nfsroot.txt
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- Mounting the root filesystem via NFS (nfsroot)
- ===============================================
- Written 1996 by Gero Kuhlmann <gero@gkminix.han.de>
- Updated 1997 by Martin Mares <mj@atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz>
- If you want to use a diskless system, as an X-terminal or printer
- server for example, you have to put your root filesystem onto a
- non-disk device. This can either be a ramdisk (see initrd.txt in
- this directory for further information) or a filesystem mounted
- via NFS. The following text describes on how to use NFS for the
- root filesystem. For the rest of this text 'client' means the
- diskless system, and 'server' means the NFS server.
- 1.) Enabling nfsroot capabilities
- -----------------------------
- In order to use nfsroot you have to select support for NFS during
- kernel configuration. Note that NFS cannot be loaded as a module
- in this case. The configuration script will then ask you whether
- you want to use nfsroot, and if yes what kind of auto configuration
- system you want to use. Selecting both BOOTP and RARP is safe.
- 2.) Kernel command line
- -------------------
- When the kernel has been loaded by a boot loader (either by loadlin,
- LILO or a network boot program) it has to be told what root fs device
- to use, and where to find the server and the name of the directory
- on the server to mount as root. This can be established by a couple
- of kernel command line parameters:
- root=/dev/nfs
- This is necessary to enable the pseudo-NFS-device. Note that it's not a
- real device but just a synonym to tell the kernel to use NFS instead of
- a real device.
- nfsroot=[<server-ip>:]<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]
- If the `nfsroot' parameter is NOT given on the command line, the default
- "/tftpboot/%s" will be used.
- <server-ip> Specifies the IP address of the NFS server. If this field
- is not given, the default address as determined by the
- `ip' variable (see below) is used. One use of this
- parameter is for example to allow using different servers
- for RARP and NFS. Usually you can leave this blank.
- <root-dir> Name of the directory on the server to mount as root. If
- there is a "%s" token in the string, the token will be
- replaced by the ASCII-representation of the client's IP
- address.
- <nfs-options> Standard NFS options. All options are separated by commas.
- If the options field is not given, the following defaults
- will be used:
- port = as given by server portmap daemon
- rsize = 1024
- wsize = 1024
- timeo = 7
- retrans = 3
- acregmin = 3
- acregmax = 60
- acdirmin = 30
- acdirmax = 60
- flags = hard, nointr, noposix, cto, ac
- ip=<client-ip>:<server-ip>:<gw-ip>:<netmask>:<hostname>:<device>:<autoconf>
- This parameter tells the kernel how to configure IP addresses of devices
- and also how to set up the IP routing table. It was originally called `nfsaddrs',
- but now the boot-time IP configuration works independently of NFS, so it
- was renamed to `ip' and the old name remained as an alias for compatibility
- reasons.
- If this parameter is missing from the kernel command line, all fields are
- assumed to be empty, and the defaults mentioned below apply. In general
- this means that the kernel tries to configure everything using both
- RARP and BOOTP (depending on what has been enabled during kernel confi-
- guration, and if both what protocol answer got in first).
- <client-ip> IP address of the client. If empty, the address will either
- be determined by RARP or BOOTP. What protocol is used de-
- pends on what has been enabled during kernel configuration
- and on the <autoconf> parameter. If this parameter is not
- empty, neither RARP nor BOOTP will be used.
- <server-ip> IP address of the NFS server. If RARP is used to determine
- the client address and this parameter is NOT empty only
- replies from the specified server are accepted. To use
- different RARP and NFS server, specify your RARP server
- here (or leave it blank), and specify your NFS server in
- the `nfsroot' parameter (see above). If this entry is blank
- the address of the server is used which answered the RARP
- or BOOTP request.
- <gw-ip> IP address of a gateway if the server is on a different
- subnet. If this entry is empty no gateway is used and the
- server is assumed to be on the local network, unless a
- value has been received by BOOTP.
- <netmask> Netmask for local network interface. If this is empty,
- the netmask is derived from the client IP address assuming
- classful addressing, unless overridden in BOOTP reply.
- <hostname> Name of the client. If empty, the client IP address is
- used in ASCII notation, or the value received by BOOTP.
- <device> Name of network device to use. If this is empty, all
- devices are used for RARP and BOOTP requests, and the
- first one we receive a reply on is configured. If you have
- only one device, you can safely leave this blank.
- <autoconf> Method to use for autoconfiguration. If this is either
- 'rarp' or 'bootp', the specified protocol is used.
- If the value is 'both' or empty, both protocols are used
- so far as they have been enabled during kernel configura-
- tion. 'off' means no autoconfiguration.
- The <autoconf> parameter can appear alone as the value to the `ip'
- parameter (without all the ':' characters before) in which case auto-
- configuration is used.
- 3.) Kernel loader
- -------------
- To get the kernel into memory different approaches can be used. They
- depend on what facilities are available:
- 3.1) Writing the kernel onto a floppy using dd:
- As always you can just write the kernel onto a floppy using dd,
- but then it's not possible to use kernel command lines at all.
- To substitute the 'root=' parameter, create a dummy device on any
- linux system with major number 0 and minor number 255 using mknod:
- mknod /dev/boot255 c 0 255
- Then copy the kernel zImage file onto a floppy using dd:
- dd if=/usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage of=/dev/fd0
- And finally use rdev to set the root device:
- rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/boot255
- You can then remove the dummy device /dev/boot255 again. There
- is no real device available for it.
- The other two kernel command line parameters cannot be substi-
- tuted with rdev. Therefore, using this method the kernel will
- by default use RARP and/or BOOTP, and if it gets an answer via
- RARP will mount the directory /tftpboot/<client-ip>/ as its
- root. If it got a BOOTP answer the directory name in that answer
- is used.
- 3.2) Using LILO
- When using LILO you can specify all necessary command line
- parameters with the 'append=' command in the LILO configuration
- file. However, to use the 'root=' command you also need to
- set up a dummy device as described in 3.1 above. For how to use
- LILO and its 'append=' command please refer to the LILO
- documentation.
- 3.3) Using loadlin
- When you want to boot Linux from a DOS command prompt without
- having a local hard disk to mount as root, you can use loadlin.
- I was told that it works, but haven't used it myself yet. In
- general you should be able to create a kernel command line simi-
- lar to how LILO is doing it. Please refer to the loadlin docu-
- mentation for further information.
- 3.4) Using a boot ROM
- This is probably the most elegant way of booting a diskless
- client. With a boot ROM the kernel gets loaded using the TFTP
- protocol. As far as I know, no commercial boot ROMs yet
- support booting Linux over the network, but there are two
- free implementations of a boot ROM available on sunsite.unc.edu
- and its mirrors. They are called 'netboot-nfs' and 'etherboot'.
- Both contain everything you need to boot a diskless Linux client.
- 4.) Credits
- -------
- The nfsroot code in the kernel and the RARP support have been written
- by Gero Kuhlmann <gero@gkminix.han.de>.
- The rest of the IP layer autoconfiguration code has been written
- by Martin Mares <mj@atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz>.
- In order to write the initial version of nfsroot I would like to thank
- Jens-Uwe Mager <jum@anubis.han.de> for his help.