cdrom-standard.tex
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- documentclass{article}
- defversion{$Id: cdrom-standard.tex,v 1.9 1997/12/28 15:42:49 david Exp $}
- newcommand{newsection}[1]{newpagesection{#1}}
- evensidemargin=0pt
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- topmargin=-headheight advancetopmargin by -headsep
- textwidth=15.99cm textheight=24.62cm % normal A4, 1'' margin
- deflinux{{sc Linux}}
- defcdrom{{sc cd-rom}}
- defUCD{{sc Uniform cd-rom Driver}}
- defcdromc{{tt {cdrom.c}}}
- defcdromh{{tt {cdrom.h}}}
- deffo{sl} % foreign words
- defie{{fo i.e.}}
- defeg{{fo e.g.}}
- everymath{it} everydisplay{it}
- catcode `_=active def_{_penalty100 }
- catcode`<=active def<#1>{{langlehbox{rm#1}rangle}}
- begin{document}
- title{A linux cdrom standard}
- author{David van Leeuwen\{normalsizett david@ElseWare.cistron.nl}
- \{footnotesize updated by Erik Andersen {tt(andersee@debian.org)}}
- \{footnotesize updated by Jens Axboe {tt(axboe@image.dk)}}}
- date{12 March 1999}
- maketitle
- newsection{Introduction}
- linux is probably the Unix-like operating system that supports
- the widest variety of hardware devices. The reasons for this are
- presumably
- begin{itemize}
- item
- The large list of hardware devices available for the many platforms
- that linux now supports (ie, i386-PCs, Sparc Suns, etc.)
- item
- The open design of the operating system, such that anybody can write a
- driver for linux.
- item
- There is plenty of source code around as examples of how to write a driver.
- end{itemize}
- The openness of linux, and the many different types of available
- hardware has allowed linux to support many different hardware devices.
- Unfortunately, the very openness that has allowed linux to support
- all these different devices has also allowed the behavior of each
- device driver to differ significantly from one device to another.
- This divergence of behavior has been very significant for cdrom
- devices; the way a particular drive reacts to a `standard' $ioctl()$
- call varies greatly from one device driver to another. To avoid making
- their drivers totally inconsistent, the writers of linux cdrom
- drivers generally created new device drivers by understanding, copying,
- and then changing an existing one. Unfortunately, this practice did not
- maintain uniform behavior across all the linux cdrom drivers.
- This document describes an effort to establish Uniform behavior across
- all the different cdrom device drivers for linux. This document also
- defines the various $ioctl$s, and how the low-level cdrom device
- drivers should implement them. Currently (as of the linux 2.1.$x$
- development kernels) several low-level cdrom device drivers, including
- both IDE/ATAPI and SCSI, now use this Uniform interface.
- When the cdrom was developed, the interface between the cdrom drive
- and the computer was not specified in the standards. As a result, many
- different cdrom interfaces were developed. Some of them had their
- own proprietary design (Sony, Mitsumi, Panasonic, Philips), other
- manufacturers adopted an existing electrical interface and changed
- the functionality (CreativeLabs/SoundBlaster, Teac, Funai) or simply
- adapted their drives to one or more of the already existing electrical
- interfaces (Aztech, Sanyo, Funai, Vertos, Longshine, Optics Storage and
- most of the `NoName' manufacturers). In cases where a new drive really
- brought its own interface or used its own command set and flow control
- scheme, either a separate driver had to be written, or an existing
- driver had to be enhanced. History has delivered us cdrom support for
- many of these different interfaces. Nowadays, almost all new cdrom
- drives are either IDE/ATAPI or SCSI, and it is very unlikely that any
- manufacturer will create a new interface. Even finding drives for the
- old proprietary interfaces is getting difficult.
- When (in the 1.3.70's) I looked at the existing software interface,
- which was expressed through cdromh, it appeared to be a rather wild
- set of commands and data formats.footnote{I cannot recollect what
- kernel version I looked at, then, presumably 1.2.13 and 1.3.34---the
- latest kernel that I was indirectly involved in.} It seemed that many
- features of the software interface had been added to accommodate the
- capabilities of a particular drive, in an {fo ad hoc/} manner. More
- importantly, it appeared that the behavior of the `standard' commands
- was different for most of the different drivers: eg, some drivers
- close the tray if an $open()$ call occurs when the tray is open, while
- others do not. Some drivers lock the door upon opening the device, to
- prevent an incoherent file system, but others don't, to allow software
- ejection. Undoubtedly, the capabilities of the different drives vary,
- but even when two drives have the same capability their drivers'
- behavior was usually different.
- I decided to start a discussion on how to make all the linux cdrom
- drivers behave more uniformly. I began by contacting the developers of
- the many cdrom drivers found in the linux kernel. Their reactions
- encouraged me to write the UCD which this document is intended to
- describe. The implementation of the UCD is in the file cdromc. This
- driver is intended to be an additional software layer that sits on top
- of the low-level device drivers for each cdrom drive. By adding this
- additional layer, it is possible to have all the different cdrom
- devices behave {em exactly/} the same (insofar as the underlying
- hardware will allow).
- The goal of the UCD is {em not/} to alienate driver developers who
- have not yet taken steps to support this effort. The goal of UCD is
- simply to give people writing application programs for cdrom drives
- {em one/} linux cdrom interface with consistent behavior for all
- cdrom devices. In addition, this also provides a consistent interface
- between the low-level device driver code and the linux kernel. Care
- is taken that 100,% compatibility exists with the data structures and
- programmer's interface defined in cdromh. This guide was written to
- help cdrom driver developers adapt their code to use the UCD code
- defined in cdromc.
- Personally, I think that the most important hardware interfaces are
- the IDE/ATAPI drives and, of course, the SCSI drives, but as prices
- of hardware drop continuously, it is also likely that people may have
- more than one cdrom drive, possibly of mixed types. It is important
- that these drives behave in the same way. In December 1994, one of the
- cheapest cdrom drives was a Philips cm206, a double-speed proprietary
- drive. In the months that I was busy writing a linux driver for it,
- proprietary drives became obsolete and IDE/ATAPI drives became the
- standard. At the time of the last update to this document (November
- 1997) it is becoming difficult to even {em find} anything less than a
- 16 speed cdrom drive, and 24 speed drives are common.
- newsection{Standardizing through another software level}
- label{cdrom.c}
- At the time this document was conceived, all drivers directly
- implemented the cdrom $ioctl()$ calls through their own routines. This
- led to the danger of different drivers forgetting to do important things
- like checking that the user was giving the driver valid data. More
- importantly, this led to the divergence of behavior, which has already
- been discussed.
- For this reason, the UCD was created to enforce consistent cdrom
- drive behavior, and to provide a common set of services to the various
- low-level cdrom device drivers. The UCD now provides another
- software-level, that separates the $ioctl()$ and $open()$ implementation
- from the actual hardware implementation. Note that this effort has
- made few changes which will affect a user's application programs. The
- greatest change involved moving the contents of the various low-level
- cdrom drivers' header files to the kernel's cdrom directory. This was
- done to help ensure that the user is only presented with only one cdrom
- interface, the interface defined in cdromh.
- cdrom drives are specific enough (ie, different from other
- block-devices such as floppy or hard disc drives), to define a set
- of common {em cdrom device operations}, $<cdrom-device>_dops$.
- These operations are different from the classical block-device file
- operations, $<block-device>_fops$.
- The routines for the UCD interface level are implemented in the file
- cdromc. In this file, the UCD interfaces with the kernel as a block
- device by registering the following general $struct file_operations$:
- $$
- halign{$#$ hfil&$#$ hfil&$/*$ rm# $*/$hfilcr
- struct& file_operations cdrom_fops = {hidewidthcr
- &NULL, & lseek cr
- &block_read, & read---general block-dev read cr
- &block_write, & write---general block-dev write cr
- &NULL, & readdir cr
- &NULL, & select cr
- &cdrom_ioctl, & ioctl cr
- &NULL, & mmap cr
- &cdrom_open, & open cr
- &cdrom_release, & release cr
- &NULL, & fsync cr
- &NULL, & fasync cr
- &cdrom_media_changed, & media change cr
- &NULL & revalidate cr
- };cr
- }
- $$
- Every active cdrom device shares this $struct$. The routines
- declared above are all implemented in cdromc, since this file is the
- place where the behavior of all cdrom-devices is defined and
- standardized. The actual interface to the various types of cdrom
- hardware is still performed by various low-level cdrom-device
- drivers. These routines simply implement certain {em capabilities/}
- that are common to all cdrom (and really, all removable-media
- devices).
- Registration of a low-level cdrom device driver is now done through
- the general routines in cdromc, not through the Virtual File System
- (VFS) any more. The interface implemented in cdromc is carried out
- through two general structures that contain information about the
- capabilities of the driver, and the specific drives on which the
- driver operates. The structures are:
- begin{description}
- item[$cdrom_device_ops$]
- This structure contains information about the low-level driver for a
- cdrom device. This structure is conceptually connected to the major
- number of the device (although some drivers may have different
- major numbers, as is the case for the IDE driver).
- item[$cdrom_device_info$]
- This structure contains information about a particular cdrom drive,
- such as its device name, speed, etc. This structure is conceptually
- connected to the minor number of the device.
- end{description}
- Registering a particular cdrom drive with the UCD is done by the
- low-level device driver though a call to:
- $$register_cdrom(struct cdrom_device_info * <device>_info)
- $$
- The device information structure, $<device>_info$, contains all the
- information needed for the kernel to interface with the low-level
- cdrom device driver. One of the most important entries in this
- structure is a pointer to the $cdrom_device_ops$ structure of the
- low-level driver.
- The device operations structure, $cdrom_device_ops$, contains a list
- of pointers to the functions which are implemented in the low-level
- device driver. When cdromc accesses a cdrom device, it does it
- through the functions in this structure. It is impossible to know all
- the capabilities of future cdrom drives, so it is expected that this
- list may need to be expanded from time to time as new technologies are
- developed. For example, CD-R and CD-R/W drives are beginning to become
- popular, and support will soon need to be added for them. For now, the
- current $struct$ is:
- $$
- halign{$#$ hfil&$#$ hfil&hbox to 10em{$#$hss}&
- $/*$ rm# $*/$hfilcr
- struct& cdrom_device_ops { hidewidthcr
- &int& (* open)(struct cdrom_device_info *, int)cr
- &void& (* release)(struct cdrom_device_info *);cr
- &int& (* drive_status)(struct cdrom_device_info *, int);cr
- &int& (* media_changed)(struct cdrom_device_info *, int);cr
- &int& (* tray_move)(struct cdrom_device_info *, int);cr
- &int& (* lock_door)(struct cdrom_device_info *, int);cr
- &int& (* select_speed)(struct cdrom_device_info *, int);cr
- &int& (* select_disc)(struct cdrom_device_info *, int);cr
- &int& (* get_last_session) (struct cdrom_device_info *,
- struct cdrom_multisession *{});cr
- &int& (* get_mcn)(struct cdrom_device_info *, struct cdrom_mcn *{});cr
- &int& (* reset)(struct cdrom_device_info *);cr
- &int& (* audio_ioctl)(struct cdrom_device_info *, unsigned int,
- void *{});cr
- &int& (* dev_ioctl)(struct cdrom_device_info *, unsigned int,
- unsigned long);cr
- noalign{medskip}
- &const int& capability;& capability flags cr
- &int& n_minors;& number of active minor devices cr
- };cr
- }
- $$
- When a low-level device driver implements one of these capabilities,
- it should add a function pointer to this $struct$. When a particular
- function is not implemented, however, this $struct$ should contain a
- NULL instead. The $capability$ flags specify the capabilities of the
- cdrom hardware and/or low-level cdrom driver when a cdrom drive
- is registered with the UCD. The value $n_minors$ should be a positive
- value indicating the number of minor devices that are supported by
- the low-level device driver, normally~1. Although these two variables
- are `informative' rather than `operational,' they are included in
- $cdrom_device_ops$ because they describe the capability of the {em
- driver/} rather than the {em drive}. Nomenclature has always been
- difficult in computer programming.
- Note that most functions have fewer parameters than their
- $blkdev_fops$ counterparts. This is because very little of the
- information in the structures $inode$ and $file$ is used. For most
- drivers, the main parameter is the $struct$ $cdrom_device_info$, from
- which the major and minor number can be extracted. (Most low-level
- cdrom drivers don't even look at the major and minor number though,
- since many of them only support one device.) This will be available
- through $dev$ in $cdrom_device_info$ described below.
- The drive-specific, minor-like information that is registered with
- cdromc, currently contains the following fields:
- $$
- halign{$#$ hfil&$#$ hfil&hbox to 10em{$#$hss}&
- $/*$ rm# $*/$hfilcr
- struct& cdrom_device_info { hidewidthcr
- & struct cdrom_device_ops *& ops;& device operations for this majorcr
- & struct cdrom_device_info *& next;& next device_info for this majorcr
- & void *& handle;& driver-dependent datacr
- noalign{medskip}
- & kdev_t& dev;& device number (incorporates minor)cr
- & int& mask;& mask of capability: disables them cr
- & int& speed;& maximum speed for reading data cr
- & int& capacity;& number of discs in a jukebox cr
- noalign{medskip}
- &int& options : 30;& options flags cr
- &unsigned& mc_flags : 2;& media-change buffer flags cr
- & int& use_count;& number of times device is openedcr
- & char& name[20];& name of the device typecr
- }cr
- }$$
- Using this $struct$, a linked list of the registered minor devices is
- built, using the $next$ field. The device number, the device operations
- struct and specifications of properties of the drive are stored in this
- structure.
- The $mask$ flags can be used to mask out some of the capabilities listed
- in $opsto capability$, if a specific drive doesn't support a feature
- of the driver. The value $speed$ specifies the maximum head-rate of the
- drive, measured in units of normal audio speed (176,kB/sec raw data or
- 150,kB/sec file system data). The value $n_discs$ should reflect the
- number of discs the drive can hold simultaneously, if it is designed
- as a juke-box, or otherwise~1. The parameters are declared $const$
- because they describe properties of the drive, which don't change after
- registration.
- A few registers contain variables local to the cdrom drive. The
- flags $options$ are used to specify how the general cdrom routines
- should behave. These various flags registers should provide enough
- flexibility to adapt to the different users' wishes (and {em not/} the
- `arbitrary' wishes of the author of the low-level device driver, as is
- the case in the old scheme). The register $mc_flags$ is used to buffer
- the information from $media_changed()$ to two separate queues. Other
- data that is specific to a minor drive, can be accessed through $handle$,
- which can point to a data structure specific to the low-level driver.
- The fields $use_count$, $next$, $options$ and $mc_flags$ need not be
- initialized.
- The intermediate software layer that cdromc forms will perform some
- additional bookkeeping. The use count of the device (the number of
- processes that have the device opened) is registered in $use_count$. The
- function $cdrom_ioctl()$ will verify the appropriate user-memory regions
- for read and write, and in case a location on the CD is transferred,
- it will `sanitize' the format by making requests to the low-level
- drivers in a standard format, and translating all formats between the
- user-software and low level drivers. This relieves much of the drivers'
- memory checking and format checking and translation. Also, the necessary
- structures will be declared on the program stack.
- The implementation of the functions should be as defined in the
- following sections. Two functions {em must/} be implemented, namely
- $open()$ and $release()$. Other functions may be omitted, their
- corresponding capability flags will be cleared upon registration.
- Generally, a function returns zero on success and negative on error. A
- function call should return only after the command has completed, but of
- course waiting for the device should not use processor time.
- subsection{$Int open(struct cdrom_device_info * cdi, int purpose)$}
- $Open()$ should try to open the device for a specific $purpose$, which
- can be either:
- begin{itemize}
- item[0] Open for reading data, as done by {tt {mount()}} (2), or the
- user commands {tt {dd}} or {tt {cat}}.
- item[1] Open for $ioctl$ commands, as done by audio-CD playing
- programs.
- end{itemize}
- In case the driver supports modules, the call $MOD_INC_USE_COUNT$
- should be performed exactly once, if the $open()$ was successful. The
- return value is negative on error, and zero on success. The
- open-for-ioctl call can only fail if there is no hardware.
- Notice that any strategic code (closing tray upon $open()$, etc.) is
- done by the calling routine in cdromc, so the low-level routine
- should only be concerned with proper initialization, such as spinning
- up the disc, etc. % and device-use count
- subsection{$Void release(struct cdrom_device_info * cdi)$}
- In case of module support, a single call $MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT$ should be
- coded here. Possibly other device-specific actions should be taken
- such as spinning down the device. However, strategic actions such as
- ejection of the tray, or unlocking the door, should be left over to
- the general routine $cdrom_release()$. Also, the invalidation of the
- allocated buffers in the VFS is taken care of by the routine in
- cdromc. This is the only function returning type $void$.
- subsection{$Int drive_status(struct cdrom_device_info * cdi, int slot_nr)$}
- label{drive status}
- The function $drive_status$, if implemented, should provide
- information on the status of the drive (not the status of the disc,
- which may or may not be in the drive). If the drive is not a changer,
- $slot_nr$ should be ignored. In cdromh the possibilities are listed:
- $$
- halign{$#$ hfil&$/*$ rm# $*/$hfilcr
- CDS_NO_INFO& no information availablecr
- CDS_NO_DISC& no disc is inserted, tray is closedcr
- CDS_TRAY_OPEN& tray is openedcr
- CDS_DRIVE_NOT_READY& something is wrong, tray is moving?cr
- CDS_DISC_OK& a disc is loaded and everything is finecr
- }
- $$
- subsection{$Int media_changed(struct cdrom_device_info * cdi, int disc_nr)$}
- This function is very similar to the original function in $struct
- file_operations$. It returns 1 if the medium of the device $cdito
- dev$ has changed since the last call, and 0 otherwise. The parameter
- $disc_nr$ identifies a specific slot in a juke-box, it should be
- ignored for single-disc drives. Note that by `re-routing' this
- function through $cdrom_media_changed()$, we can implement separate
- queues for the VFS and a new $ioctl()$ function that can report device
- changes to software (eg, an auto-mounting daemon).
- subsection{$Int tray_move(struct cdrom_device_info * cdi, int position)$}
- This function, if implemented, should control the tray movement. (No
- other function should control this.) The parameter $position$ controls
- the desired direction of movement:
- begin{itemize}
- item[0] Close tray
- item[1] Open tray
- end{itemize}
- This function returns 0 upon success, and a non-zero value upon
- error. Note that if the tray is already in the desired position, no
- action need be taken, and the return value should be 0.
- subsection{$Int lock_door(struct cdrom_device_info * cdi, int lock)$}
- This function (and no other code) controls locking of the door, if the
- drive allows this. The value of $lock$ controls the desired locking
- state:
- begin{itemize}
- item[0] Unlock door, manual opening is allowed
- item[1] Lock door, tray cannot be ejected manually
- end{itemize}
- This function returns 0 upon success, and a non-zero value upon
- error. Note that if the door is already in the requested state, no
- action need be taken, and the return value should be 0.
- subsection{$Int select_speed(struct cdrom_device_info * cdi, int speed)$}
- Some cdrom drives are capable of changing their head-speed. There
- are several reasons for changing the speed of a cdrom drive. Badly
- pressed cdrom s may benefit from less-than-maximum head rate. Modern
- cdrom drives can obtain very high head rates (up to $24times$ is
- common). It has been reported that these drives can make reading
- errors at these high speeds, reducing the speed can prevent data loss
- in these circumstances. Finally, some of these drives can
- make an annoyingly loud noise, which a lower speed may reduce. %Finally,
- %although the audio-low-pass filters probably aren't designed for it,
- %more than real-time playback of audio might be used for high-speed
- %copying of audio tracks.
- This function specifies the speed at which data is read or audio is
- played back. The value of $speed$ specifies the head-speed of the
- drive, measured in units of standard cdrom speed (176,kB/sec raw data
- or 150,kB/sec file system data). So to request that a cdrom drive
- operate at 300,kB/sec you would call the CDROM_SELECT_SPEED $ioctl$
- with $speed=2$. The special value `0' means `auto-selection', ie,
- maximum data-rate or real-time audio rate. If the drive doesn't have
- this `auto-selection' capability, the decision should be made on the
- current disc loaded and the return value should be positive. A negative
- return value indicates an error.
- subsection{$Int select_disc(struct cdrom_device_info * cdi, int number)$}
- If the drive can store multiple discs (a juke-box) this function
- will perform disc selection. It should return the number of the
- selected disc on success, a negative value on error. Currently, only
- the ide-cd driver supports this functionality.
- subsection{$Int get_last_session(struct cdrom_device_info * cdi, struct
- cdrom_multisession * ms_info)$}
- This function should implement the old corresponding $ioctl()$. For
- device $cdito dev$, the start of the last session of the current disc
- should be returned in the pointer argument $ms_info$. Note that
- routines in cdromc have sanitized this argument: its requested
- format will {em always/} be of the type $CDROM_LBA$ (linear block
- addressing mode), whatever the calling software requested. But
- sanitization goes even further: the low-level implementation may
- return the requested information in $CDROM_MSF$ format if it wishes so
- (setting the $ms_inforightarrow addr_format$ field appropriately, of
- course) and the routines in cdromc will make the transformation if
- necessary. The return value is 0 upon success.
- subsection{$Int get_mcn(struct cdrom_device_info * cdi, struct
- cdrom_mcn * mcn)$}
- Some discs carry a `Media Catalog Number' (MCN), also called
- `Universal Product Code' (UPC). This number should reflect the number
- that is generally found in the bar-code on the product. Unfortunately,
- the few discs that carry such a number on the disc don't even use the
- same format. The return argument to this function is a pointer to a
- pre-declared memory region of type $struct cdrom_mcn$. The MCN is
- expected as a 13-character string, terminated by a null-character.
- subsection{$Int reset(struct cdrom_device_info * cdi)$}
- This call should perform a hard-reset on the drive (although in
- circumstances that a hard-reset is necessary, a drive may very well not
- listen to commands anymore). Preferably, control is returned to the
- caller only after the drive has finished resetting. If the drive is no
- longer listening, it may be wise for the underlying low-level cdrom
- driver to time out.
- subsection{$Int audio_ioctl(struct cdrom_device_info * cdi, unsigned
- int cmd, void * arg)$}
- Some of the cdrom-$ioctl$s defined in cdromh can be
- implemented by the routines described above, and hence the function
- $cdrom_ioctl$ will use those. However, most $ioctl$s deal with
- audio-control. We have decided to leave these to be accessed through a
- single function, repeating the arguments $cmd$ and $arg$. Note that
- the latter is of type $void*{}$, rather than $unsigned long
- int$. The routine $cdrom_ioctl()$ does do some useful things,
- though. It sanitizes the address format type to $CDROM_MSF$ (Minutes,
- Seconds, Frames) for all audio calls. It also verifies the memory
- location of $arg$, and reserves stack-memory for the argument. This
- makes implementation of the $audio_ioctl()$ much simpler than in the
- old driver scheme. For example, you may look up the function
- $cm206_audio_ioctl()$ in {tt {cm206.c}} that should be updated with
- this documentation.
- An unimplemented ioctl should return $-ENOSYS$, but a harmless request
- (eg, $CDROMSTART$) may be ignored by returning 0 (success). Other
- errors should be according to the standards, whatever they are. When
- an error is returned by the low-level driver, the UCD tries whenever
- possible to return the error code to the calling program. (We may decide
- to sanitize the return value in $cdrom_ioctl()$ though, in order to
- guarantee a uniform interface to the audio-player software.)
- subsection{$Int dev_ioctl(struct cdrom_device_info * cdi, unsigned int
- cmd, unsigned long arg)$}
- Some $ioctl$s seem to be specific to certain cdrom drives. That is,
- they are introduced to service some capabilities of certain drives. In
- fact, there are 6 different $ioctl$s for reading data, either in some
- particular kind of format, or audio data. Not many drives support
- reading audio tracks as data, I believe this is because of protection
- of copyrights of artists. Moreover, I think that if audio-tracks are
- supported, it should be done through the VFS and not via $ioctl$s. A
- problem here could be the fact that audio-frames are 2352 bytes long,
- so either the audio-file-system should ask for 75264 bytes at once
- (the least common multiple of 512 and 2352), or the drivers should
- bend their backs to cope with this incoherence (to which I would be
- opposed). Furthermore, it is very difficult for the hardware to find
- the exact frame boundaries, since there are no synchronization headers
- in audio frames. Once these issues are resolved, this code should be
- standardized in cdromc.
- Because there are so many $ioctl$s that seem to be introduced to
- satisfy certain drivers,footnote{Is there software around that
- actually uses these? I'd be interested!} any `non-standard' $ioctl$s
- are routed through the call $dev_ioctl()$. In principle, `private'
- $ioctl$s should be numbered after the device's major number, and not
- the general cdrom $ioctl$ number, {tt {0x53}}. Currently the
- non-supported $ioctl$s are: {it CDROMREADMODE1, CDROMREADMODE2,
- CDROMREADAUDIO, CDROMREADRAW, CDROMREADCOOKED, CDROMSEEK,
- CDROMPLAY-BLK and CDROM-READALL}.
- subsection{cdrom capabilities}
- label{capability}
- Instead of just implementing some $ioctl$ calls, the interface in
- cdromc supplies the possibility to indicate the {em capabilities/}
- of a cdrom drive. This can be done by ORing any number of
- capability-constants that are defined in cdromh at the registration
- phase. Currently, the capabilities are any of:
- $$
- halign{$#$ hfil&$/*$ rm# $*/$hfilcr
- CDC_CLOSE_TRAY& can close tray by software controlcr
- CDC_OPEN_TRAY& can open traycr
- CDC_LOCK& can lock and unlock the doorcr
- CDC_SELECT_SPEED& can select speed, in units of $sim$150,kB/scr
- CDC_SELECT_DISC& drive is juke-boxcr
- CDC_MULTI_SESSION& can read sessions $>rm1$cr
- CDC_MCN& can read Media Catalog Numbercr
- CDC_MEDIA_CHANGED& can report if disc has changedcr
- CDC_PLAY_AUDIO& can perform audio-functions (play, pause, etc)cr
- CDC_RESET& hard reset devicecr
- CDC_IOCTLS& driver has non-standard ioctlscr
- CDC_DRIVE_STATUS& driver implements drive statuscr
- }
- $$
- The capability flag is declared $const$, to prevent drivers from
- accidentally tampering with the contents. The capability fags actually
- inform cdromc of what the driver can do. If the drive found
- by the driver does not have the capability, is can be masked out by
- the $cdrom_device_info$ variable $mask$. For instance, the SCSI cdrom
- driver has implemented the code for loading and ejecting cdrom's, and
- hence its corresponding flags in $capability$ will be set. But a SCSI
- cdrom drive might be a caddy system, which can't load the tray, and
- hence for this drive the $cdrom_device_info$ struct will have set
- the $CDC_CLOSE_TRAY$ bit in $mask$.
- In the file cdromc you will encounter many constructions of the type
- $$it
- if (cdorightarrow capability mathrel& mathord{sim} cdirightarrow mask
- mathrel{&} CDC_<capability>) ldots
- $$
- There is no $ioctl$ to set the maskdots The reason is that
- I think it is better to control the {em behavior/} rather than the
- {em capabilities}.
- subsection{Options}
- A final flag register controls the {em behavior/} of the cdrom
- drives, in order to satisfy different users' wishes, hopefully
- independently of the ideas of the respective author who happened to
- have made the drive's support available to the linux community. The
- current behavior options are:
- $$
- halign{$#$ hfil&$/*$ rm# $*/$hfilcr
- CDO_AUTO_CLOSE& try to close tray upon device $open()$cr
- CDO_AUTO_EJECT& try to open tray on last device $close()$cr
- CDO_USE_FFLAGS& use $file_pointerrightarrow f_flags$ to indicate
- purpose for $open()$cr
- CDO_LOCK& try to lock door if device is openedcr
- CDO_CHECK_TYPE& ensure disc type is data if opened for datacr
- }
- $$
- The initial value of this register is $CDO_AUTO_CLOSE mathrel|
- CDO_USE_FFLAGS mathrel| CDO_LOCK$, reflecting my own view on user
- interface and software standards. Before you protest, there are two
- new $ioctl$s implemented in cdromc, that allow you to control the
- behavior by software. These are:
- $$
- halign{$#$ hfil&$/*$ rm# $*/$hfilcr
- CDROM_SET_OPTIONS& set options specified in $(int) arg$cr
- CDROM_CLEAR_OPTIONS& clear options specified in $(int) arg$cr
- }
- $$
- One option needs some more explanation: $CDO_USE_FFLAGS$. In the next
- newsection we explain what the need for this option is.
- A software package {tt setcd}, available from the Debian distribution
- and {tt sunsite.unc.edu}, allows user level control of these flags.
- newsection{The need to know the purpose of opening the cdrom device}
- Traditionally, Unix devices can be used in two different `modes',
- either by reading/writing to the device file, or by issuing
- controlling commands to the device, by the device's $ioctl()$
- call. The problem with cdrom drives, is that they can be used for
- two entirely different purposes. One is to mount removable
- file systems, cdrom s, the other is to play audio CD's. Audio commands
- are implemented entirely through $ioctl$s, presumably because the
- first implementation (SUN?) has been such. In principle there is
- nothing wrong with this, but a good control of the `CD player' demands
- that the device can {em always/} be opened in order to give the
- $ioctl$ commands, regardless of the state the drive is in.
- On the other hand, when used as a removable-media disc drive (what the
- original purpose of cdrom s is) we would like to make sure that the
- disc drive is ready for operation upon opening the device. In the old
- scheme, some cdrom drivers don't do any integrity checking, resulting
- in a number of i/o errors reported by the VFS to the kernel when an
- attempt for mounting a cdrom on an empty drive occurs. This is not a
- particularly elegant way to find out that there is no cdrom inserted;
- it more-or-less looks like the old IBM-PC trying to read an empty floppy
- drive for a couple of seconds, after which the system complains it
- can't read from it. Nowadays we can {em sense/} the existence of a
- removable medium in a drive, and we believe we should exploit that
- fact. An integrity check on opening of the device, that verifies the
- availability of a cdrom and its correct type (data), would be
- desirable.
- These two ways of using a cdrom drive, principally for data and
- secondarily for playing audio discs, have different demands for the
- behavior of the $open()$ call. Audio use simply wants to open the
- device in order to get a file handle which is needed for issuing
- $ioctl$ commands, while data use wants to open for correct and
- reliable data transfer. The only way user programs can indicate what
- their {em purpose/} of opening the device is, is through the $flags$
- parameter (see {tt {open(2)}}). For cdrom devices, these flags aren't
- implemented (some drivers implement checking for write-related flags,
- but this is not strictly necessary if the device file has correct
- permission flags). Most option flags simply don't make sense to
- cdrom devices: $O_CREAT$, $O_NOCTTY$, $O_TRUNC$, $O_APPEND$, and
- $O_SYNC$ have no meaning to a cdrom.
- We therefore propose to use the flag $O_NONBLOCK$ to indicate
- that the device is opened just for issuing $ioctl$
- commands. Strictly, the meaning of $O_NONBLOCK$ is that opening and
- subsequent calls to the device don't cause the calling process to
- wait. We could interpret this as ``don't wait until someone has
- inserted some valid data-cdrom.'' Thus, our proposal of the
- implementation for the $open()$ call for cdrom s is:
- begin{itemize}
- item If no other flags are set than $O_RDONLY$, the device is opened
- for data transfer, and the return value will be 0 only upon successful
- initialization of the transfer. The call may even induce some actions
- on the cdrom, such as closing the tray.
- item If the option flag $O_NONBLOCK$ is set, opening will always be
- successful, unless the whole device doesn't exist. The drive will take
- no actions whatsoever.
- end{itemize}
- subsection{And what about standards?}
- You might hesitate to accept this proposal as it comes from the
- linux community, and not from some standardizing institute. What
- about SUN, SGI, HP and all those other Unix and hardware vendors?
- Well, these companies are in the lucky position that they generally
- control both the hardware and software of their supported products,
- and are large enough to set their own standard. They do not have to
- deal with a dozen or more different, competing hardware
- configurations.footnote{Incidentally, I think that SUN's approach to
- mounting cdrom s is very good in origin: under Solaris a
- volume-daemon automatically mounts a newly inserted cdrom under {tt
- {/cdrom/$<volume-name>$/}}. In my opinion they should have pushed this
- further and have {em every/} cdrom on the local area network be
- mounted at the similar location, ie, no matter in which particular
- machine you insert a cdrom, it will always appear at the same
- position in the directory tree, on every system. When I wanted to
- implement such a user-program for linux, I came across the
- differences in behavior of the various drivers, and the need for an
- $ioctl$ informing about media changes.}
- We believe that using $O_NONBLOCK$ to indicate that a device is being opened
- for $ioctl$ commands only can be easily introduced in the linux
- community. All the CD-player authors will have to be informed, we can
- even send in our own patches to the programs. The use of $O_NONBLOCK$
- has most likely no influence on the behavior of the CD-players on
- other operating systems than linux. Finally, a user can always revert
- to old behavior by a call to $ioctl(file_descriptor, CDROM_CLEAR_OPTIONS,
- CDO_USE_FFLAGS)$.
- subsection{The preferred strategy of $open()$}
- The routines in cdromc are designed in such a way that run-time
- configuration of the behavior of cdrom devices (of {em any/} type)
- can be carried out, by the $CDROM_SET/CLEAR_OPTIONS$ $ioctls$. Thus, various
- modes of operation can be set:
- begin{description}
- item[$CDO_AUTO_CLOSE mathrel| CDO_USE_FFLAGS mathrel| CDO_LOCK$] This
- is the default setting. (With $CDO_CHECK_TYPE$ it will be better, in the
- future.) If the device is not yet opened by any other process, and if
- the device is being opened for data ($O_NONBLOCK$ is not set) and the
- tray is found to be open, an attempt to close the tray is made. Then,
- it is verified that a disc is in the drive and, if $CDO_CHECK_TYPE$ is
- set, that it contains tracks of type `data mode 1.' Only if all tests
- are passed is the return value zero. The door is locked to prevent file
- system corruption. If the drive is opened for audio ($O_NONBLOCK$ is
- set), no actions are taken and a value of 0 will be returned.
- item[$CDO_AUTO_CLOSE mathrel| CDO_AUTO_EJECT mathrel| CDO_LOCK$] This
- mimics the behavior of the current sbpcd-driver. The option flags are
- ignored, the tray is closed on the first open, if necessary. Similarly,
- the tray is opened on the last release, ie, if a cdrom is unmounted,
- it is automatically ejected, such that the user can replace it.
- end{description}
- We hope that these option can convince everybody (both driver
- maintainers and user program developers) to adopt the new cdrom
- driver scheme and option flag interpretation.
- newsection{Description of routines in cdromc}
- Only a few routines in cdromc are exported to the drivers. In this
- new section we will discuss these, as well as the functions that `take
- over' the cdrom interface to the kernel. The header file belonging
- to cdromc is called cdromh. Formerly, some of the contents of this
- file were placed in the file {tt {ucdrom.h}}, but this file has now been
- merged back into cdromh.
- subsection{$Struct file_operations cdrom_fops$}
- The contents of this structure were described in section~ref{cdrom.c}.
- As already stated, this structure should be used to register block
- devices with the kernel:
- $$
- register_blkdev(major, <name>, &cdrom_fops);
- $$
- subsection{$Int register_cdrom( struct cdrom_device_info * cdi)$}
- This function is used in about the same way one registers $cdrom_fops$
- with the kernel, the device operations and information structures,
- as described in section~ref{cdrom.c}, should be registered with the
- UCD:
- $$
- register_cdrom(&<device>_info));
- $$
- This function returns zero upon success, and non-zero upon
- failure. The structure $<device>_info$ should have a pointer to the
- driver's $<device>_dops$, as in
- $$
- vbox{halign{&$#$hfilcr
- struct &cdrom_device_info <device>_info = {cr
- & <device>_dops;cr
- &ldotscr
- }cr
- }}$$
- Note that a driver must have one static structure, $<device>_dops$, while
- it may have as many structures $<device>_info$ as there are minor devices
- active. $Register_cdrom()$ builds a linked list from these.
- subsection{$Int unregister_cdrom(struct cdrom_device_info * cdi)$}
- Unregistering device $cdi$ with minor number $MINOR(cdito dev)$ removes
- the minor device from the list. If it was the last registered minor for
- the low-level driver, this disconnects the registered device-operation
- routines from the cdrom interface. This function returns zero upon
- success, and non-zero upon failure.
- subsection{$Int cdrom_open(struct inode * ip, struct file * fp)$}
- This function is not called directly by the low-level drivers, it is
- listed in the standard $cdrom_fops$. If the VFS opens a file, this
- function becomes active. A strategy is implemented in this routine,
- taking care of all capabilities and options that are set in the
- $cdrom_device_ops$ connected to the device. Then, the program flow is
- transferred to the device_dependent $open()$ call.
- subsection{$Void cdrom_release(struct inode *ip, struct file
- *fp)$}
- This function implements the reverse-logic of $cdrom_open()$, and then
- calls the device-dependent $release()$ routine. When the use-count has
- reached 0, the allocated buffers are flushed by calls to $sync_dev(dev)$
- and $invalidate_buffers(dev)$.
- subsection{$Int cdrom_ioctl(struct inode *ip, struct file *fp,
- unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)$}
- label{cdrom-ioctl}
- This function handles all the standard $ioctl$ requests for cdrom
- devices in a uniform way. The different calls fall into three
- categories: $ioctl$s that can be directly implemented by device
- operations, ones that are routed through the call $audio_ioctl()$, and
- the remaining ones, that are presumable device-dependent. Generally, a
- negative return value indicates an error.
- subsubsection{Directly implemented $ioctl$s}
- label{ioctl-direct}
- The following `old' cdrom-$ioctl$s are implemented by directly
- calling device-operations in $cdrom_device_ops$, if implemented and
- not masked:
- begin{description}
- item[CDROMMULTISESSION] Requests the last session on a cdrom.
- item[CDROMEJECT] Open tray.
- item[CDROMCLOSETRAY] Close tray.
- item[CDROMEJECT_SW] If $argnot=0$, set behavior to auto-close (close
- tray on first open) and auto-eject (eject on last release), otherwise
- set behavior to non-moving on $open()$ and $release()$ calls.
- item[CDROM_GET_MCN] Get the Media Catalog Number from a CD.
- end{description}
- subsubsection{$Ioctl$s routed through $audio_ioctl()$}
- label{ioctl-audio}
- The following set of $ioctl$s are all implemented through a call to
- the $cdrom_fops$ function $audio_ioctl()$. Memory checks and
- allocation are performed in $cdrom_ioctl()$, and also sanitization of
- address format ($CDROM_LBA$/$CDROM_MSF$) is done.
- begin{description}
- item[CDROMSUBCHNL] Get sub-channel data in argument $arg$ of type $struct
- cdrom_subchnl *{}$.
- item[CDROMREADTOCHDR] Read Table of Contents header, in $arg$ of type
- $struct cdrom_tochdr *{}$.
- item[CDROMREADTOCENTRY] Read a Table of Contents entry in $arg$ and
- specified by $arg$ of type $struct cdrom_tocentry *{}$.
- item[CDROMPLAYMSF] Play audio fragment specified in Minute, Second,
- Frame format, delimited by $arg$ of type $struct cdrom_msf *{}$.
- item[CDROMPLAYTRKIND] Play audio fragment in track-index format
- delimited by $arg$ of type $struct penalty-1000 cdrom_ti *{}$.
- item[CDROMVOLCTRL] Set volume specified by $arg$ of type $struct
- cdrom_volctrl *{}$.
- item[CDROMVOLREAD] Read volume into by $arg$ of type $struct
- cdrom_volctrl *{}$.
- item[CDROMSTART] Spin up disc.
- item[CDROMSTOP] Stop playback of audio fragment.
- item[CDROMPAUSE] Pause playback of audio fragment.
- item[CDROMRESUME] Resume playing.
- end{description}
- subsubsection{New $ioctl$s in cdromc}
- The following $ioctl$s have been introduced to allow user programs to
- control the behavior of individual cdrom devices. New $ioctl$
- commands can be identified by the underscores in their names.
- begin{description}
- item[CDROM_SET_OPTIONS] Set options specified by $arg$. Returns the
- option flag register after modification. Use $arg = rm0$ for reading
- the current flags.
- item[CDROM_CLEAR_OPTIONS] Clear options specified by $arg$. Returns
- the option flag register after modification.
- item[CDROM_SELECT_SPEED] Select head-rate speed of disc specified as
- by $arg$ in units of standard cdrom speed (176,kB/sec raw data or
- 150,kB/sec file system data). The value 0 means `auto-select', ie,
- play audio discs at real time and data discs at maximum speed. The value
- $arg$ is checked against the maximum head rate of the drive found in the
- $cdrom_dops$.
- item[CDROM_SELECT_DISC] Select disc numbered $arg$ from a juke-box.
- First disc is numbered 0. The number $arg$ is checked against the
- maximum number of discs in the juke-box found in the $cdrom_dops$.
- item[CDROM_MEDIA_CHANGED] Returns 1 if a disc has been changed since
- the last call. Note that calls to $cdrom_media_changed$ by the VFS
- are treated by an independent queue, so both mechanisms will detect
- a media change once. For juke-boxes, an extra argument $arg$
- specifies the slot for which the information is given. The special
- value $CDSL_CURRENT$ requests that information about the currently
- selected slot be returned.
- item[CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS] Returns the status of the drive by a call to
- $drive_status()$. Return values are defined in section~ref{drive
- status}. Note that this call doesn't return information on the
- current playing activity of the drive; this can be polled through an
- $ioctl$ call to $CDROMSUBCHNL$. For juke-boxes, an extra argument
- $arg$ specifies the slot for which (possibly limited) information is
- given. The special value $CDSL_CURRENT$ requests that information
- about the currently selected slot be returned.
- item[CDROM_DISC_STATUS] Returns the type of the disc currently in the
- drive. It should be viewed as a complement to $CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS$.
- This $ioctl$ can provide emph {some} information about the current
- disc that is inserted in the drive. This functionality used to be
- implemented in the low level drivers, but is now carried out
- entirely in UCD.
- The history of development of the CD's use as a carrier medium for
- various digital information has lead to many different disc types.
- This $ioctl$ is useful only in the case that CDs have emph {only
- one} type of data on them. While this is often the case, it is
- also very common for CDs to have some tracks with data, and some
- tracks with audio. Because this is an existing interface, rather
- than fixing this interface by changing the assumptions it was made
- under, thereby breaking all user applications that use this
- function, the UCD implements this $ioctl$ as follows: If the CD in
- question has audio tracks on it, and it has absolutely no CD-I, XA,
- or data tracks on it, it will be reported as $CDS_AUDIO$. If it has
- both audio and data tracks, it will return $CDS_MIXED$. If there
- are no audio tracks on the disc, and if the CD in question has any
- CD-I tracks on it, it will be reported as $CDS_XA_2_2$. Failing
- that, if the CD in question has any XA tracks on it, it will be
- reported as $CDS_XA_2_1$. Finally, if the CD in question has any
- data tracks on it, it will be reported as a data CD ($CDS_DATA_1$).
- This $ioctl$ can return:
- $$
- halign{$#$ hfil&$/*$ rm# $*/$hfilcr
- CDS_NO_INFO& no information availablecr
- CDS_NO_DISC& no disc is inserted, or tray is openedcr
- CDS_AUDIO& Audio disc (2352 audio bytes/frame)cr
- CDS_DATA_1& data disc, mode 1 (2048 user bytes/frame)cr
- CDS_XA_2_1& mixed data (XA), mode 2, form 1 (2048 user bytes)cr
- CDS_XA_2_2& mixed data (XA), mode 2, form 1 (2324 user bytes)cr
- CDS_MIXED& mixed audio/data disccr
- }
- $$
- For some information concerning frame layout of the various disc
- types, see a recent version of cdromh.
- item[CDROM_CHANGER_NSLOTS] Returns the number of slots in a
- juke-box.
- item[CDROMRESET] Reset the drive.
- item[CDROM_GET_CAPABILITY] Returns the $capability$ flags for the
- drive. Refer to section ref{capability} for more information on
- these flags.
- item[CDROM_LOCKDOOR] Locks the door of the drive. $arg == rm0$
- unlocks the door, any other value locks it.
- item[CDROM_DEBUG] Turns on debugging info. Only root is allowed
- to do this. Same semantics as CDROM_LOCKDOOR.
- end{description}
- subsubsection{Device dependent $ioctl$s}
- Finally, all other $ioctl$s are passed to the function $dev_ioctl()$,
- if implemented. No memory allocation or verification is carried out.
- newsection{How to update your driver}
- begin{enumerate}
- item Make a backup of your current driver.
- item Get hold of the files cdromc and cdromh, they should be in
- the directory tree that came with this documentation.
- item Make sure you include cdromh.
- item Change the 3rd argument of $register_blkdev$ from
- $&<your-drive>_fops$ to $&cdrom_fops$.
- item Just after that line, add the following to register with the UCD:
- $$register_cdrom(&<your-drive>_info);$$
- Similarly, add a call to $unregister_cdrom()$ at the appropriate place.
- item Copy an example of the device-operations $struct$ to your
- source, eg, from {tt {cm206.c}} $cm206_dops$, and change all
- entries to names corresponding to your driver, or names you just
- happen to like. If your driver doesn't support a certain function,
- make the entry $NULL$. At the entry $capability$ you should list all
- capabilities your driver currently supports. If your driver
- has a capability that is not listed, please send me a message.
- item Copy the $cdrom_device_info$ declaration from the same example
- driver, and modify the entries according to your needs. If your
- driver dynamically determines the capabilities of the hardware, this
- structure should also be declared dynamically.
- item Implement all functions in your $<device>_dops$ structure,
- according to prototypes listed in cdromh, and specifications given
- in section~ref{cdrom.c}. Most likely you have already implemented
- the code in a large part, and you will almost certainly need to adapt the
- prototype and return values.
- item Rename your $<device>_ioctl()$ function to $audio_ioctl$ and
- change the prototype a little. Remove entries listed in the first
- part in section~ref{cdrom-ioctl}, if your code was OK, these are
- just calls to the routines you adapted in the previous step.
- item You may remove all remaining memory checking code in the
- $audio_ioctl()$ function that deals with audio commands (these are
- listed in the second part of section~ref{cdrom-ioctl}). There is no
- need for memory allocation either, so most $case$s in the $switch$
- statement look similar to:
- $$
- case CDROMREADTOCENTRYcolon get_toc_entrybigl((struct
- cdrom_tocentry *{}) argbigr);
- $$
- item All remaining $ioctl$ cases must be moved to a separate
- function, $<device>_ioctl$, the device-dependent $ioctl$s. Note that
- memory checking and allocation must be kept in this code!
- item Change the prototypes of $<device>_open()$ and
- $<device>_release()$, and remove any strategic code (ie, tray
- movement, door locking, etc.).
- item Try to recompile the drivers. We advise you to use modules, both
- for {tt {cdrom.o}} and your driver, as debugging is much easier this
- way.
- end{enumerate}
- newsection{Thanks}
- Thanks to all the people involved. First, Erik Andersen, who has
- taken over the torch in maintaining cdromc and integrating much
- cdrom-related code in the 2.1-kernel. Thanks to Scott Snyder and
- Gerd Knorr, who were the first to implement this interface for SCSI
- and IDE-CD drivers and added many ideas for extension of the data
- structures relative to kernel~2.0. Further thanks to Heiko Eissfeldt,
- Thomas Quinot, Jon Tombs, Ken Pizzini, Eberhard M"onkeberg and Andrew
- Kroll, the linux cdrom device driver developers who were kind
- enough to give suggestions and criticisms during the writing. Finally
- of course, I want to thank Linus Torvalds for making this possible in
- the first place.
- vfill
- $ version $
- eject
- end{document}