README
上传用户:jlfgdled
上传日期:2013-04-10
资源大小:33168k
文件大小:69k
- Devfs (Device File System) FAQ
- Linux Devfs (Device File System) FAQ
- Richard Gooch
- 21-JUL-2002
- Document languages:
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- NOTE: the master copy of this document is available online at:
- http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/docs/devfs.html
- and looks much better than the text version distributed with the
- kernel sources. A mirror site is available at:
- http://www.ras.ucalgary.ca/~rgooch/linux/docs/devfs.html
- There is also an optional daemon that may be used with devfs. You can
- find out more about it at:
- http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/
- A mailing list is available which you may subscribe to. Send
- email
- to majordomo@oss.sgi.com with the following line in the
- body of the message:
- subscribe devfs
- To unsubscribe, send the message body:
- unsubscribe devfs
- instead. The list is archived at
- http://oss.sgi.com/projects/devfs/archive/.
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Contents
- What is it?
- Why do it?
- Who else does it?
- How it works
- Operational issues (essential reading)
- Instructions for the impatient
- Permissions persistence accross reboots
- Dealing with drivers without devfs support
- All the way with Devfs
- Other Issues
- Kernel Naming Scheme
- Devfsd Naming Scheme
- Old Compatibility Names
- SCSI Host Probing Issues
- Device drivers currently ported
- Allocation of Device Numbers
- Questions and Answers
- Making things work
- Alternatives to devfs
- What I don't like about devfs
- How to report bugs
- Strange kernel messages
- Compilation problems with devfsd
- Other resources
- Translations of this document
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- What is it?
- Devfs is an alternative to "real" character and block special devices
- on your root filesystem. Kernel device drivers can register devices by
- name rather than major and minor numbers. These devices will appear in
- devfs automatically, with whatever default ownership and
- protection the driver specified. A daemon (devfsd) can be used to
- override these defaults. Devfs has been in the kernel since 2.3.46.
- NOTE that devfs is entirely optional. If you prefer the old
- disc-based device nodes, then simply leave CONFIG_DEVFS_FS=n (the
- default). In this case, nothing will change. ALSO NOTE that if you do
- enable devfs, the defaults are such that full compatibility is
- maintained with the old devices names.
- There are two aspects to devfs: one is the underlying device
- namespace, which is a namespace just like any mounted filesystem. The
- other aspect is the filesystem code which provides a view of the
- device namespace. The reason I make a distinction is because devfs
- can be mounted many times, with each mount showing the same device
- namespace. Changes made are global to all mounted devfs filesystems.
- Also, because the devfs namespace exists without any devfs mounts, you
- can easily mount the root filesystem by referring to an entry in the
- devfs namespace.
- The cost of devfs is a small increase in kernel code size and memory
- usage. About 7 pages of code (some of that in __init sections) and 72
- bytes for each entry in the namespace. A modest system has only a
- couple of hundred device entries, so this costs a few more
- pages. Compare this with the suggestion to put /dev on a <a
- href="#why-faq-ramdisc">ramdisc.
- On a typical machine, the cost is under 0.2 percent. On a modest
- system with 64 MBytes of RAM, the cost is under 0.1 percent. The
- accusations of "bloatware" levelled at devfs are not justified.
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Why do it?
- There are several problems that devfs addresses. Some of these
- problems are more serious than others (depending on your point of
- view), and some can be solved without devfs. However, the totality of
- these problems really calls out for devfs.
- The choice is a patchwork of inefficient user space solutions, which
- are complex and likely to be fragile, or to use a simple and efficient
- devfs which is robust.
- There have been many counter-proposals to devfs, all seeking to
- provide some of the benefits without actually implementing devfs. So
- far there has been an absence of code and no proposed alternative has
- been able to provide all the features that devfs does. Further,
- alternative proposals require far more complexity in user-space (and
- still deliver less functionality than devfs). Some people have the
- mantra of reducing "kernel bloat", but don't consider the effects on
- user-space.
- A good solution limits the total complexity of kernel-space and
- user-space.
- Major&minor allocation
- The existing scheme requires the allocation of major and minor device
- numbers for each and every device. This means that a central
- co-ordinating authority is required to issue these device numbers
- (unless you're developing a "private" device driver), in order to
- preserve uniqueness. Devfs shifts the burden to a namespace. This may
- not seem like a huge benefit, but actually it is. Since driver authors
- will naturally choose a device name which reflects the functionality
- of the device, there is far less potential for namespace conflict.
- Solving this requires a kernel change.
- /dev management
- Because you currently access devices through device nodes, these must
- be created by the system administrator. For standard devices you can
- usually find a MAKEDEV programme which creates all these (hundreds!)
- of nodes. This means that changes in the kernel must be reflected by
- changes in the MAKEDEV programme, or else the system administrator
- creates device nodes by hand.
- The basic problem is that there are two separate databases of
- major and minor numbers. One is in the kernel and one is in /dev (or
- in a MAKEDEV programme, if you want to look at it that way). This is
- duplication of information, which is not good practice.
- Solving this requires a kernel change.
- /dev growth
- A typical /dev has over 1200 nodes! Most of these devices simply don't
- exist because the hardware is not available. A huge /dev increases the
- time to access devices (I'm just referring to the dentry lookup times
- and the time taken to read inodes off disc: the next subsection shows
- some more horrors).
- An example of how big /dev can grow is if we consider SCSI devices:
- host 6 bits (say up to 64 hosts on a really big machine)
- channel 4 bits (say up to 16 SCSI buses per host)
- id 4 bits
- lun 3 bits
- partition 6 bits
- TOTAL 23 bits
- This requires 8 Mega (1024*1024) inodes if we want to store all
- possible device nodes. Even if we scrap everything but id,partition
- and assume a single host adapter with a single SCSI bus and only one
- logical unit per SCSI target (id), that's still 10 bits or 1024
- inodes. Each VFS inode takes around 256 bytes (kernel 2.1.78), so
- that's 256 kBytes of inode storage on disc (assuming real inodes take
- a similar amount of space as VFS inodes). This is actually not so bad,
- because disc is cheap these days. Embedded systems would care about
- 256 kBytes of /dev inodes, but you could argue that embedded systems
- would have hand-tuned /dev directories. I've had to do just that on my
- embedded systems, but I would rather just leave it to devfs.
- Another issue is the time taken to lookup an inode when first
- referenced. Not only does this take time in scanning through a list in
- memory, but also the seek times to read the inodes off disc.
- This could be solved in user-space using a clever programme which
- scanned the kernel logs and deleted /dev entries which are not
- available and created them when they were available. This programme
- would need to be run every time a new module was loaded, which would
- slow things down a lot.
- There is an existing programme called scsidev which will automatically
- create device nodes for SCSI devices. It can do this by scanning files
- in /proc/scsi. Unfortunately, to extend this idea to other device
- nodes would require significant modifications to existing drivers (so
- they too would provide information in /proc). This is a non-trivial
- change (I should know: devfs has had to do something similar). Once
- you go to this much effort, you may as well use devfs itself (which
- also provides this information). Furthermore, such a system would
- likely be implemented in an ad-hoc fashion, as different drivers will
- provide their information in different ways.
- Devfs is much cleaner, because it (naturally) has a uniform mechanism
- to provide this information: the device nodes themselves!
- Node to driver file_operations translation
- There is an important difference between the way disc-based character
- and block nodes and devfs entries make the connection between an entry
- in /dev and the actual device driver.
- With the current 8 bit major and minor numbers the connection between
- disc-based c&b nodes and per-major drivers is done through a
- fixed-length table of 128 entries. The various filesystem types set
- the inode operations for c&b nodes to {chr,blk}dev_inode_operations,
- so when a device is opened a few quick levels of indirection bring us
- to the driver file_operations.
- For miscellaneous character devices a second step is required: there
- is a scan for the driver entry with the same minor number as the file
- that was opened, and the appropriate minor open method is called. This
- scanning is done *every time* you open a device node. Potentially, you
- may be searching through dozens of misc. entries before you find your
- open method. While not an enormous performance overhead, this does
- seem pointless.
- Linux *must* move beyond the 8 bit major and minor barrier,
- somehow. If we simply increase each to 16 bits, then the indexing
- scheme used for major driver lookup becomes untenable, because the
- major tables (one each for character and block devices) would need to
- be 64 k entries long (512 kBytes on x86, 1 MByte for 64 bit
- systems). So we would have to use a scheme like that used for
- miscellaneous character devices, which means the search time goes up
- linearly with the average number of major device drivers on your
- system. Not all "devices" are hardware, some are higher-level drivers
- like KGI, so you can get more "devices" without adding hardware
- You can improve this by creating an ordered (balanced:-)
- binary tree, in which case your search time becomes log(N).
- Alternatively, you can use hashing to speed up the search.
- But why do that search at all if you don't have to? Once again, it
- seems pointless.
- Note that devfs doesn't use the major&minor system. For devfs
- entries, the connection is done when you lookup the /dev entry. When
- devfs_register() is called, an internal table is appended which has
- the entry name and the file_operations. If the dentry cache doesn't
- have the /dev entry already, this internal table is scanned to get the
- file_operations, and an inode is created. If the dentry cache already
- has the entry, there is *no lookup time* (other than the dentry scan
- itself, but we can't avoid that anyway, and besides Linux dentries
- cream other OS's which don't have them:-). Furthermore, the number of
- node entries in a devfs is only the number of available device
- entries, not the number of *conceivable* entries. Even if you remove
- unnecessary entries in a disc-based /dev, the number of conceivable
- entries remains the same: you just limit yourself in order to save
- space.
- Devfs provides a fast connection between a VFS node and the device
- driver, in a scalable way.
- /dev as a system administration tool
- Right now /dev contains a list of conceivable devices, most of which I
- don't have. Devfs only shows those devices available on my
- system. This means that listing /dev is a handy way of checking what
- devices are available.
- Major&minor size
- Existing major and minor numbers are limited to 8 bits each. This is
- now a limiting factor for some drivers, particularly the SCSI disc
- driver, which consumes a single major number. Only 16 discs are
- supported, and each disc may have only 15 partitions. Maybe this isn't
- a problem for you, but some of us are building huge Linux systems with
- disc arrays. With devfs an arbitrary pointer can be associated with
- each device entry, which can be used to give an effective 32 bit
- device identifier (i.e. that's like having a 32 bit minor
- number). Since this is private to the kernel, there are no C library
- compatibility issues which you would have with increasing major and
- minor number sizes. See the section on "Allocation of Device Numbers"
- for details on maintaining compatibility with userspace.
- Solving this requires a kernel change.
- Since writing this, the kernel has been modified so that the SCSI disc
- driver has more major numbers allocated to it and now supports up to
- 128 discs. Since these major numbers are non-contiguous (a result of
- unplanned expansion), the implementation is a little more cumbersome
- than originally.
- Just like the changes to IPv4 to fix impending limitations in the
- address space, people find ways around the limitations. In the long
- run, however, solutions like IPv6 or devfs can't be put off forever.
- Read-only root filesystem
- Having your device nodes on the root filesystem means that you can't
- operate properly with a read-only root filesystem. This is because you
- want to change ownerships and protections of tty devices. Existing
- practice prevents you using a CD-ROM as your root filesystem for a
- *real* system. Sure, you can boot off a CD-ROM, but you can't change
- tty ownerships, so it's only good for installing.
- Also, you can't use a shared NFS root filesystem for a cluster of
- discless Linux machines (having tty ownerships changed on a common
- /dev is not good). Nor can you embed your root filesystem in a
- ROM-FS.
- You can get around this by creating a RAMDISC at boot time, making
- an ext2 filesystem in it, mounting it somewhere and copying the
- contents of /dev into it, then unmounting it and mounting it over
- /dev.
- A devfs is a cleaner way of solving this.
- Non-Unix root filesystem
- Non-Unix filesystems (such as NTFS) can't be used for a root
- filesystem because they variously don't support character and block
- special files or symbolic links. You can't have a separate disc-based
- or RAMDISC-based filesystem mounted on /dev because you need device
- nodes before you can mount these. Devfs can be mounted without any
- device nodes. Devlinks won't work because symlinks aren't supported.
- An alternative solution is to use initrd to mount a RAMDISC initial
- root filesystem (which is populated with a minimal set of device
- nodes), and then construct a new /dev in another RAMDISC, and finally
- switch to your non-Unix root filesystem. This requires clever boot
- scripts and a fragile and conceptually complex boot procedure.
- Devfs solves this in a robust and conceptually simple way.
- PTY security
- Current pseudo-tty (pty) devices are owned by root and read-writable
- by everyone. The user of a pty-pair cannot change
- ownership/protections without being suid-root.
- This could be solved with a secure user-space daemon which runs as
- root and does the actual creation of pty-pairs. Such a daemon would
- require modification to *every* programme that wants to use this new
- mechanism. It also slows down creation of pty-pairs.
- An alternative is to create a new open_pty() syscall which does much
- the same thing as the user-space daemon. Once again, this requires
- modifications to pty-handling programmes.
- The devfs solution allows a device driver to "tag" certain device
- files so that when an unopened device is opened, the ownerships are
- changed to the current euid and egid of the opening process, and the
- protections are changed to the default registered by the driver. When
- the device is closed ownership is set back to root and protections are
- set back to read-write for everybody. No programme need be changed.
- The devpts filesystem provides this auto-ownership feature for Unix98
- ptys. It doesn't support old-style pty devices, nor does it have all
- the other features of devfs.
- Intelligent device management
- Devfs implements a simple yet powerful protocol for communication with
- a device management daemon (devfsd) which runs in user space. It is
- possible to send a message (either synchronously or asynchronously) to
- devfsd on any event, such as registration/unregistration of device
- entries, opening and closing devices, looking up inodes, scanning
- directories and more. This has many possibilities. Some of these are
- already implemented. See:
- http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/
- Device entry registration events can be used by devfsd to change
- permissions of newly-created device nodes. This is one mechanism to
- control device permissions.
- Device entry registration/unregistration events can be used to run
- programmes or scripts. This can be used to provide automatic mounting
- of filesystems when a new block device media is inserted into the
- drive.
- Asynchronous device open and close events can be used to implement
- clever permissions management. For example, the default permissions on
- /dev/dsp do not allow everybody to read from the device. This is
- sensible, as you don't want some remote user recording what you say at
- your console. However, the console user is also prevented from
- recording. This behaviour is not desirable. With asynchronous device
- open and close events, you can have devfsd run a programme or script
- when console devices are opened to change the ownerships for *other*
- device nodes (such as /dev/dsp). On closure, you can run a different
- script to restore permissions. An advantage of this scheme over
- modifying the C library tty handling is that this works even if your
- programme crashes (how many times have you seen the utmp database with
- lingering entries for non-existent logins?).
- Synchronous device open events can be used to perform intelligent
- device access protections. Before the device driver open() method is
- called, the daemon must first validate the open attempt, by running an
- external programme or script. This is far more flexible than access
- control lists, as access can be determined on the basis of other
- system conditions instead of just the UID and GID.
- Inode lookup events can be used to authenticate module autoload
- requests. Instead of using kmod directly, the event is sent to
- devfsd which can implement an arbitrary authentication before loading
- the module itself.
- Inode lookup events can also be used to construct arbitrary
- namespaces, without having to resort to populating devfs with symlinks
- to devices that don't exist.
- Speculative Device Scanning
- Consider an application (like cdparanoia) that wants to find all
- CD-ROM devices on the system (SCSI, IDE and other types), whether or
- not their respective modules are loaded. The application must
- speculatively open certain device nodes (such as /dev/sr0 for the SCSI
- CD-ROMs) in order to make sure the module is loaded. This requires
- that all Linux distributions follow the standard device naming scheme
- (last time I looked RedHat did things differently). Devfs solves the
- naming problem.
- The same application also wants to see which devices are actually
- available on the system. With the existing system it needs to read the
- /dev directory and speculatively open each /dev/sr* device to
- determine if the device exists or not. With a large /dev this is an
- inefficient operation, especially if there are many /dev/sr* nodes. A
- solution like scsidev could reduce the number of /dev/sr* entries (but
- of course that also requires all that inefficient directory scanning).
- With devfs, the application can open the /dev/sr directory
- (which triggers the module autoloading if required), and proceed to
- read /dev/sr. Since only the available devices will have
- entries, there are no inefficencies in directory scanning or device
- openings.
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Who else does it?
- FreeBSD has a devfs implementation. Solaris and AIX each have a
- pseudo-devfs (something akin to scsidev but for all devices, with some
- unspecified kernel support). BeOS, Plan9 and QNX also have it. SGI's
- IRIX 6.4 and above also have a device filesystem.
- While we shouldn't just automatically do something because others do
- it, we should not ignore the work of others either. FreeBSD has a lot
- of competent people working on it, so their opinion should not be
- blithely ignored.
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- How it works
- Registering device entries
- For every entry (device node) in a devfs-based /dev a driver must call
- devfs_register(). This adds the name of the device entry, the
- file_operations structure pointer and a few other things to an
- internal table. Device entries may be added and removed at any
- time. When a device entry is registered, it automagically appears in
- any mounted devfs'.
- Inode lookup
- When a lookup operation on an entry is performed and if there is no
- driver information for that entry devfs will attempt to call
- devfsd. If still no driver information can be found then a negative
- dentry is yielded and the next stage operation will be called by the
- VFS (such as create() or mknod() inode methods). If driver information
- can be found, an inode is created (if one does not exist already) and
- all is well.
- Manually creating device nodes
- The mknod() method allows you to create an ordinary named pipe in the
- devfs, or you can create a character or block special inode if one
- does not already exist. You may wish to create a character or block
- special inode so that you can set permissions and ownership. Later, if
- a device driver registers an entry with the same name, the
- permissions, ownership and times are retained. This is how you can set
- the protections on a device even before the driver is loaded. Once you
- create an inode it appears in the directory listing.
- Unregistering device entries
- A device driver calls devfs_unregister() to unregister an entry.
- Chroot() gaols
- 2.2.x kernels
- The semantics of inode creation are different when devfs is mounted
- with the "explicit" option. Now, when a device entry is registered, it
- will not appear until you use mknod() to create the device. It doesn't
- matter if you mknod() before or after the device is registered with
- devfs_register(). The purpose of this behaviour is to support
- chroot(2) gaols, where you want to mount a minimal devfs inside the
- gaol. Only the devices you specifically want to be available (through
- your mknod() setup) will be accessible.
- 2.4.x kernels
- As of kernel 2.3.99, the VFS has had the ability to rebind parts of
- the global filesystem namespace into another part of the namespace.
- This now works even at the leaf-node level, which means that
- individual files and device nodes may be bound into other parts of the
- namespace. This is like making links, but better, because it works
- across filesystems (unlike hard links) and works through chroot()
- gaols (unlike symbolic links).
- Because of these improvements to the VFS, the multi-mount capability
- in devfs is no longer needed. The administrator may create a minimal
- device tree inside a chroot(2) gaol by using VFS bindings. As this
- provides most of the features of the devfs multi-mount capability, I
- removed the multi-mount support code (after issuing an RFC). This
- yielded code size reductions and simplifications.
- If you want to construct a minimal chroot() gaol, the following
- command should suffice:
- mount --bind /dev/null /gaol/dev/null
- Repeat for other device nodes you want to expose. Simple!
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Operational issues
- Instructions for the impatient
- Nobody likes reading documentation. People just want to get in there
- and play. So this section tells you quickly the steps you need to take
- to run with devfs mounted over /dev. Skip these steps and you will end
- up with a nearly unbootable system. Subsequent sections describe the
- issues in more detail, and discuss non-essential configuration
- options.
- Devfsd
- OK, if you're reading this, I assume you want to play with
- devfs. First you should ensure that /usr/src/linux contains a
- recent kernel source tree. Then you need to compile devfsd, the device
- management daemon, available at
- http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/.
- Because the kernel has a naming scheme
- which is quite different from the old naming scheme, you need to
- install devfsd so that software and configuration files that use the
- old naming scheme will not break.
- Compile and install devfsd. You will be provided with a default
- configuration file /etc/devfsd.conf which will provide
- compatibility symlinks for the old naming scheme. Don't change this
- config file unless you know what you're doing. Even if you think you
- do know what you're doing, don't change it until you've followed all
- the steps below and booted a devfs-enabled system and verified that it
- works.
- Now edit your main system boot script so that devfsd is started at the
- very beginning (before any filesystem
- checks). /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit is often the main boot script
- on systems with SysV-style boot scripts. On systems with BSD-style
- boot scripts it is often /etc/rc. Also check
- /sbin/rc.
- NOTE that the line you put into the boot
- script should be exactly:
- /sbin/devfsd /dev
- DO NOT use some special daemon-launching
- programme, otherwise the boot script may not wait for devfsd to finish
- initialising.
- System Libraries
- There may still be some problems because of broken software making
- assumptions about device names. In particular, some software does not
- handle devices which are symbolic links. If you are running a libc 5
- based system, install libc 5.4.44 (if you have libc 5.4.46, go back to
- libc 5.4.44, which is actually correct). If you are running a glibc
- based system, make sure you have glibc 2.1.3 or later.
- /etc/securetty
- PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) is supposed to be a flexible
- mechanism for providing better user authentication and access to
- services. Unfortunately, it's also fragile, complex and undocumented
- (check out RedHat 6.1, and probably other distributions as well). PAM
- has problems with symbolic links. Append the following lines to your
- /etc/securetty file:
- vc/1
- vc/2
- vc/3
- vc/4
- vc/5
- vc/6
- vc/7
- vc/8
- This will not weaken security. If you have a version of util-linux
- earlier than 2.10.h, please upgrade to 2.10.h or later. If you
- absolutely cannot upgrade, then also append the following lines to
- your /etc/securetty file:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- This may potentially weaken security by allowing root logins over the
- network (a password is still required, though). However, since there
- are problems with dealing with symlinks, I'm suspicious of the level
- of security offered in any case.
- XFree86
- While not essential, it's probably a good idea to upgrade to XFree86
- 4.0, as patches went in to make it more devfs-friendly. If you don't,
- you'll probably need to apply the following patch to
- /etc/security/console.perms so that ordinary users can run
- startx. Note that not all distributions have this file (e.g. Debian),
- so if it's not present, don't worry about it.
- --- /etc/security/console.perms.orig Sat Apr 17 16:26:47 1999
- +++ /etc/security/console.perms Fri Feb 25 23:53:55 2000
- @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
- # man 5 console.perms
- # file classes -- these are regular expressions
- -<console>=tty[0-9][0-9]* :[0-9].[0-9] :[0-9]
- +<console>=tty[0-9][0-9]* vc/[0-9][0-9]* :[0-9].[0-9] :[0-9]
- # device classes -- these are shell-style globs
- <floppy>=/dev/fd[0-1]*
- If the patch does not apply, then change the line:
- <console>=tty[0-9][0-9]* :[0-9].[0-9] :[0-9]
- with:
- <console>=tty[0-9][0-9]* vc/[0-9][0-9]* :[0-9].[0-9] :[0-9]
- Disable devpts
- I've had a report of devpts mounted on /dev/pts not working
- correctly. Since devfs will also manage /dev/pts, there is no
- need to mount devpts as well. You should either edit your
- /etc/fstab so devpts is not mounted, or disable devpts from
- your kernel configuration.
- Unsupported drivers
- Not all drivers have devfs support. If you depend on one of these
- drivers, you will need to create a script or tarfile that you can use
- at boot time to create device nodes as appropriate. There is a
- section which describes this. Another
- section lists the drivers which have
- devfs support.
- /dev/mouse
- Many disributions configure /dev/mouse to be the mouse device
- for XFree86 and GPM. I actually think this is a bad idea, because it
- adds another level of indirection. When looking at a config file, if
- you see /dev/mouse you're left wondering which mouse
- is being referred to. Hence I recommend putting the actual mouse
- device (for example /dev/psaux) into your
- /etc/X11/XF86Config file (and similarly for the GPM
- configuration file).
- Alternatively, use the same technique used for unsupported drivers
- described above.
- The Kernel
- Finally, you need to make sure devfs is compiled into your kernel. Set
- CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL=y, CONFIG_DEVFS_FS=y and CONFIG_DEVFS_MOUNT=y by
- using favourite configuration tool (i.e. make config or
- make xconfig) and then make dep; make clean and then
- recompile your kernel and modules. At boot, devfs will be mounted onto
- /dev.
- If you encounter problems booting (for example if you forgot a
- configuration step), you can pass devfs=nomount at the kernel
- boot command line. This will prevent the kernel from mounting devfs at
- boot time onto /dev.
- In general, a kernel built with CONFIG_DEVFS_FS=y but without mounting
- devfs onto /dev is completely safe, and requires no
- configuration changes. One exception to take note of is when
- LABEL= directives are used in /etc/fstab. In this
- case you will be unable to boot properly. This is because the
- mount(8) programme uses /proc/partitions as part of
- the volume label search process, and the device names it finds are not
- available, because setting CONFIG_DEVFS_FS=y changes the names in
- /proc/partitions, irrespective of whether devfs is mounted.
- Now you've finished all the steps required. You're now ready to boot
- your shiny new kernel. Enjoy.
- Changing the configuration
- OK, you've now booted a devfs-enabled system, and everything works.
- Now you may feel like changing the configuration (common targets are
- /etc/fstab and /etc/devfsd.conf). Since you have a
- system that works, if you make any changes and it doesn't work, you
- now know that you only have to restore your configuration files to the
- default and it will work again.
- Permissions persistence across reboots
- If you don't use mknod(2) to create a device file, nor use chmod(2) or
- chown(2) to change the ownerships/permissions, the inode ctime will
- remain at 0 (the epoch, 12 am, 1-JAN-1970, GMT). Anything with a ctime
- later than this has had it's ownership/permissions changed. Hence, a
- simple script or programme may be used to tar up all changed inodes,
- prior to shutdown. Although effective, many consider this approach a
- kludge.
- A much better approach is to use devfsd to save and restore
- permissions. It may be configured to record changes in permissions and
- will save them in a database (in fact a directory tree), and restore
- these upon boot. This is an efficient method and results in immediate
- saving of current permissions (unlike the tar approach, which saves
- permissions at some unspecified future time).
- The default configuration file supplied with devfsd has config entries
- which you may uncomment to enable persistence management.
- If you decide to use the tar approach anyway, be aware that tar will
- first unlink(2) an inode before creating a new device node. The
- unlink(2) has the effect of breaking the connection between a devfs
- entry and the device driver. If you use the "devfs=only" boot option,
- you lose access to the device driver, requiring you to reload the
- module. I consider this a bug in tar (there is no real need to
- unlink(2) the inode first).
- Alternatively, you can use devfsd to provide more sophisticated
- management of device permissions. You can use devfsd to store
- permissions for whole groups of devices with a single configuration
- entry, rather than the conventional single entry per device entry.
- Permissions database stored in mounted-over /dev
- If you wish to save and restore your device permissions into the
- disc-based /dev while still mounting devfs onto /dev
- you may do so. This requires a 2.4.x kernel (in fact, 2.3.99 or
- later), which has the VFS binding facility. You need to do the
- following to set this up:
- make sure the kernel does not mount devfs at boot time
- make sure you have a correct /dev/console entry in your
- root file-system (where your disc-based /dev lives)
- create the /dev-state directory
- add the following lines near the very beginning of your boot
- scripts:
- mount --bind /dev /dev-state
- mount -t devfs none /dev
- devfsd /dev
- add the following lines to your /etc/devfsd.conf file:
- REGISTER ^pt[sy] IGNORE
- CREATE ^pt[sy] IGNORE
- CHANGE ^pt[sy] IGNORE
- DELETE ^pt[sy] IGNORE
- REGISTER .* COPY /dev-state/$devname $devpath
- CREATE .* COPY $devpath /dev-state/$devname
- CHANGE .* COPY $devpath /dev-state/$devname
- DELETE .* CFUNCTION GLOBAL unlink /dev-state/$devname
- RESTORE /dev-state
- Note that the sample devfsd.conf file contains these lines,
- as well as other sample configurations you may find useful. See the
- devfsd distribution
- reboot.
- Permissions database stored in normal directory
- If you are using an older kernel which doesn't support VFS binding,
- then you won't be able to have the permissions database in a
- mounted-over /dev. However, you can still use a regular
- directory to store the database. The sample /etc/devfsd.conf
- file above may still be used. You will need to create the
- /dev-state directory prior to installing devfsd. If you have
- old permissions in /dev, then just copy (or move) the device
- nodes over to the new directory.
- Which method is better?
- The best method is to have the permissions database stored in the
- mounted-over /dev. This is because you will not need to copy
- device nodes over to /dev-state, and because it allows you to
- switch between devfs and non-devfs kernels, without requiring you to
- copy permissions between /dev-state (for devfs) and
- /dev (for non-devfs).
- Dealing with drivers without devfs support
- Currently, not all device drivers in the kernel have been modified to
- use devfs. Device drivers which do not yet have devfs support will not
- automagically appear in devfs. The simplest way to create device nodes
- for these drivers is to unpack a tarfile containing the required
- device nodes. You can do this in your boot scripts. All your drivers
- will now work as before.
- Hopefully for most people devfs will have enough support so that they
- can mount devfs directly over /dev without losing most functionality
- (i.e. losing access to various devices). As of 22-JAN-1998 (devfs
- patch version 10) I am now running this way. All the devices I have
- are available in devfs, so I don't lose anything.
- WARNING: if your configuration requires the old-style device names
- (i.e. /dev/hda1 or /dev/sda1), you must install devfsd and configure
- it to maintain compatibility entries. It is almost certain that you
- will require this. Note that the kernel creates a compatibility entry
- for the root device, so you don't need initrd.
- Note that you no longer need to mount devpts if you use Unix98 PTYs,
- as devfs can manage /dev/pts itself. This saves you some RAM, as you
- don't need to compile and install devpts. Note that some versions of
- glibc have a bug with Unix98 pty handling on devfs systems. Contact
- the glibc maintainers for a fix. Glibc 2.1.3 has the fix.
- Note also that apart from editing /etc/fstab, other things will need
- to be changed if you *don't* install devfsd. Some software (like the X
- server) hard-wire device names in their source. It really is much
- easier to install devfsd so that compatibility entries are created.
- You can then slowly migrate your system to using the new device names
- (for example, by starting with /etc/fstab), and then limiting the
- compatibility entries that devfsd creates.
- IF YOU CONFIGURE TO MOUNT DEVFS AT BOOT, MAKE SURE YOU INSTALL DEVFSD
- BEFORE YOU BOOT A DEVFS-ENABLED KERNEL!
- Now that devfs has gone into the 2.3.46 kernel, I'm getting a lot of
- reports back. Many of these are because people are trying to run
- without devfsd, and hence some things break. Please just run devfsd if
- things break. I want to concentrate on real bugs rather than
- misconfiguration problems at the moment. If people are willing to fix
- bugs/false assumptions in other code (i.e. glibc, X server) and submit
- that to the respective maintainers, that would be great.
- All the way with Devfs
- The devfs kernel patch creates a rationalised device tree. As stated
- above, if you want to keep using the old /dev naming scheme,
- you just need to configure devfsd appopriately (see the man
- page). People who prefer the old names can ignore this section. For
- those of us who like the rationalised names and an uncluttered
- /dev, read on.
- If you don't run devfsd, or don't enable compatibility entry
- management, then you will have to configure your system to use the new
- names. For example, you will then need to edit your
- /etc/fstab to use the new disc naming scheme. If you want to
- be able to boot non-devfs kernels, you will need compatibility
- symlinks in the underlying disc-based /dev pointing back to
- the old-style names for when you boot a kernel without devfs.
- You can selectively decide which devices you want compatibility
- entries for. For example, you may only want compatibility entries for
- BSD pseudo-terminal devices (otherwise you'll have to patch you C
- library or use Unix98 ptys instead). It's just a matter of putting in
- the correct regular expression into /dev/devfsd.conf.
- There are other choices of naming schemes that you may prefer. For
- example, I don't use the kernel-supplied
- names, because they are too verbose. A common misconception is
- that the kernel-supplied names are meant to be used directly in
- configuration files. This is not the case. They are designed to
- reflect the layout of the devices attached and to provide easy
- classification.
- If you like the kernel-supplied names, that's fine. If you don't then
- you should be using devfsd to construct a namespace more to your
- liking. Devfsd has built-in code to construct a
- namespace that is both logical and easy to
- manage. In essence, it creates a convenient abbreviation of the
- kernel-supplied namespace.
- You are of course free to build your own namespace. Devfsd has all the
- infrastructure required to make this easy for you. All you need do is
- write a script. You can even write some C code and devfsd can load the
- shared object as a callable extension.
- Other Issues
- The init programme
- Another thing to take note of is whether your init programme
- creates a Unix socket /dev/telinit. Some versions of init
- create /dev/telinit so that the telinit programme can
- communicate with the init process. If you have such a system you need
- to make sure that devfs is mounted over /dev *before* init
- starts. In other words, you can't leave the mounting of devfs to
- /etc/rc, since this is executed after init. Other
- versions of init require a named pipe /dev/initctl
- which must exist *before* init starts. Once again, you need to
- mount devfs and then create the named pipe *before* init
- starts.
- The default behaviour now is not to mount devfs onto /dev at
- boot time for 2.3.x and later kernels. You can correct this with the
- "devfs=mount" boot option. This solves any problems with init,
- and also prevents the dreaded:
- Cannot open initial console
- message. For 2.2.x kernels where you need to apply the devfs patch,
- the default is to mount.
- If you have automatic mounting of devfs onto /dev then you
- may need to create /dev/initctl in your boot scripts. The
- following lines should suffice:
- mknod /dev/initctl p
- kill -SIGUSR1 1 # tell init that /dev/initctl now exists
- Alternatively, if you don't want the kernel to mount devfs onto
- /dev then you could use the following procedure is a
- guideline for how to get around /dev/initctl problems:
- # cd /sbin
- # mv init init.real
- # cat > init
- #! /bin/sh
- mount -n -t devfs none /dev
- mknod /dev/initctl p
- exec /sbin/init.real $*
- [control-D]
- # chmod a+x init
- Note that newer versions of init create /dev/initctl
- automatically, so you don't have to worry about this.
- Module autoloading
- You will need to configure devfsd to enable module
- autoloading. The following lines should be placed in your
- /etc/devfsd.conf file:
- LOOKUP .* MODLOAD
- As of devfsd-v1.3.10, a generic /etc/modules.devfs
- configuration file is installed, which is used by the MODLOAD
- action. This should be sufficient for most configurations. If you
- require further configuration, edit your /etc/modules.conf
- file. The way module autoloading work with devfs is:
- a process attempts to lookup a device node (e.g. /dev/fred)
- if that device node does not exist, the full pathname is passed to
- devfsd as a string
- devfsd will pass the string to the modprobe programme (provided the
- configuration line shown above is present), and specifies that
- /etc/modules.devfs is the configuration file
- /etc/modules.devfs includes /etc/modules.conf to
- access local configurations
- modprobe will search it's configuration files, looking for an alias
- that translates the pathname into a module name
- the translated pathname is then used to load the module.
- If you wanted a lookup of /dev/fred to load the
- mymod module, you would require the following configuration
- line in /etc/modules.conf:
- alias /dev/fred mymod
- The /etc/modules.devfs configuration file provides many such
- aliases for standard device names. If you look closely at this file,
- you will note that some modules require multiple alias configuration
- lines. This is required to support module autoloading for old and new
- device names.
- Mounting root off a devfs device
- If you wish to mount root off a devfs device when you pass the
- "devfs=only" boot option, then you need to pass in the
- "root=<device>" option to the kernel when booting. If you use
- LILO, then you must have this in lilo.conf:
- append = "root=<device>"
- Surprised? Yep, so was I. It turns out if you have (as most people
- do):
- root = <device>
- then LILO will determine the device number of <device> and will
- write that device number into a special place in the kernel image
- before starting the kernel, and the kernel will use that device number
- to mount the root filesystem. So, using the "append" variety ensures
- that LILO passes the root filesystem device as a string, which devfs
- can then use.
- Note that this isn't an issue if you don't pass "devfs=only".
- TTY issues
- The ttyname(3) function in some versions of the C library makes
- false assumptions about device entries which are symbolic links. The
- tty(1) programme is one that depends on this function. I've
- written a patch to libc 5.4.43 which fixes this. This has been
- included in libc 5.4.44 and a similar fix is in glibc 2.1.3.
- Kernel Naming Scheme
- The kernel provides a default naming scheme. This scheme is designed
- to make it easy to search for specific devices or device types, and to
- view the available devices. Some device types (such as hard discs),
- have a directory of entries, making it easy to see what devices of
- that class are available. Often, the entries are symbolic links into a
- directory tree that reflects the topology of available devices. The
- topological tree is useful for finding how your devices are arranged.
- Below is a list of the naming schemes for the most common drivers. A
- list of reserved device names is
- available for reference. Please send email to
- rgooch@atnf.csiro.au to obtain an allocation. Please be
- patient (the maintainer is busy). An alternative name may be allocated
- instead of the requested name, at the discretion of the maintainer.
- Disc Devices
- All discs, whether SCSI, IDE or whatever, are placed under the
- /dev/discs hierarchy:
- /dev/discs/disc0 first disc
- /dev/discs/disc1 second disc
- Each of these entries is a symbolic link to the directory for that
- device. The device directory contains:
- disc for the whole disc
- part* for individual partitions
- CD-ROM Devices
- All CD-ROMs, whether SCSI, IDE or whatever, are placed under the
- /dev/cdroms hierarchy:
- /dev/cdroms/cdrom0 first CD-ROM
- /dev/cdroms/cdrom1 second CD-ROM
- Each of these entries is a symbolic link to the real device entry for
- that device.
- Tape Devices
- All tapes, whether SCSI, IDE or whatever, are placed under the
- /dev/tapes hierarchy:
- /dev/tapes/tape0 first tape
- /dev/tapes/tape1 second tape
- Each of these entries is a symbolic link to the directory for that
- device. The device directory contains:
- mt for mode 0
- mtl for mode 1
- mtm for mode 2
- mta for mode 3
- mtn for mode 0, no rewind
- mtln for mode 1, no rewind
- mtmn for mode 2, no rewind
- mtan for mode 3, no rewind
- SCSI Devices
- To uniquely identify any SCSI device requires the following
- information:
- controller (host adapter)
- bus (SCSI channel)
- target (SCSI ID)
- unit (Logical Unit Number)
- All SCSI devices are placed under /dev/scsi (assuming devfs
- is mounted on /dev). Hence, a SCSI device with the following
- parameters: c=1,b=2,t=3,u=4 would appear as:
- /dev/scsi/host1/bus2/target3/lun4 device directory
- Inside this directory, a number of device entries may be created,
- depending on which SCSI device-type drivers were installed.
- See the section on the disc naming scheme to see what entries the SCSI
- disc driver creates.
- See the section on the tape naming scheme to see what entries the SCSI
- tape driver creates.
- The SCSI CD-ROM driver creates:
- cd
- The SCSI generic driver creates:
- generic
- IDE Devices
- To uniquely identify any IDE device requires the following
- information:
- controller
- bus (aka. primary/secondary)
- target (aka. master/slave)
- unit
- All IDE devices are placed under /dev/ide, and uses a similar
- naming scheme to the SCSI subsystem.
- XT Hard Discs
- All XT discs are placed under /dev/xd. The first XT disc has
- the directory /dev/xd/disc0.
- TTY devices
- The tty devices now appear as:
- New name Old-name Device Type
- -------- -------- -----------
- /dev/tts/{0,1,...} /dev/ttyS{0,1,...} Serial ports
- /dev/cua/{0,1,...} /dev/cua{0,1,...} Call out devices
- /dev/vc/0 /dev/tty Current virtual console
- /dev/vc/{1,2,...} /dev/tty{1...63} Virtual consoles
- /dev/vcc/{0,1,...} /dev/vcs{1...63} Virtual consoles
- /dev/pty/m{0,1,...} /dev/ptyp?? PTY masters
- /dev/pty/s{0,1,...} /dev/ttyp?? PTY slaves
- RAMDISCS
- The RAMDISCS are placed in their own directory, and are named thus:
- /dev/rd/{0,1,2,...}
- Meta Devices
- The meta devices are placed in their own directory, and are named
- thus:
- /dev/md/{0,1,2,...}
- Floppy discs
- Floppy discs are placed in the /dev/floppy directory.
- Loop devices
- Loop devices are placed in the /dev/loop directory.
- Sound devices
- Sound devices are placed in the /dev/sound directory
- (audio, sequencer, ...).
- Devfsd Naming Scheme
- Devfsd provides a naming scheme which is a convenient abbreviation of
- the kernel-supplied namespace. In some
- cases, the kernel-supplied naming scheme is quite convenient, so
- devfsd does not provide another naming scheme. The convenience names
- that devfsd creates are in fact the same names as the original devfs
- kernel patch created (before Linus mandated the Big Name
- Change). These are referred to as "new compatibility entries".
- In order to configure devfsd to create these convenience names, the
- following lines should be placed in your /etc/devfsd.conf:
- REGISTER .* MKNEWCOMPAT
- UNREGISTER .* RMNEWCOMPAT
- This will cause devfsd to create (and destroy) symbolic links which
- point to the kernel-supplied names.
- SCSI Hard Discs
- All SCSI discs are placed under /dev/sd (assuming devfs is
- mounted on /dev). Hence, a SCSI disc with the following
- parameters: c=1,b=2,t=3,u=4 would appear as:
- /dev/sd/c1b2t3u4 for the whole disc
- /dev/sd/c1b2t3u4p5 for the 5th partition
- /dev/sd/c1b2t3u4p5s6 for the 6th slice in the 5th partition
- SCSI Tapes
- All SCSI tapes are placed under /dev/st. A similar naming
- scheme is used as for SCSI discs. A SCSI tape with the
- parameters:c=1,b=2,t=3,u=4 would appear as:
- /dev/st/c1b2t3u4m0 for mode 0
- /dev/st/c1b2t3u4m1 for mode 1
- /dev/st/c1b2t3u4m2 for mode 2
- /dev/st/c1b2t3u4m3 for mode 3
- /dev/st/c1b2t3u4m0n for mode 0, no rewind
- /dev/st/c1b2t3u4m1n for mode 1, no rewind
- /dev/st/c1b2t3u4m2n for mode 2, no rewind
- /dev/st/c1b2t3u4m3n for mode 3, no rewind
- SCSI CD-ROMs
- All SCSI CD-ROMs are placed under /dev/sr. A similar naming
- scheme is used as for SCSI discs. A SCSI CD-ROM with the
- parameters:c=1,b=2,t=3,u=4 would appear as:
- /dev/sr/c1b2t3u4
- SCSI Generic Devices
- The generic (aka. raw) interface for all SCSI devices are placed under
- /dev/sg. A similar naming scheme is used as for SCSI discs. A
- SCSI generic device with the parameters:c=1,b=2,t=3,u=4 would appear
- as:
- /dev/sg/c1b2t3u4
- IDE Hard Discs
- All IDE discs are placed under /dev/ide/hd, using a similar
- convention to SCSI discs. The following mappings exist between the new
- and the old names:
- /dev/hda /dev/ide/hd/c0b0t0u0
- /dev/hdb /dev/ide/hd/c0b0t1u0
- /dev/hdc /dev/ide/hd/c0b1t0u0
- /dev/hdd /dev/ide/hd/c0b1t1u0
- IDE Tapes
- A similar naming scheme is used as for IDE discs. The entries will
- appear in the /dev/ide/mt directory.
- IDE CD-ROM
- A similar naming scheme is used as for IDE discs. The entries will
- appear in the /dev/ide/cd directory.
- IDE Floppies
- A similar naming scheme is used as for IDE discs. The entries will
- appear in the /dev/ide/fd directory.
- XT Hard Discs
- All XT discs are placed under /dev/xd. The first XT disc
- would appear as /dev/xd/c0t0.
- Old Compatibility Names
- The old compatibility names are the legacy device names, such as
- /dev/hda, /dev/sda, /dev/rtc and so on.
- Devfsd can be configured to create compatibility symlinks so that you
- may continue to use the old names in your configuration files and so
- that old applications will continue to function correctly.
- In order to configure devfsd to create these legacy names, the
- following lines should be placed in your /etc/devfsd.conf:
- REGISTER .* MKOLDCOMPAT
- UNREGISTER .* RMOLDCOMPAT
- This will cause devfsd to create (and destroy) symbolic links which
- point to the kernel-supplied names.
- SCSI Host Probing Issues
- Devfs allows you to identify SCSI discs based in part on SCSI host
- numbers. If you have only one SCSI host (card) in your computer, then
- clearly it will be given host number 0. Life is not always that easy
- is you have multiple SCSI hosts. Unfortunately, it can sometimes be
- difficult to guess what the probing order of SCSI hosts is. You need
- to know the probe order before you can use device names. To make this
- easy, there is a kernel boot parameter called "scsihosts". This allows
- you to specify the probe order for different types of SCSI hosts. The
- syntax of this parameter is:
- scsihosts=<name_1>:<name_2>:<name_3>:...:<name_n>
- where <name_1>,<name_2>,...,<name_n> are the names
- of drivers used in the /proc filesystem. For example:
- scsihosts=aha1542:ppa:aha1542::ncr53c7xx
- means that devices connected to
- - first aha1542 controller - will be /dev/scsi/host0/bus#/target#/lun#
- - first parallel port ZIP - will be /dev/scsi/host1/bus#/target#/lun#
- - second aha1542 controller - will be /dev/scsi/host2/bus#/target#/lun#
- - first NCR53C7xx controller - will be /dev/scsi/host4/bus#/target#/lun#
- - any extra controller - will be /dev/scsi/host5/bus#/target#/lun#,
- /dev/scsi/host6/bus#/target#/lun#, etc
- - if any of above controllers will not be found - the reserved names will
- not be used by any other device.
- - /dev/scsi/host3/bus#/target#/lun# names will never be used
- You can use ',' instead of ':' as the separator character if you
- wish. I have used the devfsd naming scheme
- here.
- Note that this scheme does not address the SCSI host order if you have
- multiple cards of the same type (such as NCR53c8xx). In this case you
- need to use the driver-specific boot parameters to control this.
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Device drivers currently ported
- - All miscellaneous character devices support devfs (this is done
- transparently through misc_register())
- - SCSI discs and generic hard discs
- - Character memory devices (null, zero, full and so on)
- Thanks to C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
- - Loop devices (/dev/loop?)
-
- - TTY devices (console, serial ports, terminals and pseudo-terminals)
- Thanks to C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
- - SCSI tapes (/dev/scsi and /dev/tapes)
- - SCSI CD-ROMs (/dev/scsi and /dev/cdroms)
- - SCSI generic devices (/dev/scsi)
- - RAMDISCS (/dev/ram?)
- - Meta Devices (/dev/md*)
- - Floppy discs (/dev/floppy)
- - Parallel port printers (/dev/printers)
- - Sound devices (/dev/sound)
- Thanks to Eric Dumas <dumas@linux.eu.org> and
- C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
- - Joysticks (/dev/joysticks)
- - Sparc keyboard (/dev/kbd)
- - DSP56001 digital signal processor (/dev/dsp56k)
- - Apple Desktop Bus (/dev/adb)
- - Coda network file system (/dev/cfs*)
- - Virtual console capture devices (/dev/vcc)
- Thanks to Dennis Hou <smilax@mindmeld.yi.org>
- - Frame buffer devices (/dev/fb)
- - Video capture devices (/dev/v4l)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Allocation of Device Numbers
- Devfs allows you to write a driver which doesn't need to allocate a
- device number (major&minor numbers) for the internal operation of the
- kernel. However, there are a number of userspace programmes that use
- the device number as a unique handle for a device. An example is the
- find programme, which uses device numbers to determine whether
- an inode is on a different filesystem than another inode. The device
- number used is the one for the block device which a filesystem is
- using. To preserve compatibility with userspace programmes, block
- devices using devfs need to have unique device numbers allocated to
- them. Furthermore, POSIX specifies device numbers, so some kind of
- device number needs to be presented to userspace.
- The simplest option (especially when porting drivers to devfs) is to
- keep using the old major and minor numbers. Devfs will take whatever
- values are given for major&minor and pass them onto userspace.
- Alternatively, you can have devfs choose unique device numbers for
- you. When you register a character or block device using
- devfs_register you can provide the optional
- DEVFS_FL_AUTO_DEVNUM flag, which will then automatically allocate a
- unique device number (the allocation is separated for the character
- and block devices).
- This device number is a 16 bit number, so this leaves plenty of space
- for large numbers of discs and partitions. This scheme can also be
- used for character devices, in particular the tty devices, which are
- currently limited to 256 pseudo-ttys (this limits the total number of
- simultaneous xterms and remote logins). Note that the device number
- is limited to the range 36864-61439 (majors 144-239), in order to
- avoid any possible conflicts with existing official allocations.
- Please note that using dynamically allocated block device numbers may
- break the NFS daemons (both user and kernel mode), which expect dev_t
- for a given device to be constant over the lifetime of remote mounts.
- A final note on this scheme: since it doesn't increase the size of
- device numbers, there are no compatibility issues with userspace.
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Questions and Answers
- Making things work
- Alternatives to devfs
- What I don't like about devfs
- How to report bugs
- Strange kernel messages
- Compilation problems with devfsd
- Making things work
- Here are some common questions and answers.
- Devfsd is not managing all my permissions
- Make sure you are capturing the appropriate events. For example,
- device entries created by the kernel generate REGISTER events,
- but those created by devfsd generate CREATE events.
- Devfsd is not capturing all REGISTER events
- See the previous entry: you may need to capture CREATE events.
- X will not start
- Make sure you followed the steps
- outlined above.
- Why don't my network devices appear in devfs?
- This is not a bug. Network devices have their own, completely separate
- namespace. They are accessed via socket(2) and
- setsockopt(2) calls, and thus require no device nodes. I have
- raised the possibilty of moving network devices into the device
- namespace, but have had no response.
- How can I test if I have devfs compiled into my kernel?
- All filesystems built-in or currently loaded are listed in
- /proc/filesystems. If you see a devfs entry, then
- you know that devfs was compiled into your kernel. If you have
- correctly configured and rebuilt your kernel, then devfs will be
- built-in. If you think you've configured it in, but
- /proc/filesystems doesn't show it, you've made a mistake.
- Common mistakes include:
- Using a 2.2.x kernel without applying the devfs patch (if you
- don't know how to patch your kernel, use 2.4.x instead, don't bother
- asking me how to patch)
- Forgetting to set CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL=y
- Forgetting to set CONFIG_DEVFS_FS=y
- Forgetting to set CONFIG_DEVFS_MOUNT=y (if you want devfs
- to be automatically mounted at boot)
- Editing your .config manually, instead of using make
- config or make xconfig
- Forgetting to run make dep; make clean after changing the
- configuration and before compiling
- Forgetting to compile your kernel and modules
- Forgetting to install your kernel
- Forgetting to install your modules
- Please check twice that you've done all these steps before sending in
- a bug report.
- How can I test if devfs is mounted on /dev?
- The device filesystem will always create an entry called
- ".devfsd", which is used to communicate with the daemon. Even
- if the daemon is not running, this entry will exist. Testing for the
- existence of this entry is the approved method of determining if devfs
- is mounted or not. Note that the type of entry (i.e. regular file,
- character device, named pipe, etc.) may change without notice. Only
- the existence of the entry should be relied upon.
- When I start devfsd, I see the error:
- Error opening file: ".devfsd" No such file or directory?
- This means that devfs is not mounted. Make sure you have devfs mounted.
- How do I mount devfs?
- First make sure you have devfs compiled into your kernel (see
- above). Then you will either need to:
- set CONFIG_DEVFS_MOUNT=y in your kernel config
- pass devfs=mount to your boot loader
- mount devfs manually in your boot scripts with:
- mount -t none devfs /dev
- Mount by volume LABEL=<label> doesn't work with
- devfs
- Most probably you are not mounting devfs onto /dev. What
- happens is that if your kernel config has CONFIG_DEVFS_FS=y
- then the contents of /proc/partitions will have the devfs
- names (such as scsi/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part1). The
- contents of /proc/partitions are used by mount(8) when
- mounting by volume label. If devfs is not mounted on /dev,
- then mount(8) will fail to find devices. The solution is to
- make sure that devfs is mounted on /dev. See above for how to
- do that.
- I have extra or incorrect entries in /dev
- You may have stale entries in your dev-state area. Check for a
- RESTORE configuration line in your devfsd configuration
- (typically /etc/devfsd.conf). If you have this line, check
- the contents of the specified directory for stale entries. Remove
- any entries which are incorrect, then reboot.
- I get "Unable to open initial console" messages at boot
- This usually happens when you don't have devfs automounted onto
- /dev at boot time, and there is no valid
- /dev/console entry on your root file-system. Create a valid
- /dev/console device node.
- Alternatives to devfs
- I've attempted to collate all the anti-devfs proposals and explain
- their limitations. Under construction.
- Why not just pass device create/remove events to a daemon?
- Here the suggestion is to develop an API in the kernel so that devices
- can register create and remove events, and a daemon listens for those
- events. The daemon would then populate/depopulate /dev (which
- resides on disc).
- This has several limitations:
- it only works for modules loaded and unloaded (or devices inserted
- and removed) after the kernel has finished booting. Without a database
- of events, there is no way the daemon could fully populate
- /dev
- if you add a database to this scheme, the question is then how to
- present that database to user-space. If you make it a list of strings
- with embedded event codes which are passed through a pipe to the
- daemon, then this is only of use to the daemon. I would argue that the
- natural way to present this data is via a filesystem (since many of
- the events will be of a hierarchical nature), such as devfs.
- Presenting the data as a filesystem makes it easy for the user to see
- what is available and also makes it easy to write scripts to scan the
- "database"
- the tight binding between device nodes and drivers is no longer
- possible (requiring the otherwise perfectly avoidable
- table lookups)
- you cannot catch inode lookup events on /dev which means
- that module autoloading requires device nodes to be created. This is a
- problem, particularly for drivers where only a few inodes are created
- from a potentially large set
- this technique can't be used when the root FS is mounted
- read-only
- Just implement a better scsidev
- This suggestion involves taking the scsidev programme and
- extending it to scan for all devices, not just SCSI devices. The
- scsidev programme works by scanning /proc/scsi
- Problems:
- the kernel does not currently provide a list of all devices
- available. Not all drivers register entries in /proc or
- generate kernel messages
- there is no uniform mechanism to register devices other than the
- devfs API
- implementing such an API is then the same as the
- proposal above
- Put /dev on a ramdisc
- This suggestion involves creating a ramdisc and populating it with
- device nodes and then mounting it over /dev.
- Problems:
- this doesn't help when mounting the root filesystem, since you
- still need a device node to do that
- if you want to use this technique for the root device node as
- well, you need to use initrd. This complicates the booting sequence
- and makes it significantly harder to administer and configure. The
- initrd is essentially opaque, robbing the system administrator of easy
- configuration
- insufficient information is available to correctly populate the
- ramdisc. So we come back to the
- proposal above to "solve" this
- a ramdisc-based solution would take more kernel memory, since the
- backing store would be (at best) normal VFS inodes and dentries, which
- take 284 bytes and 112 bytes, respectively, for each entry. Compare
- that to 72 bytes for devfs
- Do nothing: there's no problem
- Sometimes people can be heard to claim that the existing scheme is
- fine. This is what they're ignoring:
- device number size (8 bits each for major and minor) is a real
- limitation, and must be fixed somehow. Systems with large numbers of
- SCSI devices, for example, will continue to consume the remaining
- unallocated major numbers. USB will also need to push beyond the 8 bit
- minor limitation
- simply increasing the device number size is insufficient. Apart
- from causing a lot of pain, it doesn't solve the management issues
- of a /dev with thousands or more device nodes
- ignoring the problem of a huge /dev will not make it go
- away, and dismisses the legitimacy of a large number of people who
- want a dynamic /dev
- the standard response then becomes: "write a device management
- daemon", which brings us back to the
- proposal above
- What I don't like about devfs
- Here are some common complaints about devfs, and some suggestions and
- solutions that may make it more palatable for you. I can't please
- everybody, but I do try :-)
- I hate the naming scheme
- First, remember that no naming scheme will please everybody. You hate
- the scheme, others love it. Who's to say who's right and who's wrong?
- Ultimately, the person who writes the code gets to choose, and what
- exists now is a combination of the choices made by the
- devfs author and the
- kernel maintainer (Linus).
- However, not all is lost. If you want to create your own naming
- scheme, it is a simple matter to write a standalone script, hack
- devfsd, or write a script called by devfsd. You can create whatever
- naming scheme you like.
- Further, if you want to remove all traces of the devfs naming scheme
- from /dev, you can mount devfs elsewhere (say
- /devfs) and populate /dev with links into
- /devfs. This population can be automated using devfsd if you
- wish.
- You can even use the VFS binding facility to make the links, rather
- than using symbolic links. This way, you don't even have to see the
- "destination" of these symbolic links.
- Devfs puts policy into the kernel
- There's already policy in the kernel. Device numbers are in fact
- policy (why should the kernel dictate what device numbers I use?).
- Face it, some policy has to be in the kernel. The real difference
- between device names as policy and device numbers as policy is that
- no one will use device numbers directly, because device
- numbers are devoid of meaning to humans and are ugly. At least with
- the devfs device names, (even though you can add your own naming
- scheme) some people will use the devfs-supplied names directly. This
- offends some people :-)
- Devfs is bloatware
- This is not even remotely true. As shown above,
- both code and data size are quite modest.
- How to report bugs
- If you have (or think you have) a bug with devfs, please follow the
- steps below:
- make sure you have enabled debugging output when configuring your
- kernel. You will need to set (at least) the following config options:
- CONFIG_DEVFS_DEBUG=y
- CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL=y
- CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB=y
- please make sure you have the latest devfs patches applied. The
- latest kernel version might not have the latest devfs patches applied
- yet (Linus is very busy)
- save a copy of your complete kernel logs (preferably by
- using the dmesg programme) for later inclusion in your bug
- report. You may need to use the -s switch to increase the
- internal buffer size so you can capture all the boot messages.
- Don't edit or trim the dmesg output
- try booting with devfs=dall passed to the kernel boot
- command line (read the documentation on your bootloader on how to do
- this), and save the result to a file. This may be quite verbose, and
- it may overflow the messages buffer, but try to get as much of it as
- you can
- if you get an Oops, run ksymoops to decode it so that the
- names of the offending functions are provided. A non-decoded Oops is
- pretty useless
- send a copy of your devfsd configuration file(s)
- send the bug report to me first.
- Don't expect that I will see it if you post it to the linux-kernel
- mailing list. Include all the information listed above, plus
- anything else that you think might be relevant. Put the string
- devfs somewhere in the subject line, so my mail filters mark
- it as urgent
- Here is a general guide on how to ask questions in a way that greatly
- improves your chances of getting a reply:
- http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html. If you have
- a bug to report, you should also read
- http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html.
- Strange kernel messages
- You may see devfs-related messages in your kernel logs. Below are some
- messages and what they mean (and what you should do about them, if
- anything).
- devfs_register(fred): could not append to parent, err: -17
- You need to check what the error code means, but usually 17 means
- EEXIST. This means that a driver attempted to create an entry
- fred in a directory, but there already was an entry with that
- name. This is often caused by flawed boot scripts which untar a bunch
- of inodes into /dev, as a way to restore permissions. This
- message is harmless, as the device nodes will still
- provide access to the driver (unless you use the devfs=only
- boot option, which is only for dedicated souls:-). If you want to get
- rid of these annoying messages, upgrade to devfsd-v1.3.20 and use the
- recommended RESTORE directive to restore permissions.
- devfs_mk_dir(bill): using old entry in dir: c1808724 ""
- This is similar to the message above, except that a driver attempted
- to create a directory named bill, and the parent directory
- has an entry with the same name. In this case, to ensure that drivers
- continue to work properly, the old entry is re-used and given to the
- driver. In 2.5 kernels, the driver is given a NULL entry, and thus,
- under rare circumstances, may not create the require device nodes.
- The solution is the same as above.
- Compilation problems with devfsd
- Usually, you can compile devfsd just by typing in
- make in the source directory, followed by a make
- install (as root). Sometimes, you may have problems, particularly
- on broken configurations.
- error messages relating to DEVFSD_NOTIFY_DELETE
- This happened because you have an ancient set of kernel headers
- installed in /usr/include/linux or /usr/src/linux.
- Install kernel 2.4.10 or later. You may need to pass the
- KERNEL_DIR variable to make (if you did not install
- the new kernel sources as /usr/src/linux), or you may copy
- the devfs_fs.h file in the kernel source tree into
- /usr/include/linux.
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Other resources
- Douglas Gilbert has written a useful document at
- http://www.torque.net/sg/devfs_scsi.html which
- explores the SCSI subsystem and how it interacts with devfs
- Douglas Gilbert has written another useful document at
- http://www.torque.net/scsi/scsihosts.html which
- discusses the scsihosts= boot option
- Douglas Gilbert has written yet another useful document at
- http://www.torque.net/scsi/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/ which
- discusses the Linux SCSI subsystem in 2.4.
- Johannes Erdfelt has started a discussion paper on Linux and
- hot-swap devices, describing what the requirements are for a scalable
- solution and how and why he's used devfs+devfsd. Note that this is an
- early draft only, available in plain text form at:
- http://johannes.erdfelt.com/hotswap.txt.
- Johannes has promised a HTML version will follow.
- I presented an invited
- paper
- at the
- 2nd Annual Storage Management Workshop held in Miamia, Florida,
- U.S.A. in October 2000.
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Translations of this document
- This document has been translated into other languages.
- The document master (in English) by rgooch@atnf.csiro.au is
- available at
- http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/docs/devfs.html
- A Korean translation by viatoris@nownuri.net is available at
- http://your.destiny.pe.kr/devfs/devfs.html
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Most flags courtesy of ITA's
- Flags of All Countries
- used with permission.