PLIP.txt
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- PLIP: The Parallel Line Internet Protocol Device
- Donald Becker (becker@super.org)
- I.D.A. Supercomputing Research Center, Bowie MD 20715
- At some point T. Thorn will probably contribute text,
- Tommy Thorn (tthorn@daimi.aau.dk)
- PLIP Introduction
- -----------------
- This document describes the parallel port packet pusher for Net/LGX.
- This device interface allows a point-to-point connection between two
- parallel ports to appear as a IP network interface.
- What is PLIP?
- =============
- PLIP is Parallel Line IP, that is, the transportation of IP packages
- over a parallel port. In the case of a PC, the obvious choice is the
- printer port. PLIP is a non-standard, but [can use] uses the standard
- LapLink null-printer cable [can also work in turbo mode, with a PLIP
- cable]. [The protocol used to pack IP packages, is a simple one
- initiated by Crynwr.]
- Advantages of PLIP
- ==================
- It's cheap, it's available everywhere, and it's easy.
- The PLIP cable is all that's needed to connect two Linux boxes, and it
- can be built for very few bucks.
- Connecting two Linux boxes takes only a second's decision and a few
- minutes' work, no need to search for a [supported] netcard. This might
- even be especially important in the case of notebooks, where netcards
- are not easily available.
- Not requiring a netcard also means that apart from connecting the
- cables, everything else is software configuration [which in principle
- could be made very easy.]
- Disadvantages of PLIP
- =====================
- Doesn't work over a modem, like SLIP and PPP. Limited range, 15 m.
- Can only be used to connect three (?) Linux boxes. Doesn't connect to
- an existing Ethernet. Isn't standard (not even de facto standard, like
- SLIP).
- Performance
- ===========
- PLIP easily outperforms Ethernet cards....(ups, I was dreaming, but
- it *is* getting late. EOB)
- PLIP driver details
- -------------------
- The Linux PLIP driver is an implementation of the original Crynwr protocol,
- that uses the parallel port subsystem of the kernel in order to properly
- share parallel ports between PLIP and other services.
- IRQs and trigger timeouts
- =========================
- When a parallel port used for a PLIP driver has an IRQ configured to it, the
- PLIP driver is signaled whenever data is sent to it via the cable, such that
- when no data is available, the driver isn't being used.
- However, on some machines it is hard, if not impossible, to configure an IRQ
- to a certain parallel port, mainly because it is used by some other device.
- On these machines, the PLIP driver can be used in IRQ-less mode, where
- the PLIP driver would constantly poll the parallel port for data waiting,
- and if such data is available, process it. This mode is less efficient than
- the IRQ mode, because the driver has to check the parallel port many times
- per second, even when no data at all is sent. Some rough measurements
- indicate that there isn't a noticeable performance drop when using IRQ-less
- mode as compared to IRQ mode as far as the data transfer speed is involved.
- There is a performance drop on the machine hosting the driver.
- When the PLIP driver is used in IRQ mode, the timeout used for triggering a
- data transfer (the maximal time the PLIP driver would allow the other side
- before announcing a timeout, when trying to handshake a transfer of some
- data) is, by default, 500usec. As IRQ delivery is more or less immediate,
- this timeout is quite sufficient.
- When in IRQ-less mode, the PLIP driver polls the parallel port HZ times
- per second (where HZ is typically 100 on most platforms, and 1024 on an
- Alpha, as of this writing). Between two such polls, there are 10^6/HZ usecs.
- On an i386, for example, 10^6/100 = 10000usec. It is easy to see that it is
- quite possible for the trigger timeout to expire between two such polls, as
- the timeout is only 500usec long. As a result, it is required to change the
- trigger timeout on the *other* side of a PLIP connection, to about
- 10^6/HZ usecs. If both sides of a PLIP connection are used in IRQ-less mode,
- this timeout is required on both sides.
- It appears that in practice, the trigger timeout can be shorter than in the
- above calculation. It isn't an important issue, unless the wire is faulty,
- in which case a long timeout would stall the machine when, for whatever
- reason, bits are dropped.
- A utility that can perform this change in Linux is plipconfig, which is part
- of the net-tools package (its location can be found in the
- Documentation/Changes file). An example command would be
- 'plipconfig plipX trigger 10000', where plipX is the appropriate
- PLIP device.
- PLIP hardware interconnection
- -----------------------------
- PLIP uses several different data transfer methods. The first (and the
- only one implemented in the early version of the code) uses a standard
- printer "null" cable to transfer data four bits at a time using
- data bit outputs connected to status bit inputs.
- The second data transfer method relies on both machines having
- bi-directional parallel ports, rather than output-only ``printer''
- ports. This allows byte-wide transfers and avoids reconstructing
- nibbles into bytes, leading to much faster transfers.
- Parallel Transfer Mode 0 Cable
- ==============================
- The cable for the first transfer mode is a standard
- printer "null" cable which transfers data four bits at a time using
- data bit outputs of the first port (machine T) connected to the
- status bit inputs of the second port (machine R). There are five
- status inputs, and they are used as four data inputs and a clock (data
- strobe) input, arranged so that the data input bits appear as contiguous
- bits with standard status register implementation.
- A cable that implements this protocol is available commercially as a
- "Null Printer" or "Turbo Laplink" cable. It can be constructed with
- two DB-25 male connectors symmetrically connected as follows:
- STROBE output 1*
- D0->ERROR 2 - 15 15 - 2
- D1->SLCT 3 - 13 13 - 3
- D2->PAPOUT 4 - 12 12 - 4
- D3->ACK 5 - 10 10 - 5
- D4->BUSY 6 - 11 11 - 6
- D5,D6,D7 are 7*, 8*, 9*
- AUTOFD output 14*
- INIT output 16*
- SLCTIN 17 - 17
- extra grounds are 18*,19*,20*,21*,22*,23*,24*
- GROUND 25 - 25
- * Do not connect these pins on either end
- If the cable you are using has a metallic shield it should be
- connected to the metallic DB-25 shell at one end only.
- Parallel Transfer Mode 1
- ========================
- The second data transfer method relies on both machines having
- bi-directional parallel ports, rather than output-only ``printer''
- ports. This allows byte-wide transfers, and avoids reconstructing
- nibbles into bytes. This cable should not be used on unidirectional
- ``printer'' (as opposed to ``parallel'') ports or when the machine
- isn't configured for PLIP, as it will result in output driver
- conflicts and the (unlikely) possibility of damage.
- The cable for this transfer mode should be constructed as follows:
- STROBE->BUSY 1 - 11
- D0->D0 2 - 2
- D1->D1 3 - 3
- D2->D2 4 - 4
- D3->D3 5 - 5
- D4->D4 6 - 6
- D5->D5 7 - 7
- D6->D6 8 - 8
- D7->D7 9 - 9
- INIT -> ACK 16 - 10
- AUTOFD->PAPOUT 14 - 12
- SLCT->SLCTIN 13 - 17
- GND->ERROR 18 - 15
- extra grounds are 19*,20*,21*,22*,23*,24*
- GROUND 25 - 25
- * Do not connect these pins on either end
- Once again, if the cable you are using has a metallic shield it should
- be connected to the metallic DB-25 shell at one end only.
- PLIP Mode 0 transfer protocol
- =============================
- The PLIP driver is compatible with the "Crynwr" parallel port transfer
- standard in Mode 0. That standard specifies the following protocol:
- send header nibble '0x8'
- count-low octet
- count-high octet
- ... data octets
- checksum octet
- Each octet is sent as
- <wait for rx. '0x1?'> <send 0x10+(octet&0x0F)>
- <wait for rx. '0x0?'> <send 0x00+((octet>>4)&0x0F)>
- To start a transfer the transmitting machine outputs a nibble 0x08.
- That raises the ACK line, triggering an interrupt in the receiving
- machine. The receiving machine disables interrupts and raises its own ACK
- line.
- Restated:
- (OUT is bit 0-4, OUT.j is bit j from OUT. IN likewise)
- Send_Byte:
- OUT := low nibble, OUT.4 := 1
- WAIT FOR IN.4 = 1
- OUT := high nibble, OUT.4 := 0
- WAIT FOR IN.4 = 0