA limitations.n",
- card->name);
- }
- A sound card was used as an example here because this genre of PCI
- devices seems to be littered with ISA chips given a PCI front end,
- and thus retaining the 16MB DMA addressing limitations of ISA.
- Types of DMA mappings
- There are two types of DMA mappings:
- - Consistent DMA mappings which are usually mapped at driver
- initialization, unmapped at the end and for which the hardware should
- guarantee that the device and the cpu can access the data
- in parallel and will see updates made by each other without any
- explicit software flushing.
- Think of "consistent" as "synchronous" or "coherent".
- Consistent DMA mappings are always SAC addressable. That is
- to say, consistent DMA addresses given to the driver will always
- be in the low 32-bits of the PCI bus space.
- Good examples of what to use consistent mappings for are:
- - Network card DMA ring descriptors.
- - SCSI adapter mailbox command data structures.
- - Device firmware microcode executed out of
- main memory.
- The invariant these examples all require is that any cpu store
- to memory is immediately visible to the device, and vice
- versa. Consistent mappings guarantee this.
- IMPORTANT: Consistent DMA memory does not preclude the usage of
- proper memory barriers. The cpu may reorder stores to
- consistent memory just as it may normal memory. Example:
- if it is important for the device to see the first word
- of a descriptor updated before the second, you must do
- something like:
- desc->word0 = address;
- wmb();
- desc->word1 = DESC_VALID;
- in order to get correct behavior on all platforms.
- - Streaming DMA mappings which are usually mapped for one DMA transfer,
- unmapped right after it (unless you use pci_dma_sync below) and for which
- hardware can optimize for sequential accesses.
- This of "streaming" as "asynchronous" or "outside the coherency
- domain".
- Good examples of what to use streaming mappings for are:
- - Networking buffers transmitted/received by a device.
- - Filesystem buffers written/read by a SCSI device.
- The interfaces for using this type of mapping were designed in
- such a way that an implementation can make whatever performance
- optimizations the hardware allows. To this end, when using
- such mappings you must be explicit about what you want to happen.
- Neither type of DMA mapping has alignment restrictions that come
- from PCI, although some devices may have such restrictions.
- Using Consistent DMA mappings.
- To allocate and map large (PAGE_SIZE or so) consistent DMA regions,
- you should do:
- dma_addr_t dma_handle;
- cpu_addr = pci_alloc_consistent(dev, size, &dma_handle);
- where dev is a struct pci_dev *. You should pass NULL for PCI like buses
- where devices don't have struct pci_dev (like ISA, EISA). This may be
- called in interrupt context.
- This argument is needed because the DMA translations may be bus
- specific (and often is private to the bus which the device is attached
- to).
- Size is the length of the region you want to allocate, in bytes.
- This routine will allocate RAM for that region, so it acts similarly to
- __get_free_pages (but takes size instead of a page order). If your
- driver needs regions sized smaller than a page, you may prefer using
- the pci_pool interface, described below.
- The consistent DMA mapping interfaces, for non-NULL dev, will always
- return a DMA address which is SAC (Single Address Cycle) addressible.
- Even if the device indicates (via PCI dma mask) that it may address
- the upper 32-bits and thus perform DAC cycles, consistent allocation
- will still only return 32-bit PCI addresses for DMA. This is true
- of the pci_pool interface as well.
- In fact, as mentioned above, all consistent memory provided by the
- kernel DMA APIs are always SAC addressable.
- pci_alloc_consistent returns two values: the virtual address which you
- can use to access it from the CPU and dma_handle which you pass to the
- card.
- The cpu return address and the DMA bus master address are both
- guaranteed to be aligned to the smallest PAGE_SIZE order which
- is greater than or equal to the requested size. This invariant
- exists (for example) to guarantee that if you allocate a chunk
- which is smaller than or equal to 64 kilobytes, the extent of the
- buffer you receive will not cross a 64K boundary.
- To unmap and free such a DMA region, you call:
- pci_free_consistent(dev, size, cpu_addr, dma_handle);
- where dev, size are the same as in the above call and cpu_addr and
- dma_handle are the values pci_alloc_consistent returned to you.
- This function may not be called in interrupt context.
- If your driver needs lots of smaller memory regions, you can write
- custom code to subdivide pages returned by pci_alloc_consistent,
- or you can use the pci_pool API to do that. A pci_pool is like
- a kmem_cache, but it uses pci_alloc_consistent not __get_free_pages.
- Also, it understands common hardware constraints for alignment,
- like queue heads needing to be aligned on N byte boundaries.
- Create a pci_pool like this:
- struct pci_pool *pool;
- pool = pci_pool_create(name, dev, size, align, alloc, flags);
- The "name" is for diagnostics (like a kmem_cache name); dev and size
- are as above. The device's hardware alignment requirement for this
- type of data is "align" (which is expressed in bytes, and must be a
- power of two). The flags are SLAB_ flags as you'd pass to
- kmem_cache_create. Not all flags are understood, but SLAB_POISON may
- help you find driver bugs. If you call this in a non- sleeping
- context (f.e. in_interrupt is true or while holding SMP locks), pass
- SLAB_ATOMIC. If your device has no boundary crossing restrictions,
- pass 0 for alloc; passing 4096 says memory allocated from this pool
- must not cross 4KByte boundaries (but at that time it may be better to
- go for pci_alloc_consistent directly instead).
- Allocate memory from a pci pool like this:
- cpu_addr = pci_pool_alloc(pool, flags, &dma_handle);
- flags are SLAB_KERNEL if blocking is permitted (not in_interrupt nor
- holding SMP locks), SLAB_ATOMIC otherwise. Like pci_alloc_consistent,
- this returns two values, cpu_addr and dma_handle.
- Free memory that was allocated from a pci_pool like this:
- pci_pool_free(pool, cpu_addr, dma_handle);
- where pool is what you passed to pci_pool_alloc, and cpu_addr and
- dma_handle are the values pci_pool_alloc returned. This function
- may be called in interrupt context.
- Destroy a pci_pool by calling:
- pci_pool_destroy(pool);
- Make sure you've called pci_pool_free for all memory allocated
- from a pool before you destroy the pool. This function may not
- be called in interrupt context.
- DMA Direction
- The interfaces described in subsequent portions of this document
- take a DMA direction argument, which is an integer and takes on
- one of the following values:
- PCI_DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL
- PCI_DMA_TODEVICE
- PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE
- PCI_DMA_NONE
- One should provide the exact DMA direction if you know it.
- PCI_DMA_TODEVICE means "from main memory to the PCI device"
- PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE means "from the PCI device to main memory"
- It is the direction in which the data moves during the DMA
- transfer.
- You are _strongly_ encouraged to specify this as precisely
- as you possibly can.
- If you absolutely cannot know the direction of the DMA transfer,
- specify PCI_DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL. It means that the DMA can go in
- either direction. The platform guarantees that you may legally
- specify this, and that it will work, but this may be at the
- cost of performance for example.
- The value PCI_DMA_NONE is to be used for debugging. One can
- hold this in a data structure before you come to know the
- precise direction, and this will help catch cases where your
- direction tracking logic has failed to set things up properly.
- Another advantage of specifying this value precisely (outside of
- potential platform-specific optimizations of such) is for debugging.
- Some platforms actually have a write permission boolean which DMA
- mappings can be marked with, much like page protections in the user
- program address space. Such platforms can and do report errors in the
- kernel logs when the PCI controller hardware detects violation of the
- permission setting.
- Only streaming mappings specify a direction, consistent mappings
- implicitly have a direction attribute setting of
- PCI_DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL.
- The SCSI subsystem provides mechanisms for you to easily obtain
- the direction to use, in the SCSI command:
- scsi_to_pci_dma_dir(SCSI_DIRECTION)
- Where SCSI_DIRECTION is obtained from the 'sc_data_direction'
- member of the SCSI command your driver is working on. The
- mentioned interface above returns a value suitable for passing
- into the streaming DMA mapping interfaces below.
- For Networking drivers, it's a rather simple affair. For transmit
- packets, map/unmap them with the PCI_DMA_TODEVICE direction
- specifier. For receive packets, just the opposite, map/unmap them
- with the PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE direction specifier.
- Using Streaming DMA mappings
- The streaming DMA mapping routines can be called from interrupt
- context. There are two versions of each map/unmap, one which will
- map/unmap a single memory region, and one which will map/unmap a
- scatterlist.
- To map a single region, you do:
- struct pci_dev *pdev = mydev->pdev;
- dma_addr_t dma_handle;
- void *addr = buffer->ptr;
- size_t size = buffer->len;
- dma_handle = pci_map_single(dev, addr, size, direction);
- and to unmap it:
- pci_unmap_single(dev, dma_handle, size, direction);
- You should call pci_unmap_single when the DMA activity is finished, e.g.
- from the interrupt which told you that the DMA transfer is done.
- Using cpu pointers like this for single mappings has a disadvantage,
- you cannot reference HIGHMEM memory in this way. Thus, there is a
- map/unmap interface pair akin to pci_{map,unmap}_single. These
- interfaces deal with page/offset pairs instead of cpu pointers.
- Specifically:
- struct pci_dev *pdev = mydev->pdev;
- dma_addr_t dma_handle;
- struct page *page = buffer->page;
- unsigned long offset = buffer->offset;
- size_t size = buffer->len;
- dma_handle = pci_map_page(dev, page, offset, size, direction);
- ...
- pci_unmap_page(dev, dma_handle, size, direction);
- Here, "offset" means byte offset within the given page.
- With scatterlists, you map a region gathered from several regions by:
- int i, count = pci_map_sg(dev, sglist, nents, direction);
- struct scatterlist *sg;
- for (i = 0, sg = sglist; i < count; i++, sg++) {
- hw_address[i] = sg_dma_address(sg);
- hw_len[i] = sg_dma_len(sg);
- }
- where nents is the number of entries in the sglist.
- The implementation is free to merge several consecutive sglist entries
- into one (e.g. if DMA mapping is done with PAGE_SIZE granularity, any
- consecutive sglist entries can be merged into one provided the first one
- ends and the second one starts on a page boundary - in fact this is a huge
- advantage for cards which either cannot do scatter-gather or have very
- limited number of scatter-gather entries) and returns the actual number
- of sg entries it mapped them to.
- Then you should loop count times (note: this can be less than nents times)
- and use sg_dma_address() and sg_dma_length() macros where you previously
- accessed sg->address and sg->length as shown above.
- To unmap a scatterlist, just call:
- pci_unmap_sg(dev, sglist, nents, direction);
- Again, make sure DMA activity has already finished.
- PLEASE NOTE: The 'nents' argument to the pci_unmap_sg call must be
- the _same_ one you passed into the pci_map_sg call,
- it should _NOT_ be the 'count' value _returned_ from the
- pci_map_sg call.
- Every pci_map_{single,sg} call should have its pci_unmap_{single,sg}
- counterpart, because the bus address space is a shared resource (although
- in some ports the mapping is per each BUS so less devices contend for the
- same bus address space) and you could render the machine unusable by eating
- all bus addresses.
- If you need to use the same streaming DMA region multiple times and touch
- the data in between the DMA transfers, just map it with
- pci_map_{single,sg}, and after each DMA transfer call either:
- pci_dma_sync_single(dev, dma_handle, size, direction);
- or:
- pci_dma_sync_sg(dev, sglist, nents, direction);
- as appropriate.
- After the last DMA transfer call one of the DMA unmap routines
- pci_unmap_{single,sg}. If you don't touch the data from the first pci_map_*
- call till pci_unmap_*, then you don't have to call the pci_dma_sync_*
- routines at all.
- Here is pseudo code which shows a situation in which you would need
- to use the pci_dma_sync_*() interfaces.
- my_card_setup_receive_buffer(struct my_card *cp, char *buffer, int len)
- {
- dma_addr_t mapping;
- mapping = pci_map_single(cp->pdev, buffer, len, PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
- cp->rx_buf = buffer;
- cp->rx_len = len;
- cp->rx_dma = mapping;
- give_rx_buf_to_card(cp);
- }
- ...
- my_card_interrupt_handler(int irq, void *devid, struct pt_regs *regs)
- {
- struct my_card *cp = devid;
- ...
- if (read_card_status(cp) == RX_BUF_TRANSFERRED) {
- struct my_card_header *hp;
- /* Examine the header to see if we wish
- * to accept the data. But synchronize
- * the DMA transfer with the CPU first
- * so that we see updated contents.
- */
- pci_dma_sync_single(cp->pdev, cp->rx_dma, cp->rx_len,
- PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
- /* Now it is safe to examine the buffer. */
- hp = (struct my_card_header *) cp->rx_buf;
- if (header_is_ok(hp)) {
- pci_unmap_single(cp->pdev, cp->rx_dma, cp->rx_len,
- PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
- pass_to_upper_layers(cp->rx_buf);
- make_and_setup_new_rx_buf(cp);
- } else {
- /* Just give the buffer back to the card. */
- give_rx_buf_to_card(cp);
- }
- }
- }
- Drivers converted fully to this interface should not use virt_to_bus any
- longer, nor should they use bus_to_virt. Some drivers have to be changed a
- little bit, because there is no longer an equivalent to bus_to_virt in the
- dynamic DMA mapping scheme - you have to always store the DMA addresses
- returned by the pci_alloc_consistent, pci_pool_alloc, and pci_map_single
- calls (pci_map_sg stores them in the scatterlist itself if the platform
- supports dynamic DMA mapping in hardware) in your driver structures and/or
- in the card registers.
- All PCI drivers should be using these interfaces with no exceptions.
- It is planned to completely remove virt_to_bus() and bus_to_virt() as
- they are entirely deprecated. Some ports already do not provide these
- as it is impossible to correctly support them.
- 64-bit DMA and DAC cycle support
- Do you understand all of the text above? Great, then you already
- know how to use 64-bit DMA addressing under Linux. Simply make
- the appropriate pci_set_dma_mask() calls based upon your cards
- capabilities, then use the mapping APIs above.
- It is that simple.
- Well, not for some odd devices. See the next section for information
- about that.
- DAC Addressing for Address Space Hungry Devices
- There exists a class of devices which do not mesh well with the PCI
- DMA mapping API. By definition these "mappings" are a finite
- resource. The number of total available mappings per bus is platform
- specific, but there will always be a reasonable amount.
- What is "reasonable"? Reasonable means that networking and block I/O
- devices need not worry about using too many mappings.
- As an example of a problematic device, consider compute cluster cards.
- They can potentially need to access gigabytes of memory at once via
- DMA. Dynamic mappings are unsuitable for this kind of access pattern.
- To this end we've provided a small API by which a device driver
- may use DAC cycles to directly address all of physical memory.
- Not all platforms support this, but most do. It is easy to determine
- whether the platform will work properly at probe time.
- First, understand that there may be a SEVERE performance penalty for
- using these interfaces on some platforms. Therefore, you MUST only
- use these interfaces if it is absolutely required. %99 of devices can
- use the normal APIs without any problems.
- Note that for streaming type mappings you must either use these
- interfaces, or the dynamic mapping interfaces above. You may not mix
- usage of both for the same device. Such an act is illegal and is
- guarenteed to put a banana in your tailpipe.
- However, consistent mappings may in fact be used in conjunction with
- these interfaces. Remember that, as defined, consistent mappings are
- always going to be SAC addressable.
- The first thing your driver needs to do is query the PCI platform
- layer with your devices DAC addressing capabilities:
- int pci_dac_set_dma_mask(struct pci_dev *pdev, u64 mask);
- This routine behaves identically to pci_set_dma_mask. You may not
- use the following interfaces if this routine fails.
- Next, DMA addresses using this API are kept track of using the
- dma64_addr_t type. It is guarenteed to be big enough to hold any
- DAC address the platform layer will give to you from the following
- routines. If you have consistent mappings as well, you still
- use plain dma_addr_t to keep track of those.
- All mappings obtained here will be direct. The mappings are not
- translated, and this is the purpose of this dialect of the DMA API.
- All routines work with page/offset pairs. This is the _ONLY_ way to
- portably refer to any piece of memory. If you have a cpu pointer
- (which may be validly DMA'd too) you may easily obtain the page
- and offset using something like this:
- struct page *page = virt_to_page(ptr);
- unsigned long offset = ((unsigned long)ptr & ~PAGE_MASK);
- Here are the interfaces:
- dma64_addr_t pci_dac_page_to_dma(struct pci_dev *pdev,
- struct page *page,
- unsigned long offset,
- int direction);
- The DAC address for the tuple PAGE/OFFSET are returned. The direction
- argument is the same as for pci_{map,unmap}_single(). The same rules
- for cpu/device access apply here as for the streaming mapping
- interfaces. To reiterate:
- The cpu may touch the buffer before pci_dac_page_to_dma.
- The device may touch the buffer after pci_dac_page_to_dma
- is made, but the cpu may NOT.
- When the DMA transfer is complete, invoke:
- void pci_dac_dma_sync_single(struct pci_dev *pdev,
- dma64_addr_t dma_addr,
- size_t len, int direction);
- This must be done before the CPU looks at the buffer again.
- This interface behaves identically to pci_dma_sync_{single,sg}().
- If you need to get back to the PAGE/OFFSET tuple from a dma64_addr_t
- the following interfaces are provided:
- struct page *pci_dac_dma_to_page(struct pci_dev *pdev,
- dma64_addr_t dma_addr);
- unsigned long pci_dac_dma_to_offset(struct pci_dev *pdev,
- dma64_addr_t dma_addr);
- This is possible with the DAC interfaces purely because they are
- not translated in any way.
- Optimizing Unmap State Space Consumption
- On many platforms, pci_unmap_{single,page}() is simply a nop.
- Therefore, keeping track of the mapping address and length is a waste
- of space. Instead of filling your drivers up with ifdefs and the like
- to "work around" this (which would defeat the whole purpose of a
- portable API) the following facilities are provided.
- Actually, instead of describing the macros one by one, we'll
- transform some example code.
- 1) Use DECLARE_PCI_UNMAP_{ADDR,LEN} in state saving structures.
- Example, before:
- struct ring_state {
- struct sk_buff *skb;
- dma_addr_t mapping;
- __u32 len;
- };
- after:
- struct ring_state {
- struct sk_buff *skb;
- DECLARE_PCI_UNMAP_ADDR(mapping)
- DECLARE_PCI_UNMAP_LEN(len)
- };
- NOTE: DO NOT put a semicolon at the end of the DECLARE_*()
- macro.
- 2) Use pci_unmap_{addr,len}_set to set these values.
- Example, before:
- ringp->mapping = FOO;
- ringp->len = BAR;
- after:
- pci_unmap_addr_set(ringp, mapping, FOO);
- pci_unmap_len_set(ringp, len, BAR);
- 3) Use pci_unmap_{addr,len} to access these values.
- Example, before:
- pci_unmap_single(pdev, ringp->mapping, ringp->len,
- PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
- after:
- pci_unmap_single(pdev,
- pci_unmap_addr(ringp, mapping),
- pci_unmap_len(ringp, len),
- PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
- It really should be self-explanatory. We treat the ADDR and LEN
- seperately, because it is possible for an implementation to only
- need the address in order to perform the unmap operation.
- Platform Issues
- If you are just writing drivers for Linux and do not maintain
- an architecture port for the kernel, you can safely skip down
- to "Closing".
- 1) Struct scatterlist requirements.
- Struct scatterlist must contain, at a minimum, the following
- members:
- char *address;
- struct page *page;
- unsigned int offset;
- unsigned int length;
- The "address" member will disappear in 2.5.x
- This means that your pci_{map,unmap}_sg() and all other
- interfaces dealing with scatterlists must be able to cope
- properly with page being non NULL.
- A scatterlist is in one of two states. The base address is
- either specified by "address" or by a "page+offset" pair.
- If "address" is NULL, then "page+offset" is being used.
- If "page" is NULL, then "address" is being used.
- In 2.5.x, all scatterlists will use "page+offset". But during
- 2.4.x we still have to support the old method.
- 2) More to come...
- Closing
- This document, and the API itself, would not be in it's current
- form without the feedback and suggestions from numerous individuals.
- We would like to specifically mention, in no particular order, the
- following people:
- Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
- Leo Dagum <dagum@barrel.engr.sgi.com>
- Ralf Baechle <ralf@oss.sgi.com>
- Grant Grundler <grundler@cup.hp.com>
- Jay Estabrook <Jay.Estabrook@compaq.com>
- Thomas Sailer <sailer@ife.ee.ethz.ch>
- Andrea Arcangeli <andrea@suse.de>
- Jens Axboe <axboe@suse.de>
- David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>