s390dbf.txt
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- S390 Debug Feature
- ==================
- files: arch/s390/kernel/debug.c
- include/asm-s390/debug.h
- Description:
- ------------
- The goal of this feature is to provide a kernel debug logging API
- where log records can be stored efficiently in memory, where each component
- (e.g. device drivers) can have one seperate debug log.
- One purpose of this is to inspect the debug logs after a production system crash
- in order to analyze the reason for the crash.
- If the system still runs but only a subcomponent which uses dbf failes,
- it is possible to look at the debug logs on a live system via the Linux proc
- filesystem.
- The debug feature may also very usefull for kernel and driver development.
- Design:
- -------
- Kernel components (e.g. device drivers) can register themselves at the debug
- feature with the function call debug_register(). This function initializes a
- debug log for the caller. For each debug log exists a number of debug areas
- where exactly one is active at one time. Each debug area consists of contiguous
- pages in memory. In the debug areas there are stored debug entries (log records)
- which are written by event- and exception-calls.
- An event-call writes the specified debug entry to the active debug
- area and updates the log pointer for the active area. If the end
- of the active debug area is reached, a wrap around is done (ring buffer)
- and the next debug entry will be written at the beginning of the active
- debug area.
- An exception-call writes the specified debug entry to the log and
- switches to the next debug area. This is done in order to be sure
- that the records which describe the origin of the exception are not
- overwritten when a wrap around for the current area occurs.
- The debug areas itselve are also ordered in form of a ring buffer.
- When an exception is thrown in the last debug area, the following debug
- entries are then written again in the very first area.
- There are three versions for the event- and exception-calls: One for
- logging raw data, one for text and one for numbers.
- Each debug entry contains the following data:
- - Timestamp
- - Cpu-Number of calling task
- - Level of debug entry (0...6)
- - Return Address to caller
- - Flag, if entry is an exception or not
- The debug logs can be inspected in a live system through entries in
- the proc-filesystem. Under the path /proc/s390dbf there is
- a directory for each registered component, which is named like the
- corresponding component.
- The content of the directories are files which represent different views
- to the debug log. Each component can decide which views should be
- used through registering them with the function debug_register_view().
- Predefined views for hex/ascii, sprintf and raw binary data are provided.
- It is also possible to define other views. The content of
- a view can be inspected simply by reading the corresponding proc file.
- All debug logs have an an actual debug level (range from 0 to 6).
- The default level is 3. Event and Exception functions have a 'level'
- parameter. Only debug entries with a level that is lower or equal
- than the actual level are written to the log. This means that high
- priority log entries should have a low level value whereas low priority
- entries should have a high one.
- The actual debug level can be changed with the help of the proc-filesystem
- through writing a number string "x" to the 'level' proc file which is
- provided for every debug log. Debugging can be switched off completely
- by using "-" on the 'level' proc file.
- Example:
- > echo "-" > /proc/s390dbf/dasd/level
- Kernel Interfaces:
- ------------------
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- debug_info_t *debug_register(char *name, int pages_index, int nr_areas,
- int buf_size);
- Parameter: name: Name of debug log (e.g. used for proc entry)
- pages_index: 2^pages_index pages will be allocated per area
- nr_areas: number of debug areas
- buf_size: size of data area in each debug entry
- Return Value: Handle for generated debug area
- NULL if register failed
- Description: Allocates memory for a debug log
- Must not be called within an interrupt handler
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- void debug_unregister (debug_info_t * id);
- Parameter: id: handle for debug log
- Return Value: none
- Description: frees memory for a debug log
- Must not be called within an interrupt handler
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- void debug_set_level (debug_info_t * id, int new_level);
- Parameter: id: handle for debug log
- new_level: new debug level
- Return Value: none
- Description: Sets new actual debug level if new_level is valid.
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- debug_entry_t* debug_event (debug_info_t* id, int level, void* data,
- int length);
- Parameter: id: handle for debug log
- level: debug level
- data: pointer to data for debug entry
- length: length of data in bytes
- Return Value: Address of written debug entry
- Description: writes debug entry to active debug area (if level <= actual
- debug level)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- debug_entry_t* debug_int_event (debug_info_t * id, int level,
- unsigned int data);
- debug_entry_t* debug_long_event(debug_info_t * id, int level,
- unsigned long data);
- Parameter: id: handle for debug log
- level: debug level
- data: integer value for debug entry
- Return Value: Address of written debug entry
- Description: writes debug entry to active debug area (if level <= actual
- debug level)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- debug_entry_t* debug_text_event (debug_info_t * id, int level,
- const char* data);
- Parameter: id: handle for debug log
- level: debug level
- data: string for debug entry
- Return Value: Address of written debug entry
- Description: writes debug entry in ascii format to active debug area
- (if level <= actual debug level)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- debug_entry_t* debug_sprintf_event (debug_info_t * id, int level,
- char* string,...);
- Parameter: id: handle for debug log
- level: debug level
- string: format string for debug entry
- ...: varargs used as in sprintf()
- Return Value: Address of written debug entry
- Description: writes debug entry with format string and varargs (longs) to
- active debug area (if level $<=$ actual debug level).
- floats and long long datatypes cannot be used as varargs.
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- debug_entry_t* debug_exception (debug_info_t* id, int level, void* data,
- int length);
- Parameter: id: handle for debug log
- level: debug level
- data: pointer to data for debug entry
- length: length of data in bytes
- Return Value: Address of written debug entry
- Description: writes debug entry to active debug area (if level <= actual
- debug level) and switches to next debug area
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- debug_entry_t* debug_int_exception (debug_info_t * id, int level,
- unsigned int data);
- debug_entry_t* debug_long_exception(debug_info_t * id, int level,
- unsigned long data);
- Parameter: id: handle for debug log
- level: debug level
- data: integer value for debug entry
- Return Value: Address of written debug entry
- Description: writes debug entry to active debug area (if level <= actual
- debug level) and switches to next debug area
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- debug_entry_t* debug_text_exception (debug_info_t * id, int level,
- const char* data);
- Parameter: id: handle for debug log
- level: debug level
- data: string for debug entry
- Return Value: Address of written debug entry
- Description: writes debug entry in ascii format to active debug area
- (if level <= actual debug level) and switches to next debug
- area
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- debug_entry_t* debug_sprintf_exception (debug_info_t * id, int level,
- char* string,...);
- Parameter: id: handle for debug log
- level: debug level
- string: format string for debug entry
- ...: varargs used as in sprintf()
- Return Value: Address of written debug entry
- Description: writes debug entry with format string and varargs (longs) to
- active debug area (if level $<=$ actual debug level) and
- switches to next debug area.
- floats and long long datatypes cannot be used as varargs.
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- int debug_register_view (debug_info_t * id, struct debug_view *view);
- Parameter: id: handle for debug log
- view: pointer to debug view struct
- Return Value: 0 : ok
- < 0: Error
- Description: registers new debug view and creates proc dir entry
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- int debug_unregister_view (debug_info_t * id, struct debug_view *view);
- Parameter: id: handle for debug log
- view: pointer to debug view struct
- Return Value: 0 : ok
- < 0: Error
- Description: unregisters debug view and removes proc dir entry
- Predefined views:
- -----------------
- extern struct debug_view debug_hex_ascii_view;
- extern struct debug_view debug_raw_view;
- extern struct debug_view debug_sprintf_view;
- Examples
- --------
- /*
- * hex_ascii- + raw-view Example
- */
- #include <linux/module.h>
- #include <asm/debug.h>
- static debug_info_t* debug_info;
- int init_module(void)
- {
- /* register 4 debug areas with one page each and 4 byte data field */
- debug_info = debug_register ("test", 0, 4, 4 );
- debug_register_view(debug_info,&debug_hex_ascii_view);
- debug_register_view(debug_info,&debug_raw_view);
- debug_text_event(debug_info, 4 , "one ");
- debug_int_exception(debug_info, 4, 4711);
- debug_event(debug_info, 3, &debug_info, 4);
- return 0;
- }
- void cleanup_module(void)
- {
- debug_unregister (debug_info);
- }
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- /*
- * sprintf-view Example
- */
- #include <linux/module.h>
- #include <asm/debug.h>
- static debug_info_t* debug_info;
- int init_module(void)
- {
- /* register 4 debug areas with one page each and data field for */
- /* format string pointer + 2 varargs (= 3 * sizeof(long)) */
- debug_info = debug_register ("test", 0, 4, sizeof(long) * 3);
- debug_register_view(debug_info,&debug_sprintf_view);
- debug_sprintf_event(debug_info, 2 , "first event in %s:%in",__FILE__,__LINE__);
- debug_sprintf_exception(debug_info, 1, "pointer to debug info: %pn",&debug_info);
- return 0;
- }
- void cleanup_module(void)
- {
- debug_unregister (debug_info);
- }
- ProcFS Interface
- ----------------
- Views to the debug logs can be investigated through reading the corresponding
- proc-files:
- Example:
- > ls /proc/s390dbf/dasd
- flush hex_ascii level raw
- > cat /proc/s390dbf/dasd/hex_ascii | sort +1
- 00 00974733272:680099 2 - 02 0006ad7e 07 ea 4a 90 | ....
- 00 00974733272:682210 2 - 02 0006ade6 46 52 45 45 | FREE
- 00 00974733272:682213 2 - 02 0006adf6 07 ea 4a 90 | ....
- 00 00974733272:682281 1 * 02 0006ab08 41 4c 4c 43 | EXCP
- 01 00974733272:682284 2 - 02 0006ab16 45 43 4b 44 | ECKD
- 01 00974733272:682287 2 - 02 0006ab28 00 00 00 04 | ....
- 01 00974733272:682289 2 - 02 0006ab3e 00 00 00 20 | ...
- 01 00974733272:682297 2 - 02 0006ad7e 07 ea 4a 90 | ....
- 01 00974733272:684384 2 - 00 0006ade6 46 52 45 45 | FREE
- 01 00974733272:684388 2 - 00 0006adf6 07 ea 4a 90 | ....
- See section about predefined views for explanation of the above output!
- Changing the debug level
- ------------------------
- Example:
- > cat /proc/s390dbf/dasd/level
- 3
- > echo "5" > /proc/s390dbf/dasd/level
- > cat /proc/s390dbf/dasd/level
- 5
- Flushing debug areas
- --------------------
- Debug areas can be flushed with piping the number of the desired
- area (0...n) to the proc file "flush". When using "-" all debug areas
- are flushed.
- Examples:
- 1. Flush debug area 0:
- > echo "0" > /proc/s390dbf/dasd/flush
- 2. Flush all debug areas:
- > echo "-" > /proc/s390dbf/dasd/flush
- lcrash Interface
- ----------------
- It is planned that the dump analysis tool lcrash gets an additional command
- 's390dbf' to display all the debug logs. With this tool it will be possible
- to investigate the debug logs on a live system and with a memory dump after
- a system crash.
- Investigating raw memory
- ------------------------
- One last possibility to investigate the debug logs at a live
- system and after a system crash is to look at the raw memory
- under VM or at the Service Element.
- It is possible to find the anker of the debug-logs through
- the 'debug_area_first' symbol in the System map. Then one has
- to follow the correct pointers of the data-structures defined
- in debug.h and find the debug-areas in memory.
- Normally modules which use the debug feature will also have
- a global variable with the pointer to the debug-logs. Following
- this pointer it will also be possible to find the debug logs in
- memory.
- For this method it is recommended to use '16 * x + 4' byte (x = 0..n)
- for the length of the data field in debug_register() in
- order to see the debug entries well formatted.
- Predefined Views
- ----------------
- There are three predefined views: hex_ascii, raw and sprintf.
- The hex_ascii view shows the data field in hex and ascii representation
- (e.g. '45 43 4b 44 | ECKD').
- The raw view returns a bytestream as the debug areas are stored in memory.
- The sprintf view formats the debug entries in the same way as the sprintf
- function would do. The sprintf event/expection fuctions write to the
- debug entry a pointer to the format string (size = sizeof(long))
- and for each vararg a long value. So e.g. for a debug entry with a format
- string plus two varargs one would need to allocate a (3 * sizeof(long))
- byte data area in the debug_register() function.
- NOTE: If using the sprintf view do NOT use other event/exception functions
- than the sprintf-event and -exception functions.
- The format of the hex_ascii and sprintf view is as follows:
- - Number of area
- - Timestamp (formatted as seconds and microseconds since 00:00:00 Coordinated
- Universal Time (UTC), January 1, 1970)
- - level of debug entry
- - Exception flag (* = Exception)
- - Cpu-Number of calling task
- - Return Address to caller
- - data field
- The format of the raw view is:
- - Header as described in debug.h
- - datafield
- A typical line of the hex_ascii view will look like the following (first line
- is only for explanation and will not be displayed when 'cating' the view):
- area time level exception cpu caller data (hex + ascii)
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 00 00964419409:440690 1 - 00 88023fe
- Defining views
- --------------
- Views are specified with the 'debug_view' structure. There are defined
- callback functions which are used for reading and writing the proc files:
- struct debug_view {
- char name[DEBUG_MAX_PROCF_LEN];
- debug_prolog_proc_t* prolog_proc;
- debug_header_proc_t* header_proc;
- debug_format_proc_t* format_proc;
- debug_input_proc_t* input_proc;
- void* private_data;
- };
- where
- typedef int (debug_header_proc_t) (debug_info_t* id,
- struct debug_view* view,
- int area,
- debug_entry_t* entry,
- char* out_buf);
- typedef int (debug_format_proc_t) (debug_info_t* id,
- struct debug_view* view, char* out_buf,
- const char* in_buf);
- typedef int (debug_prolog_proc_t) (debug_info_t* id,
- struct debug_view* view,
- char* out_buf);
- typedef int (debug_input_proc_t) (debug_info_t* id,
- struct debug_view* view,
- struct file* file, const char* user_buf,
- size_t in_buf_size, loff_t* offset);
- The "private_data" member can be used as pointer to view specific data.
- It is not used by the debug feature itself.
- The output when reading a debug-proc file is structured like this:
- "prolog_proc output"
- "header_proc output 1" "format_proc output 1"
- "header_proc output 2" "format_proc output 2"
- "header_proc output 3" "format_proc output 3"
- ...
- When a view is read from the proc fs, the Debug Feature calls the
- 'prolog_proc' once for writing the prolog.
- Then 'header_proc' and 'format_proc' are called for each
- existing debug entry.
- The input_proc can be used to implement functionality when it is written to
- the view (e.g. like with 'echo "0" > /proc/s390dbf/dasd/level).
- For header_proc there can be used the default function
- debug_dflt_header_fn() which is defined in in debug.h.
- and which produces the same header output as the predefined views.
- E.g:
- 00 00964419409:440761 2 - 00 88023ec
- In order to see how to use the callback functions check the implementation
- of the default views!
- Example
- #include <asm/debug.h>
- #define UNKNOWNSTR "data: %08x"
- const char* messages[] =
- {"This error...........n",
- "That error...........n",
- "Problem..............n",
- "Something went wrong.n",
- "Everything ok........n",
- NULL
- };
- static int debug_test_format_fn(
- debug_info_t * id, struct debug_view *view,
- char *out_buf, const char *in_buf
- )
- {
- int i, rc = 0;
- if(id->buf_size >= 4) {
- int msg_nr = *((int*)in_buf);
- if(msg_nr < sizeof(messages)/sizeof(char*) - 1)
- rc += sprintf(out_buf, "%s", messages[msg_nr]);
- else
- rc += sprintf(out_buf, UNKNOWNSTR, msg_nr);
- }
- out:
- return rc;
- }
- struct debug_view debug_test_view = {
- "myview", /* name of view */
- NULL, /* no prolog */
- &debug_dflt_header_fn, /* default header for each entry */
- &debug_test_format_fn, /* our own format function */
- NULL, /* no input function */
- NULL /* no private data */
- };
- =====
- test:
- =====
- debug_info_t *debug_info;
- ...
- debug_info = debug_register ("test", 0, 4, 4 ));
- debug_register_view(debug_info, &debug_test_view);
- for(i = 0; i < 10; i ++) debug_int_event(debug_info, 1, i);
- > cat /proc/s390dbf/test/myview
- 00 00964419734:611402 1 - 00 88042ca This error...........
- 00 00964419734:611405 1 - 00 88042ca That error...........
- 00 00964419734:611408 1 - 00 88042ca Problem..............
- 00 00964419734:611411 1 - 00 88042ca Something went wrong.
- 00 00964419734:611414 1 - 00 88042ca Everything ok........
- 00 00964419734:611417 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000005
- 00 00964419734:611419 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000006
- 00 00964419734:611422 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000007
- 00 00964419734:611425 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000008
- 00 00964419734:611428 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000009