boot.txt
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- THE LINUX/I386 BOOT PROTOCOL
- ----------------------------
- H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
- Last update 2002-01-01
- On the i386 platform, the Linux kernel uses a rather complicated boot
- convention. This has evolved partially due to historical aspects, as
- well as the desire in the early days to have the kernel itself be a
- bootable image, the complicated PC memory model and due to changed
- expectations in the PC industry caused by the effective demise of
- real-mode DOS as a mainstream operating system.
- Currently, four versions of the Linux/i386 boot protocol exist.
- Old kernels: zImage/Image support only. Some very early kernels
- may not even support a command line.
- Protocol 2.00: (Kernel 1.3.73) Added bzImage and initrd support, as
- well as a formalized way to communicate between the
- boot loader and the kernel. setup.S made relocatable,
- although the traditional setup area still assumed
- writable.
- Protocol 2.01: (Kernel 1.3.76) Added a heap overrun warning.
- Protocol 2.02: (Kernel 2.4.0-test3-pre3) New command line protocol.
- Lower the conventional memory ceiling. No overwrite
- of the traditional setup area, thus making booting
- safe for systems which use the EBDA from SMM or 32-bit
- BIOS entry points. zImage deprecated but still
- supported.
- Protocol 2.03: (Kernel 2.4.18-pre1) Explicitly makes the highest possible
- initrd address available to the bootloader.
- **** MEMORY LAYOUT
- The traditional memory map for the kernel loader, used for Image or
- zImage kernels, typically looks like:
- | |
- 0A0000 +------------------------+
- | Reserved for BIOS | Do not use. Reserved for BIOS EBDA.
- 09A000 +------------------------+
- | Stack/heap/cmdline | For use by the kernel real-mode code.
- 098000 +------------------------+
- | Kernel setup | The kernel real-mode code.
- 090200 +------------------------+
- | Kernel boot sector | The kernel legacy boot sector.
- 090000 +------------------------+
- | Protected-mode kernel | The bulk of the kernel image.
- 010000 +------------------------+
- | Boot loader | <- Boot sector entry point 0000:7C00
- 001000 +------------------------+
- | Reserved for MBR/BIOS |
- 000800 +------------------------+
- | Typically used by MBR |
- 000600 +------------------------+
- | BIOS use only |
- 000000 +------------------------+
- When using bzImage, the protected-mode kernel was relocated to
- 0x100000 ("high memory"), and the kernel real-mode block (boot sector,
- setup, and stack/heap) was made relocatable to any address between
- 0x10000 and end of low memory. Unfortunately, in protocols 2.00 and
- 2.01 the command line is still required to live in the 0x9XXXX memory
- range, and that memory range is still overwritten by the early kernel.
- The 2.02 protocol resolves that problem.
- It is desirable to keep the "memory ceiling" -- the highest point in
- low memory touched by the boot loader -- as low as possible, since
- some newer BIOSes have begun to allocate some rather large amounts of
- memory, called the Extended BIOS Data Area, near the top of low
- memory. The boot loader should use the "INT 12h" BIOS call to verify
- how much low memory is available.
- Unfortunately, if INT 12h reports that the amount of memory is too
- low, there is usually nothing the boot loader can do but to report an
- error to the user. The boot loader should therefore be designed to
- take up as little space in low memory as it reasonably can. For
- zImage or old bzImage kernels, which need data written into the
- 0x90000 segment, the boot loader should make sure not to use memory
- above the 0x9A000 point; too many BIOSes will break above that point.
- **** THE REAL-MODE KERNEL HEADER
- In the following text, and anywhere in the kernel boot sequence, "a
- sector" refers to 512 bytes. It is independent of the actual sector
- size of the underlying medium.
- The first step in loading a Linux kernel should be to load the
- real-mode code (boot sector and setup code) and then examine the
- following header at offset 0x01f1. The real-mode code can total up to
- 32K, although the boot loader may choose to load only the first two
- sectors (1K) and then examine the bootup sector size.
- The header looks like:
- Offset Proto Name Meaning
- /Size
- 01F1/1 ALL setup_sects The size of the setup in sectors
- 01F2/2 ALL root_flags If set, the root is mounted readonly
- 01F4/2 ALL syssize DO NOT USE - for bootsect.S use only
- 01F6/2 ALL swap_dev DO NOT USE - obsolete
- 01F8/2 ALL ram_size DO NOT USE - for bootsect.S use only
- 01FA/2 ALL vid_mode Video mode control
- 01FC/2 ALL root_dev Default root device number
- 01FE/2 ALL boot_flag 0xAA55 magic number
- 0200/2 2.00+ jump Jump instruction
- 0202/4 2.00+ header Magic signature "HdrS"
- 0206/2 2.00+ version Boot protocol version supported
- 0208/4 2.00+ realmode_swtch Boot loader hook (see below)
- 020C/2 2.00+ start_sys The load-low segment (0x1000) (obsolete)
- 020E/2 2.00+ kernel_version Pointer to kernel version string
- 0210/1 2.00+ type_of_loader Boot loader identifier
- 0211/1 2.00+ loadflags Boot protocol option flags
- 0212/2 2.00+ setup_move_size Move to high memory size (used with hooks)
- 0214/4 2.00+ code32_start Boot loader hook (see below)
- 0218/4 2.00+ ramdisk_image initrd load address (set by boot loader)
- 021C/4 2.00+ ramdisk_size initrd size (set by boot loader)
- 0220/4 2.00+ bootsect_kludge DO NOT USE - for bootsect.S use only
- 0224/2 2.01+ heap_end_ptr Free memory after setup end
- 0226/2 N/A pad1 Unused
- 0228/4 2.02+ cmd_line_ptr 32-bit pointer to the kernel command line
- 022C/4 2.03+ initrd_addr_max Highest legal initrd address
- For backwards compatibility, if the setup_sects field contains 0, the
- real value is 4.
- If the "HdrS" (0x53726448) magic number is not found at offset 0x202,
- the boot protocol version is "old". Loading an old kernel, the
- following parameters should be assumed:
- Image type = zImage
- initrd not supported
- Real-mode kernel must be located at 0x90000.
- Otherwise, the "version" field contains the protocol version,
- e.g. protocol version 2.01 will contain 0x0201 in this field. When
- setting fields in the header, you must make sure only to set fields
- supported by the protocol version in use.
- The "kernel_version" field, if set to a nonzero value, contains a
- pointer to a null-terminated human-readable kernel version number
- string, less 0x200. This can be used to display the kernel version to
- the user. This value should be less than (0x200*setup_sects). For
- example, if this value is set to 0x1c00, the kernel version number
- string can be found at offset 0x1e00 in the kernel file. This is a
- valid value if and only if the "setup_sects" field contains the value
- 14 or higher.
- Most boot loaders will simply load the kernel at its target address
- directly. Such boot loaders do not need to worry about filling in
- most of the fields in the header. The following fields should be
- filled out, however:
- vid_mode:
- Please see the section on SPECIAL COMMAND LINE OPTIONS.
- type_of_loader:
- If your boot loader has an assigned id (see table below), enter
- 0xTV here, where T is an identifier for the boot loader and V is
- a version number. Otherwise, enter 0xFF here.
- Assigned boot loader ids:
- 0 LILO
- 1 Loadlin
- 2 bootsect-loader
- 3 SYSLINUX
- 4 EtherBoot
- Please contact <hpa@zytor.com> if you need a bootloader ID
- value assigned.
- loadflags, heap_end_ptr:
- If the protocol version is 2.01 or higher, enter the
- offset limit of the setup heap into heap_end_ptr and set the
- 0x80 bit (CAN_USE_HEAP) of loadflags. heap_end_ptr appears to
- be relative to the start of setup (offset 0x0200).
- setup_move_size:
- When using protocol 2.00 or 2.01, if the real mode
- kernel is not loaded at 0x90000, it gets moved there later in
- the loading sequence. Fill in this field if you want
- additional data (such as the kernel command line) moved in
- addition to the real-mode kernel itself.
- ramdisk_image, ramdisk_size:
- If your boot loader has loaded an initial ramdisk (initrd),
- set ramdisk_image to the 32-bit pointer to the ramdisk data
- and the ramdisk_size to the size of the ramdisk data.
- The initrd should typically be located as high in memory as
- possible, as it may otherwise get overwritten by the early
- kernel initialization sequence. However, it must never be
- located above the address specified in the initrd_addr_max
- field. The initrd should be at least 4K page aligned.
- cmd_line_ptr:
- If the protocol version is 2.02 or higher, this is a 32-bit
- pointer to the kernel command line. The kernel command line
- can be located anywhere between the end of setup and 0xA0000.
- Fill in this field even if your boot loader does not support a
- command line, in which case you can point this to an empty
- string (or better yet, to the string "auto".) If this field
- is left at zero, the kernel will assume that your boot loader
- does not support the 2.02+ protocol.
- ramdisk_max:
- The maximum address that may be occupied by the initrd
- contents. For boot protocols 2.02 or earlier, this field is
- not present, and the maximum address is 0x37FFFFFF. (This
- address is defined as the address of the highest safe byte, so
- if your ramdisk is exactly 131072 bytes long and this field is
- 0x37FFFFFF, you can start your ramdisk at 0x37FE0000.)
- **** THE KERNEL COMMAND LINE
- The kernel command line has become an important way for the boot
- loader to communicate with the kernel. Some of its options are also
- relevant to the boot loader itself, see "special command line options"
- below.
- The kernel command line is a null-terminated string up to 255
- characters long, plus the final null.
- If the boot protocol version is 2.02 or later, the address of the
- kernel command line is given by the header field cmd_line_ptr (see
- above.)
- If the protocol version is *not* 2.02 or higher, the kernel
- command line is entered using the following protocol:
- At offset 0x0020 (word), "cmd_line_magic", enter the magic
- number 0xA33F.
- At offset 0x0022 (word), "cmd_line_offset", enter the offset
- of the kernel command line (relative to the start of the
- real-mode kernel).
-
- The kernel command line *must* be within the memory region
- covered by setup_move_size, so you may need to adjust this
- field.
- **** SAMPLE BOOT CONFIGURATION
- As a sample configuration, assume the following layout of the real
- mode segment:
- 0x0000-0x7FFF Real mode kernel
- 0x8000-0x8FFF Stack and heap
- 0x9000-0x90FF Kernel command line
- Such a boot loader should enter the following fields in the header:
- unsigned long base_ptr; /* base address for real-mode segment */
- if ( setup_sects == 0 ) {
- setup_sects = 4;
- }
- if ( protocol >= 0x0200 ) {
- type_of_loader = <type code>;
- if ( loading_initrd ) {
- ramdisk_image = <initrd_address>;
- ramdisk_size = <initrd_size>;
- }
- if ( protocol >= 0x0201 ) {
- heap_end_ptr = 0x9000 - 0x200;
- loadflags |= 0x80; /* CAN_USE_HEAP */
- }
- if ( protocol >= 0x0202 ) {
- cmd_line_ptr = base_ptr + 0x9000;
- } else {
- cmd_line_magic = 0xA33F;
- cmd_line_offset = 0x9000;
- setup_move_size = 0x9100;
- }
- } else {
- /* Very old kernel */
- cmd_line_magic = 0xA33F;
- cmd_line_offset = 0x9000;
- /* A very old kernel MUST have its real-mode code
- loaded at 0x90000 */
- if ( base_ptr != 0x90000 ) {
- /* Copy the real-mode kernel */
- memcpy(0x90000, base_ptr, (setup_sects+1)*512);
- /* Copy the command line */
- memcpy(0x99000, base_ptr+0x9000, 256);
- base_ptr = 0x90000; /* Relocated */
- }
- /* It is recommended to clear memory up to the 32K mark */
- memset(0x90000 + (setup_sects+1)*512, 0,
- (64-(setup_sects+1))*512);
- }
- **** LOADING THE REST OF THE KERNEL
- The non-real-mode kernel starts at offset (setup_sects+1)*512 in the
- kernel file (again, if setup_sects == 0 the real value is 4.) It
- should be loaded at address 0x10000 for Image/zImage kernels and
- 0x100000 for bzImage kernels.
- The kernel is a bzImage kernel if the protocol >= 2.00 and the 0x01
- bit (LOAD_HIGH) in the loadflags field is set:
- is_bzImage = (protocol >= 0x0200) && (loadflags & 0x01);
- load_address = is_bzImage ? 0x100000 : 0x10000;
- Note that Image/zImage kernels can be up to 512K in size, and thus use
- the entire 0x10000-0x90000 range of memory. This means it is pretty
- much a requirement for these kernels to load the real-mode part at
- 0x90000. bzImage kernels allow much more flexibility.
- **** SPECIAL COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
- If the command line provided by the boot loader is entered by the
- user, the user may expect the following command line options to work.
- They should normally not be deleted from the kernel command line even
- though not all of them are actually meaningful to the kernel. Boot
- loader authors who need additional command line options for the boot
- loader itself should get them registered in
- linux/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt to make sure they will not
- conflict with actual kernel options now or in the future.
- vga=<mode>
- <mode> here is either an integer (in C notation, either
- decimal, octal, or hexadecimal) or one of the strings
- "normal" (meaning 0xFFFF), "ext" (meaning 0xFFFE) or "ask"
- (meaning 0xFFFD). This value should be entered into the
- vid_mode field, as it is used by the kernel before the command
- line is parsed.
- mem=<size>
- <size> is an integer in C notation optionally followed by K, M
- or G (meaning << 10, << 20 or << 30). This specifies the end
- of memory to the kernel. This affects the possible placement
- of an initrd, since an initrd should be placed near end of
- memory. Note that this is an option to *both* the kernel and
- the bootloader!
- initrd=<file>
- An initrd should be loaded. The meaning of <file> is
- obviously bootloader-dependent, and some boot loaders
- (e.g. LILO) do not have such a command.
- In addition, some boot loaders add the following options to the
- user-specified command line:
- BOOT_IMAGE=<file>
- The boot image which was loaded. Again, the meaning of <file>
- is obviously bootloader-dependent.
- auto
- The kernel was booted without explicit user intervention.
- If these options are added by the boot loader, it is highly
- recommended that they are located *first*, before the user-specified
- or configuration-specified command line. Otherwise, "init=/bin/sh"
- gets confused by the "auto" option.
- **** RUNNING THE KERNEL
- The kernel is started by jumping to the kernel entry point, which is
- located at *segment* offset 0x20 from the start of the real mode
- kernel. This means that if you loaded your real-mode kernel code at
- 0x90000, the kernel entry point is 9020:0000.
- At entry, ds = es = ss should point to the start of the real-mode
- kernel code (0x9000 if the code is loaded at 0x90000), sp should be
- set up properly, normally pointing to the top of the heap, and
- interrupts should be disabled. Furthermore, to guard against bugs in
- the kernel, it is recommended that the boot loader sets fs = gs = ds =
- es = ss.
- In our example from above, we would do:
- /* Note: in the case of the "old" kernel protocol, base_ptr must
- be == 0x90000 at this point; see the previous sample code */
- seg = base_ptr >> 4;
- cli(); /* Enter with interrupts disabled! */
- /* Set up the real-mode kernel stack */
- _SS = seg;
- _SP = 0x9000; /* Load SP immediately after loading SS! */
- _DS = _ES = _FS = _GS = seg;
- jmp_far(seg+0x20, 0); /* Run the kernel */
- If your boot sector accesses a floppy drive, it is recommended to
- switch off the floppy motor before running the kernel, since the
- kernel boot leaves interrupts off and thus the motor will not be
- switched off, especially if the loaded kernel has the floppy driver as
- a demand-loaded module!
- **** ADVANCED BOOT TIME HOOKS
- If the boot loader runs in a particularly hostile environment (such as
- LOADLIN, which runs under DOS) it may be impossible to follow the
- standard memory location requirements. Such a boot loader may use the
- following hooks that, if set, are invoked by the kernel at the
- appropriate time. The use of these hooks should probably be
- considered an absolutely last resort!
- IMPORTANT: All the hooks are required to preserve %esp, %ebp, %esi and
- %edi across invocation.
- realmode_swtch:
- A 16-bit real mode far subroutine invoked immediately before
- entering protected mode. The default routine disables NMI, so
- your routine should probably do so, too.
- code32_start:
- A 32-bit flat-mode routine *jumped* to immediately after the
- transition to protected mode, but before the kernel is
- uncompressed. No segments, except CS, are set up; you should
- set them up to KERNEL_DS (0x18) yourself.
- After completing your hook, you should jump to the address
- that was in this field before your boot loader overwrote it.