ide.txt
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- ide.txt -- Information regarding the Enhanced IDE drive in Linux 2.2/2.3/2.4
- ===============================================================================
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
- | The hdparm utility for controlling various IDE features is |
- | packaged separately. Look for it on popular linux FTP sites. |
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
- See description later on below for handling BIG IDE drives with >1024 cyls.
- Major features of the 2.1/2.2 IDE driver ("NEW!" marks changes since 2.0.xx):
- NEW! - support for IDE ATAPI *floppy* drives
- - support for IDE ATAPI *tape* drives, courtesy of Gadi Oxman
- (re-run MAKEDEV.ide to create the tape device entries in /dev/)
- - support for up to *four* IDE interfaces on one or more IRQs
- - support for any mix of up to *eight* IDE drives
- - support for reading IDE ATAPI cdrom drives (NEC,MITSUMI,VERTOS,SONY)
- - support for audio functions
- - auto-detection of interfaces, drives, IRQs, and disk geometries
- - "single" drives should be jumpered as "master", not "slave"
- (both are now probed for)
- - support for BIOSs which report "more than 16 heads" on disk drives
- - uses LBA (slightly faster) on disk drives which support it
- - support for lots of fancy (E)IDE drive functions with hdparm utility
- - optional (compile time) support for 32-bit VLB data transfers
- - support for IDE multiple (block) mode (same as hd.c)
- - support for interrupt unmasking during I/O (better than hd.c)
- - improved handshaking and error detection/recovery
- - can co-exist with hd.c controlling the first interface
- - run-time selectable 32bit interface support (using hdparm-2.3)
- - support for reliable operation of buggy RZ1000 interfaces
- - PCI support is automatic when rz1000 support is configured
- - support for reliable operation of buggy CMD-640 interfaces
- - PCI support is automatic when cmd640 support is configured
- - for VLB, use kernel command line option: ide0=cmd640_vlb
- - this support also enables the secondary i/f when needed
- - interface PIO timing & prefetch parameter support
- - experimental support for UMC 8672 interfaces
- - support for secondary interface on the FGI/Holtek HT-6560B VLB i/f
- - use kernel command line option: ide0=ht6560b
- - experimental support for various IDE chipsets
- - use appropriate kernel command line option from list below
- - support for drives with a stuck WRERR_STAT bit
- - support for removable devices, including door lock/unlock
- - transparent support for DiskManager 6.0x and "Dynamic Disk Overlay"
- - works with Linux fdisk, LILO, loadlin, bootln, etc..
- - mostly transparent support for EZ-Drive disk translation software
- - to use LILO with EZ, install LILO on the linux partition
- rather than on the master boot record, and then mark the
- linux partition as "bootable" or "active" using fdisk.
- (courtesy of Juha Laiho <jlaiho@ichaos.nullnet.fi>).
- - auto-detect of disk translations by examining partition table
- - ide-cd.c now compiles separate from ide.c
- - ide-cd.c now supports door locking and auto-loading.
- - Also preliminary support for multisession
- and direct reads of audio data.
- - experimental support for Promise DC4030VL caching interface card
- - email thanks/problems to: peterd@pnd-pc.demon.co.uk
- - the hdparm-3.1 package can be used to set PIO modes for some chipsets.
- NEW! - support for setting PIO modes with the OPTi 82C621, courtesy of Jaromir Koutek.
- NEW! - support for loadable modules
- NEW! - optional SCSI host adapter emulation for ATAPI devices
- NEW! - generic PCI Bus-Master DMA support
- NEW! - works with most Pentium PCI systems, chipsets, add-on cards
- NEW! - works with regular DMA as well as Ultra DMA
- NEW! - automatically probes for all PCI IDE interfaces
- NEW! - generic support for using BIOS-configured Ultra-DMA (UDMA) transfers
- *** IMPORTANT NOTICES: BUGGY IDE CHIPSETS CAN CORRUPT DATA!!
- *** =================
- *** PCI versions of the CMD640 and RZ1000 interfaces are now detected
- *** automatically at startup when PCI BIOS support is configured.
- ***
- *** Linux disables the "prefetch" ("readahead") mode of the RZ1000
- *** to prevent data corruption possible due to hardware design flaws.
- ***
- *** For the CMD640, linux disables "IRQ unmasking" (hdparm -u1) on any
- *** drive for which the "prefetch" mode of the CMD640 is turned on.
- *** If "prefetch" is disabled (hdparm -p8), then "IRQ unmasking" can be
- *** used again.
- ***
- *** For the CMD640, linux disables "32bit I/O" (hdparm -c1) on any drive
- *** for which the "prefetch" mode of the CMD640 is turned off.
- *** If "prefetch" is enabled (hdparm -p9), then "32bit I/O" can be
- *** used again.
- ***
- *** The CMD640 is also used on some Vesa Local Bus (VLB) cards, and is *NOT*
- *** automatically detected by Linux. For safe, reliable operation with such
- *** interfaces, one *MUST* use the "ide0=cmd640_vlb" kernel option.
- ***
- *** Use of the "serialize" option is no longer necessary.
- This is the multiple IDE interface driver, as evolved from hd.c.
- It supports up to six IDE interfaces, on one or more IRQs (usually 14 & 15).
- There can be up to two drives per interface, as per the ATA-2 spec.
- Primary: ide0, port 0x1f0; major=3; hda is minor=0; hdb is minor=64
- Secondary: ide1, port 0x170; major=22; hdc is minor=0; hdd is minor=64
- Tertiary: ide2, port 0x1e8; major=33; hde is minor=0; hdf is minor=64
- Quaternary: ide3, port 0x168; major=34; hdg is minor=0; hdh is minor=64
- fifth.. ide4, usually PCI, probed
- sixth.. ide5, usually PCI, probed
- To access devices on interfaces > ide0, device entries must first be
- created in /dev for them. To create such entries, simply run the included
- shell script: /usr/src/linux/scripts/MAKEDEV.ide
- Apparently many older releases of Slackware had incorrect entries
- in /dev for hdc* and hdd* -- this can also be corrected by running MAKEDEV.ide
- ide.c automatically probes for most IDE interfaces (including all PCI ones),
- for the drives/geometries attached to those interfaces, and for the
- IRQ numbers being used by the interfaces (normally 14, 15 for ide0/ide1).
- For special cases, interfaces may be specified using kernel "command line"
- options. For example,
- ide3=0x168,0x36e,10 /* ioports 0x168-0x16f,0x36e, irq 10 */
- Normally the irq number need not be specified, as ide.c will probe for it:
- ide3=0x168,0x36e /* ioports 0x168-0x16f,0x36e */
- The standard port, and irq values are these:
- ide0=0x1f0,0x3f6,14
- ide1=0x170,0x376,15
- ide2=0x1e8,0x3ee,11
- ide3=0x168,0x36e,10
- Note that the first parameter reserves 8 contiguous ioports, whereas the
- second value denotes a single ioport. If in doubt, do a 'cat /proc/ioports'.
- In all probability the device uses these ports and IRQs if it is attached
- to the appropriate ide channel. Pass the parameter for the correct ide
- channel to the kernel, as explained above.
- Any number of interfaces may share a single IRQ if necessary, at a slight
- performance penalty, whether on separate cards or a single VLB card.
- The IDE driver automatically detects and handles this. However, this may
- or may not be harmful to your hardware.. two or more cards driving the same IRQ
- can potentially burn each other's bus driver, though in practice this
- seldom occurs. Be careful, and if in doubt, don't do it!
- Drives are normally found by auto-probing and/or examining the CMOS/BIOS data.
- For really weird situations, the apparent (fdisk) geometry can also be specified
- on the kernel "command line" using LILO. The format of such lines is:
- hdx=cyls,heads,sects,wpcom,irq
- or hdx=cdrom
- where hdx can be any of hda through hdh, Three values are required
- (cyls,heads,sects). For example:
- hdc=1050,32,64 hdd=cdrom
- either {hda,hdb} or {hdc,hdd}. The results of successful auto-probing may
- override the physical geometry/irq specified, though the "original" geometry
- may be retained as the "logical" geometry for partitioning purposes (fdisk).
- If the auto-probing during boot time confuses a drive (ie. the drive works
- with hd.c but not with ide.c), then an command line option may be specified
- for each drive for which you'd like the drive to skip the hardware
- probe/identification sequence. For example:
- hdb=noprobe
- or
- hdc=768,16,32
- hdc=noprobe
- Note that when only one IDE device is attached to an interface,
- it should be jumpered as "single" or "master", *not* "slave".
- Many folks have had "trouble" with cdroms because of this requirement,
- so ide.c now probes for both units, though success is more likely
- when the drive is jumpered correctly.
- Courtesy of Scott Snyder and others, the driver supports ATAPI cdrom drives
- such as the NEC-260 and the new MITSUMI triple/quad speed drives.
- Such drives will be identified at boot time, just like a hard disk.
- If for some reason your cdrom drive is *not* found at boot time, you can force
- the probe to look harder by supplying a kernel command line parameter
- via LILO, such as:
- hdc=cdrom /* hdc = "master" on second interface */
- or
- hdd=cdrom /* hdd = "slave" on second interface */
- For example, a GW2000 system might have a hard drive on the primary
- interface (/dev/hda) and an IDE cdrom drive on the secondary interface
- (/dev/hdc). To mount a CD in the cdrom drive, one would use something like:
- ln -sf /dev/hdc /dev/cdrom
- mkdir /cd
- mount /dev/cdrom /cd -t iso9660 -o ro
- If, after doing all of the above, mount doesn't work and you see
- errors from the driver (with dmesg) complaining about `status=0xff',
- this means that the hardware is not responding to the driver's attempts
- to read it. One of the following is probably the problem:
- - Your hardware is broken.
- - You are using the wrong address for the device, or you have the
- drive jumpered wrong. Review the configuration instructions above.
- - Your IDE controller requires some nonstandard initialization sequence
- before it will work properly. If this is the case, there will often
- be a separate MS-DOS driver just for the controller. IDE interfaces
- on sound cards usually fall into this category. Such configurations
- can often be made to work by first booting MS-DOS, loading the
- appropriate drivers, and then warm-booting linux (without powering
- off). This can be automated using loadlin in the MS-DOS autoexec.
- If you always get timeout errors, interrupts from the drive are probably
- not making it to the host. Check how you have the hardware jumpered
- and make sure it matches what the driver expects (see the configuration
- instructions above). If you have a PCI system, also check the BIOS
- setup; I've had one report of a system which was shipped with IRQ 15
- disabled by the BIOS.
- The kernel is able to execute binaries directly off of the cdrom,
- provided it is mounted with the default block size of 1024 (as above).
- Please pass on any feedback on any of this stuff to the maintainer,
- whose address can be found in linux/MAINTAINERS.
- Note that if BOTH hd.c and ide.c are configured into the kernel,
- hd.c will normally be allowed to control the primary IDE interface.
- This is useful for older hardware that may be incompatible with ide.c,
- and still allows newer hardware to run on the 2nd/3rd/4th IDE ports
- under control of ide.c. To have ide.c also "take over" the primary
- IDE port in this situation, use the "command line" parameter: ide0=0x1f0
- The IDE driver is partly modularized. The high level disk/cdrom/tape/floppy
- drivers can always be compiled as loadable modules, the chipset drivers
- can only be compiled into the kernel, and the core code (ide.c) can be
- compiled as a loadable module provided no chipset support and no special
- partition table translations are needed.
- When using ide.c/ide-tape.c as modules in combination with kerneld, add:
- alias block-major-3 ide-probe
- alias char-major-37 ide-tape
- respectively to /etc/modules.conf.
- When ide.c is used as a module, you can pass command line parameters to the
- driver using the "options=" keyword to insmod, while replacing any ',' with
- ';'. For example:
- insmod ide.o options="ide0=serialize ide2=0x1e8;0x3ee;11"
- ================================================================================
- Summary of ide driver parameters for kernel "command line":
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- "hdx=" is recognized for all "x" from "a" to "h", such as "hdc".
- "idex=" is recognized for all "x" from "0" to "3", such as "ide1".
- "hdx=noprobe" : drive may be present, but do not probe for it
- "hdx=none" : drive is NOT present, ignore cmos and do not probe
- "hdx=nowerr" : ignore the WRERR_STAT bit on this drive
- "hdx=cdrom" : drive is present, and is a cdrom drive
- "hdx=cyl,head,sect" : disk drive is present, with specified geometry
- "hdx=autotune" : driver will attempt to tune interface speed
- to the fastest PIO mode supported,
- if possible for this drive only.
- Not fully supported by all chipset types,
- and quite likely to cause trouble with
- older/odd IDE drives.
- "hdx=slow" : insert a huge pause after each access to the data
- port. Should be used only as a last resort.
- "hdx=swapdata" : when the drive is a disk, byte swap all data
- "hdxlun=xx" : set the drive last logical unit
- "idebus=xx" : inform IDE driver of VESA/PCI bus speed in MHz,
- where "xx" is between 20 and 66 inclusive,
- used when tuning chipset PIO modes.
- For PCI bus, 25 is correct for a P75 system,
- 30 is correct for P90,P120,P180 systems,
- and 33 is used for P100,P133,P166 systems.
- If in doubt, use idebus=33 for PCI.
- As for VLB, it is safest to not specify it.
- Bigger values are safer than smaller ones.
- "idex=noprobe" : do not attempt to access/use this interface
- "idex=base" : probe for an interface at the addr specified,
- where "base" is usually 0x1f0 or 0x170
- and "ctl" is assumed to be "base"+0x206
- "idex=base,ctl" : specify both base and ctl
- "idex=base,ctl,irq" : specify base, ctl, and irq number
- "idex=autotune" : driver will attempt to tune interface speed
- to the fastest PIO mode supported,
- for all drives on this interface.
- Not fully supported by all chipset types,
- and quite likely to cause trouble with
- older/odd IDE drives.
- "idex=noautotune" : driver will NOT attempt to tune interface speed
- This is the default for most chipsets,
- except the cmd640.
- "idex=serialize" : do not overlap operations on idex and ide(x^1)
- "idex=reset" : reset interface after probe
- "idex=dma" : automatically configure/use DMA if possible.
- "idex=nohighio" : don't use i/o to high memory addresses on this
- interface. i/o to memory locations higher
- than ~860MiB will be bounced.
- The following are valid ONLY on ide0,
- and the defaults for the base,ctl ports must not be altered.
- "ide0=dtc2278" : probe/support DTC2278 interface
- "ide0=ht6560b" : probe/support HT6560B interface
- "ide0=cmd640_vlb" : *REQUIRED* for VLB cards with the CMD640 chip
- (not for PCI -- automatically detected)
- "ide0=qd65xx" : probe/support qd65xx interface
- "ide0=ali14xx" : probe/support ali14xx chipsets (ALI M1439/M1445)
- "ide0=umc8672" : probe/support umc8672 chipsets
- There may be more options than shown -- use the source, Luke!
- Everything else is rejected with a "BAD OPTION" message.
- ================================================================================
- Some Terminology
- ----------------
- IDE = Integrated Drive Electronics, meaning that each drive has a built-in
- controller, which is why an "IDE interface card" is not a "controller card".
- IDE drives are designed to attach almost directly to the ISA bus of an AT-style
- computer. The typical IDE interface card merely provides I/O port address
- decoding and tri-state buffers, although several newer localbus cards go much
- beyond the basics. When purchasing a localbus IDE interface, avoid cards with
- an onboard BIOS and those which require special drivers. Instead, look for a
- card which uses hardware switches/jumpers to select the interface timing speed,
- to allow much faster data transfers than the original 8MHz ISA bus allows.
- ATA = AT (the old IBM 286 computer) Attachment Interface, a draft American
- National Standard for connecting hard drives to PCs. This is the official
- name for "IDE".
- The latest standards define some enhancements, known as the ATA-2 spec,
- which grew out of vendor-specific "Enhanced IDE" (EIDE) implementations.
- ATAPI = ATA Packet Interface, a new protocol for controlling the drives,
- similar to SCSI protocols, created at the same time as the ATA2 standard.
- ATAPI is currently used for controlling CDROM and TAPE devices, and will
- likely also soon be used for Floppy drives, removable R/W cartridges,
- and for high capacity hard disk drives.
- How To Use *Big* ATA/IDE drives with Linux
- ------------------------------------------
- The ATA Interface spec for IDE disk drives allows a total of 28 bits
- (8 bits for sector, 16 bits for cylinder, and 4 bits for head) for addressing
- individual disk sectors of 512 bytes each (in "Linear Block Address" (LBA)
- mode, there is still only a total of 28 bits available in the hardware).
- This "limits" the capacity of an IDE drive to no more than 128GB (Giga-bytes).
- All current day IDE drives are somewhat smaller than this upper limit, and
- within a few years, ATAPI disk drives will raise the limit considerably.
- All IDE disk drives "suffer" from a "16-heads" limitation: the hardware has
- only a four bit field for head selection, restricting the number of "physical"
- heads to 16 or less. Since the BIOS usually has a 63 sectors/track limit,
- this means that all IDE drivers larger than 504MB (528Meg) must use a "physical"
- geometry with more than 1024 cylinders.
- (1024cyls * 16heads * 63sects * 512bytes/sector) / (1024 * 1024) == 504MB
- (Some BIOSs (and controllers with onboard BIOS) pretend to allow "32" or "64"
- heads per drive (discussed below), but can only do so by playing games with
- the real (hidden) geometry, which is always limited to 16 or fewer heads).
- This presents two problems to most systems:
- 1. The INT13 interface to the BIOS only allows 10-bits for cylinder
- addresses, giving a limit of 1024cyls for programs which use it.
- 2. The physical geometry fields of the disk partition table only
- allow 10-bits for cylinder addresses, giving a similar limit of 1024
- cyls for operating systems that do not use the "sector count" fields
- instead of the physical Cyl/Head/Sect (CHS) geometry fields.
- Neither of these limitations affects Linux itself, as it (1) does not use the
- BIOS for disk access, and it (2) is clever enough to use the "sector count"
- fields of the partition table instead of the physical CHS geometry fields.
- a) Most folks use LILO to load linux. LILO uses the INT13 interface
- to the BIOS to load the kernel at boot time. Therefore, LILO can only
- load linux if the files it needs (usually just the kernel images) are
- located below the magic 1024 cylinder "boundary" (more on this later).
- b) Many folks also like to have bootable DOS partitions on their
- drive(s). DOS also uses the INT13 interface to the BIOS, not only
- for booting, but also for operation after booting. Therefore, DOS
- can normally only access partitions which are contained entirely below
- the magic 1024 cylinder "boundary".
- There are at least seven commonly used schemes for kludging DOS to work
- around this "limitation". In the long term, the problem is being solved
- by introduction of an alternative BIOS interface that does not have the
- same limitations as the INT13 interface. New versions of DOS are expected
- to detect and use this interface in systems whose BIOS provides it.
- But in the present day, alternative solutions are necessary.
- The most popular solution in newer systems is to have the BIOS shift bits
- between the cylinder and head number fields. This is activated by entering
- a translated logical geometry into the BIOS/CMOS setup for the drive.
- Thus, if the drive has a geometry of 2100/16/63 (CHS), then the BIOS could
- present a "logical" geometry of 525/64/63 by "shifting" two bits from the
- cylinder number into the head number field for purposes of the partition table,
- CMOS setup, and INT13 interfaces. Linux kernels 1.1.39 and higher detect and
- "handle" this translation automatically, making this a rather painless solution
- for the 1024 cyls problem. If for some reason Linux gets confused (unlikely),
- then use the kernel command line parameters to pass the *logical* geometry,
- as in: hda=525,64,63
- If the BIOS does not support this form of drive translation, then several
- options remain, listed below in order of popularity:
- - use a partition below the 1024 cyl boundary to hold the linux
- boot files (kernel images and /boot directory), and place the rest
- of linux anywhere else on the drive. These files can reside in a DOS
- partition, or in a tailor-made linux boot partition.
- - use DiskManager software from OnTrack, supplied free with
- many new hard drive purchases.
- - use EZ-Drive software (similar to DiskManager). Note though,
- that LILO must *not* use the MBR when EZ-Drive is present.
- Instead, install LILO on the first sector of your linux partition,
- and mark it as "active" or "bootable" with fdisk.
- - boot from a floppy disk instead of the hard drive (takes 10 seconds).
- If you cannot use drive translation, *and* your BIOS also restricts you to
- entering no more than 1024 cylinders in the geometry field in the CMOS setup,
- then just set it to 1024. As of v3.5 of this driver, Linux automatically
- determines the *real* number of cylinders for fdisk to use, allowing easy
- access to the full disk capacity without having to fiddle around.
- Regardless of what you do, all DOS partitions *must* be contained entirely
- within the first 1024 logical cylinders. For a 1Gig WD disk drive, here's
- a good "half and half" partitioning scheme to start with:
- geometry = 2100/16/63
- /dev/hda1 from cyl 1 to 992 dos
- /dev/hda2 from cyl 993 to 1023 swap
- /dev/hda3 from cyl 1024 to 2100 linux
- To ensure that LILO can boot linux, the boot files (kernel and /boot/*)
- must reside within the first 1024 cylinders of the drive. If your linux
- root partition is *not* completely within the first 1024 cyls (quite common),
- then you can use LILO to boot linux from files on your DOS partition
- by doing the following after installing Slackware (or whatever):
- 0. Boot from the "boot floppy" created during the installation
- 1. Mount your DOS partition as /dos (and stick it in /etc/fstab)
- 2. Move /boot to /dos/boot with: cp -a /boot /dos ; rm -r /boot
- 3. Create a symlink for LILO to use with: ln -s /dos/boot /boot
- 4. Move your kernel (/vmlinuz) to /boot/vmlinuz: mv /vmlinuz /boot
- 5. Edit /etc/lilo.conf to change /vmlinuz to /boot/vmlinuz
- 6. Re-run LILO with: lilo
- A danger with this approach is that whenever an MS-DOS "defragmentation"
- program is run (like Norton "speeddisk"), it may move the Linux boot
- files around, confusing LILO and making the (Linux) system unbootable.
- Be sure to keep a kernel "boot floppy" at hand for such circumstances.
- A possible workaround is to mark the Linux files as S+H+R (System,
- Hidden, Readonly), to prevent most defragmentation programs from
- moving the files around.
- If you "don't do DOS", then partition as you please, but remember to create
- a small partition to hold the /boot directory (and vmlinuz) as described above
- such that they stay within the first 1024 cylinders.
- Note that when creating partitions that span beyond cylinder 1024,
- Linux fdisk will complain about "Partition X has different physical/logical
- endings" and emit messages such as "This is larger than 1024, and may cause
- problems with some software". Ignore this for linux partitions. The "some
- software" refers to DOS, the BIOS, and LILO, as described previously.
- Western Digital ships a "DiskManager 6.03" diskette with all of their big
- hard drives. Use BIOS translation instead of this if possible, as it is a
- more generally compatible method of achieving the same results (DOS access
- to the entire disk). However, if you must use DiskManager, it now works
- with Linux 1.3.x in most cases. Let me know if you still have trouble.
- My recommendations to anyone who asks about NEW systems are:
- - buy a motherboard that uses the Intel Triton chipset -- very common.
- - use IDE for the first two drives, placing them on separate interfaces.
- - very fast 7200rpm drives are now available
- (though many problems have been reported with Seagate ones).
- - place the IDE cdrom drive as slave on either interface.
- - if additional disks are to be connected, consider your needs:
- - fileserver? Buy a SC200 SCSI adaptor for the next few drives.
- - personal system? Use IDE for the next two drives.
- - still not enough? Keep adding SC200 SCSI cards as needed.
- Most manufacturers make both IDE and SCSI versions of each of their drives.
- The IDE ones are usually as fast and cheaper, due to lower command overhead
- and the higher data transfer speed of UDMA2. But fast/ultrawide/superlative
- SCSI is still king of the heap, especially for servers, if you've got the bucks.
- mlord@pobox.com
- --
- For current maintainers of this stuff, see the linux/MAINTAINERS file.