vfs.txt
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- /* -*- auto-fill -*- */
- Overview of the Virtual File System
- Richard Gooch <rgooch@atnf.csiro.au>
- 5-JUL-1999
- Conventions used in this document <section>
- =================================
- Each section in this document will have the string "<section>" at the
- right-hand side of the section title. Each subsection will have
- "<subsection>" at the right-hand side. These strings are meant to make
- it easier to search through the document.
- NOTE that the master copy of this document is available online at:
- http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/docs/vfs.txt
- What is it? <section>
- ===========
- The Virtual File System (otherwise known as the Virtual Filesystem
- Switch) is the software layer in the kernel that provides the
- filesystem interface to userspace programs. It also provides an
- abstraction within the kernel which allows different filesystem
- implementations to co-exist.
- A Quick Look At How It Works <section>
- ============================
- In this section I'll briefly describe how things work, before
- launching into the details. I'll start with describing what happens
- when user programs open and manipulate files, and then look from the
- other view which is how a filesystem is supported and subsequently
- mounted.
- Opening a File <subsection>
- --------------
- The VFS implements the open(2), stat(2), chmod(2) and similar system
- calls. The pathname argument is used by the VFS to search through the
- directory entry cache (dentry cache or "dcache"). This provides a very
- fast lookup mechanism to translate a pathname (filename) into a
- specific dentry.
- An individual dentry usually has a pointer to an inode. Inodes are the
- things that live on disc drives, and can be regular files (you know:
- those things that you write data into), directories, FIFOs and other
- beasts. Dentries live in RAM and are never saved to disc: they exist
- only for performance. Inodes live on disc and are copied into memory
- when required. Later any changes are written back to disc. The inode
- that lives in RAM is a VFS inode, and it is this which the dentry
- points to. A single inode can be pointed to by multiple dentries
- (think about hardlinks).
- The dcache is meant to be a view into your entire filespace. Unlike
- Linus, most of us losers can't fit enough dentries into RAM to cover
- all of our filespace, so the dcache has bits missing. In order to
- resolve your pathname into a dentry, the VFS may have to resort to
- creating dentries along the way, and then loading the inode. This is
- done by looking up the inode.
- To lookup an inode (usually read from disc) requires that the VFS
- calls the lookup() method of the parent directory inode. This method
- is installed by the specific filesystem implementation that the inode
- lives in. There will be more on this later.
- Once the VFS has the required dentry (and hence the inode), we can do
- all those boring things like open(2) the file, or stat(2) it to peek
- at the inode data. The stat(2) operation is fairly simple: once the
- VFS has the dentry, it peeks at the inode data and passes some of it
- back to userspace.
- Opening a file requires another operation: allocation of a file
- structure (this is the kernel-side implementation of file
- descriptors). The freshly allocated file structure is initialised with
- a pointer to the dentry and a set of file operation member functions.
- These are taken from the inode data. The open() file method is then
- called so the specific filesystem implementation can do it's work. You
- can see that this is another switch performed by the VFS.
- The file structure is placed into the file descriptor table for the
- process.
- Reading, writing and closing files (and other assorted VFS operations)
- is done by using the userspace file descriptor to grab the appropriate
- file structure, and then calling the required file structure method
- function to do whatever is required.
- For as long as the file is open, it keeps the dentry "open" (in use),
- which in turn means that the VFS inode is still in use.
- All VFS system calls (i.e. open(2), stat(2), read(2), write(2),
- chmod(2) and so on) are called from a process context. You should
- assume that these calls are made without any kernel locks being
- held. This means that the processes may be executing the same piece of
- filesystem or driver code at the same time, on different
- processors. You should ensure that access to shared resources is
- protected by appropriate locks.
- Registering and Mounting a Filesystem <subsection>
- -------------------------------------
- If you want to support a new kind of filesystem in the kernel, all you
- need to do is call register_filesystem(). You pass a structure
- describing the filesystem implementation (struct file_system_type)
- which is then added to an internal table of supported filesystems. You
- can do:
- % cat /proc/filesystems
- to see what filesystems are currently available on your system.
- When a request is made to mount a block device onto a directory in
- your filespace the VFS will call the appropriate method for the
- specific filesystem. The dentry for the mount point will then be
- updated to point to the root inode for the new filesystem.
- It's now time to look at things in more detail.
- struct file_system_type <section>
- =======================
- This describes the filesystem. As of kernel 2.1.99, the following
- members are defined:
- struct file_system_type {
- const char *name;
- int fs_flags;
- struct super_block *(*read_super) (struct super_block *, void *, int);
- struct file_system_type * next;
- };
- name: the name of the filesystem type, such as "ext2", "iso9660",
- "msdos" and so on
- fs_flags: various flags (i.e. FS_REQUIRES_DEV, FS_NO_DCACHE, etc.)
- read_super: the method to call when a new instance of this
- filesystem should be mounted
- next: for internal VFS use: you should initialise this to NULL
- The read_super() method has the following arguments:
- struct super_block *sb: the superblock structure. This is partially
- initialised by the VFS and the rest must be initialised by the
- read_super() method
- void *data: arbitrary mount options, usually comes as an ASCII
- string
- int silent: whether or not to be silent on error
- The read_super() method must determine if the block device specified
- in the superblock contains a filesystem of the type the method
- supports. On success the method returns the superblock pointer, on
- failure it returns NULL.
- The most interesting member of the superblock structure that the
- read_super() method fills in is the "s_op" field. This is a pointer to
- a "struct super_operations" which describes the next level of the
- filesystem implementation.
- struct super_operations <section>
- =======================
- This describes how the VFS can manipulate the superblock of your
- filesystem. As of kernel 2.1.99, the following members are defined:
- struct super_operations {
- void (*read_inode) (struct inode *);
- void (*write_inode) (struct inode *, int);
- void (*put_inode) (struct inode *);
- void (*delete_inode) (struct inode *);
- int (*notify_change) (struct dentry *, struct iattr *);
- void (*put_super) (struct super_block *);
- void (*write_super) (struct super_block *);
- int (*statfs) (struct super_block *, struct statfs *, int);
- int (*remount_fs) (struct super_block *, int *, char *);
- void (*clear_inode) (struct inode *);
- };
- All methods are called without any locks being held, unless otherwise
- noted. This means that most methods can block safely. All methods are
- only called from a process context (i.e. not from an interrupt handler
- or bottom half).
- read_inode: this method is called to read a specific inode from the
- mounted filesystem. The "i_ino" member in the "struct inode"
- will be initialised by the VFS to indicate which inode to
- read. Other members are filled in by this method
- write_inode: this method is called when the VFS needs to write an
- inode to disc. The second parameter indicates whether the write
- should be synchronous or not, not all filesystems check this flag.
- put_inode: called when the VFS inode is removed from the inode
- cache. This method is optional
- delete_inode: called when the VFS wants to delete an inode
- notify_change: called when VFS inode attributes are changed. If this
- is NULL the VFS falls back to the write_inode() method. This
- is called with the kernel lock held
- put_super: called when the VFS wishes to free the superblock
- (i.e. unmount). This is called with the superblock lock held
- write_super: called when the VFS superblock needs to be written to
- disc. This method is optional
- statfs: called when the VFS needs to get filesystem statistics. This
- is called with the kernel lock held
- remount_fs: called when the filesystem is remounted. This is called
- with the kernel lock held
- clear_inode: called then the VFS clears the inode. Optional
- The read_inode() method is responsible for filling in the "i_op"
- field. This is a pointer to a "struct inode_operations" which
- describes the methods that can be performed on individual inodes.
- struct inode_operations <section>
- =======================
- This describes how the VFS can manipulate an inode in your
- filesystem. As of kernel 2.1.99, the following members are defined:
- struct inode_operations {
- struct file_operations * default_file_ops;
- int (*create) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,int);
- int (*lookup) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
- int (*link) (struct dentry *,struct inode *,struct dentry *);
- int (*unlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
- int (*symlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,const char *);
- int (*mkdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,int);
- int (*rmdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
- int (*mknod) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,int,int);
- int (*rename) (struct inode *, struct dentry *,
- struct inode *, struct dentry *);
- int (*readlink) (struct dentry *, char *,int);
- struct dentry * (*follow_link) (struct dentry *, struct dentry *);
- int (*readpage) (struct file *, struct page *);
- int (*writepage) (struct file *, struct page *);
- int (*bmap) (struct inode *,int);
- void (*truncate) (struct inode *);
- int (*permission) (struct inode *, int);
- int (*smap) (struct inode *,int);
- int (*updatepage) (struct file *, struct page *, const char *,
- unsigned long, unsigned int, int);
- int (*revalidate) (struct dentry *);
- };
- Again, all methods are called without any locks being held, unless
- otherwise noted.
- default_file_ops: this is a pointer to a "struct file_operations"
- which describes how to open and then manipulate open files
- create: called by the open(2) and creat(2) system calls. Only
- required if you want to support regular files. The dentry you
- get should not have an inode (i.e. it should be a negative
- dentry). Here you will probably call d_instantiate() with the
- dentry and the newly created inode
- lookup: called when the VFS needs to lookup an inode in a parent
- directory. The name to look for is found in the dentry. This
- method must call d_add() to insert the found inode into the
- dentry. The "i_count" field in the inode structure should be
- incremented. If the named inode does not exist a NULL inode
- should be inserted into the dentry (this is called a negative
- dentry). Returning an error code from this routine must only
- be done on a real error, otherwise creating inodes with system
- calls like create(2), mknod(2), mkdir(2) and so on will fail.
- If you wish to overload the dentry methods then you should
- initialise the "d_dop" field in the dentry; this is a pointer
- to a struct "dentry_operations".
- This method is called with the directory inode semaphore held
- link: called by the link(2) system call. Only required if you want
- to support hard links. You will probably need to call
- d_instantiate() just as you would in the create() method
- unlink: called by the unlink(2) system call. Only required if you
- want to support deleting inodes
- symlink: called by the symlink(2) system call. Only required if you
- want to support symlinks. You will probably need to call
- d_instantiate() just as you would in the create() method
- mkdir: called by the mkdir(2) system call. Only required if you want
- to support creating subdirectories. You will probably need to
- call d_instantiate() just as you would in the create() method
- rmdir: called by the rmdir(2) system call. Only required if you want
- to support deleting subdirectories
- mknod: called by the mknod(2) system call to create a device (char,
- block) inode or a named pipe (FIFO) or socket. Only required
- if you want to support creating these types of inodes. You
- will probably need to call d_instantiate() just as you would
- in the create() method
- readlink: called by the readlink(2) system call. Only required if
- you want to support reading symbolic links
- follow_link: called by the VFS to follow a symbolic link to the
- inode it points to. Only required if you want to support
- symbolic links
- struct file_operations <section>
- ======================
- This describes how the VFS can manipulate an open file. As of kernel
- 2.1.99, the following members are defined:
- struct file_operations {
- loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
- ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char *, size_t, loff_t *);
- ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char *, size_t, loff_t *);
- int (*readdir) (struct file *, void *, filldir_t);
- unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
- int (*ioctl) (struct inode *, struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
- int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
- int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
- int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
- int (*fsync) (struct file *, struct dentry *);
- int (*fasync) (struct file *, int);
- int (*check_media_change) (kdev_t dev);
- int (*revalidate) (kdev_t dev);
- int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
- };
- Again, all methods are called without any locks being held, unless
- otherwise noted.
- llseek: called when the VFS needs to move the file position index
- read: called by read(2) and related system calls
- write: called by write(2) and related system calls
- readdir: called when the VFS needs to read the directory contents
- poll: called by the VFS when a process wants to check if there is
- activity on this file and (optionally) go to sleep until there
- is activity. Called by the select(2) and poll(2) system calls
- ioctl: called by the ioctl(2) system call
- mmap: called by the mmap(2) system call
- open: called by the VFS when an inode should be opened. When the VFS
- opens a file, it creates a new "struct file" and initialises
- the "f_op" file operations member with the "default_file_ops"
- field in the inode structure. It then calls the open method
- for the newly allocated file structure. You might think that
- the open method really belongs in "struct inode_operations",
- and you may be right. I think it's done the way it is because
- it makes filesystems simpler to implement. The open() method
- is a good place to initialise the "private_data" member in the
- file structure if you want to point to a device structure
- release: called when the last reference to an open file is closed
- fsync: called by the fsync(2) system call
- fasync: called by the fcntl(2) system call when asynchronous
- (non-blocking) mode is enabled for a file
- Note that the file operations are implemented by the specific
- filesystem in which the inode resides. When opening a device node
- (character or block special) most filesystems will call special
- support routines in the VFS which will locate the required device
- driver information. These support routines replace the filesystem file
- operations with those for the device driver, and then proceed to call
- the new open() method for the file. This is how opening a device file
- in the filesystem eventually ends up calling the device driver open()
- method. Note the devfs (the Device FileSystem) has a more direct path
- from device node to device driver (this is an unofficial kernel
- patch).
- struct dentry_operations <section>
- ========================
- This describes how a filesystem can overload the standard dentry
- operations. Dentries and the dcache are the domain of the VFS and the
- individual filesystem implementations. Device drivers have no business
- here. These methods may be set to NULL, as they are either optional or
- the VFS uses a default. As of kernel 2.1.99, the following members are
- defined:
- struct dentry_operations {
- int (*d_revalidate)(struct dentry *);
- int (*d_hash) (struct dentry *, struct qstr *);
- int (*d_compare) (struct dentry *, struct qstr *, struct qstr *);
- void (*d_delete)(struct dentry *);
- void (*d_release)(struct dentry *);
- void (*d_iput)(struct dentry *, struct inode *);
- };
- d_revalidate: called when the VFS needs to revalidate a dentry. This
- is called whenever a name lookup finds a dentry in the
- dcache. Most filesystems leave this as NULL, because all their
- dentries in the dcache are valid
- d_hash: called when the VFS adds a dentry to the hash table
- d_compare: called when a dentry should be compared with another
- d_delete: called when the last reference to a dentry is
- deleted. This means no-one is using the dentry, however it is
- still valid and in the dcache
- d_release: called when a dentry is really deallocated
- d_iput: called when a dentry looses its inode (just prior to its
- being deallocated). The default when this is NULL is that the
- VFS calls iput(). If you define this method, you must call
- iput() yourself
- Each dentry has a pointer to its parent dentry, as well as a hash list
- of child dentries. Child dentries are basically like files in a
- directory.
- There are a number of functions defined which permit a filesystem to
- manipulate dentries:
- dget: open a new handle for an existing dentry (this just increments
- the usage count)
- dput: close a handle for a dentry (decrements the usage count). If
- the usage count drops to 0, the "d_delete" method is called
- and the dentry is placed on the unused list if the dentry is
- still in its parents hash list. Putting the dentry on the
- unused list just means that if the system needs some RAM, it
- goes through the unused list of dentries and deallocates them.
- If the dentry has already been unhashed and the usage count
- drops to 0, in this case the dentry is deallocated after the
- "d_delete" method is called
- d_drop: this unhashes a dentry from its parents hash list. A
- subsequent call to dput() will dellocate the dentry if its
- usage count drops to 0
- d_delete: delete a dentry. If there are no other open references to
- the dentry then the dentry is turned into a negative dentry
- (the d_iput() method is called). If there are other
- references, then d_drop() is called instead
- d_add: add a dentry to its parents hash list and then calls
- d_instantiate()
- d_instantiate: add a dentry to the alias hash list for the inode and
- updates the "d_inode" member. The "i_count" member in the
- inode structure should be set/incremented. If the inode
- pointer is NULL, the dentry is called a "negative
- dentry". This function is commonly called when an inode is
- created for an existing negative dentry