balance
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上传日期:2013-04-10
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- Started Jan 2000 by Kanoj Sarcar <kanoj@sgi.com>
- Memory balancing is needed for non __GFP_WAIT as well as for non
- __GFP_IO allocations.
- There are two reasons to be requesting non __GFP_WAIT allocations:
- the caller can not sleep (typically intr context), or does not want
- to incur cost overheads of page stealing and possible swap io for
- whatever reasons.
- __GFP_IO allocation requests are made to prevent file system deadlocks.
- In the absence of non sleepable allocation requests, it seems detrimental
- to be doing balancing. Page reclamation can be kicked off lazily, that
- is, only when needed (aka zone free memory is 0), instead of making it
- a proactive process.
- That being said, the kernel should try to fulfill requests for direct
- mapped pages from the direct mapped pool, instead of falling back on
- the dma pool, so as to keep the dma pool filled for dma requests (atomic
- or not). A similar argument applies to highmem and direct mapped pages.
- OTOH, if there is a lot of free dma pages, it is preferable to satisfy
- regular memory requests by allocating one from the dma pool, instead
- of incurring the overhead of regular zone balancing.
- In 2.2, memory balancing/page reclamation would kick off only when the
- _total_ number of free pages fell below 1/64 th of total memory. With the
- right ratio of dma and regular memory, it is quite possible that balancing
- would not be done even when the dma zone was completely empty. 2.2 has
- been running production machines of varying memory sizes, and seems to be
- doing fine even with the presence of this problem. In 2.3, due to
- HIGHMEM, this problem is aggravated.
- In 2.3, zone balancing can be done in one of two ways: depending on the
- zone size (and possibly of the size of lower class zones), we can decide
- at init time how many free pages we should aim for while balancing any
- zone. The good part is, while balancing, we do not need to look at sizes
- of lower class zones, the bad part is, we might do too frequent balancing
- due to ignoring possibly lower usage in the lower class zones. Also,
- with a slight change in the allocation routine, it is possible to reduce
- the memclass() macro to be a simple equality.
- Another possible solution is that we balance only when the free memory
- of a zone _and_ all its lower class zones falls below 1/64th of the
- total memory in the zone and its lower class zones. This fixes the 2.2
- balancing problem, and stays as close to 2.2 behavior as possible. Also,
- the balancing algorithm works the same way on the various architectures,
- which have different numbers and types of zones. If we wanted to get
- fancy, we could assign different weights to free pages in different
- zones in the future.
- Note that if the size of the regular zone is huge compared to dma zone,
- it becomes less significant to consider the free dma pages while
- deciding whether to balance the regular zone. The first solution
- becomes more attractive then.
- The appended patch implements the second solution. It also "fixes" two
- problems: first, kswapd is woken up as in 2.2 on low memory conditions
- for non-sleepable allocations. Second, the HIGHMEM zone is also balanced,
- so as to give a fighting chance for replace_with_highmem() to get a
- HIGHMEM page, as well as to ensure that HIGHMEM allocations do not
- fall back into regular zone. This also makes sure that HIGHMEM pages
- are not leaked (for example, in situations where a HIGHMEM page is in
- the swapcache but is not being used by anyone)
- kswapd also needs to know about the zones it should balance. kswapd is
- primarily needed in a situation where balancing can not be done,
- probably because all allocation requests are coming from intr context
- and all process contexts are sleeping. For 2.3, kswapd does not really
- need to balance the highmem zone, since intr context does not request
- highmem pages. kswapd looks at the zone_wake_kswapd field in the zone
- structure to decide whether a zone needs balancing.
- Page stealing from process memory and shm is done if stealing the page would
- alleviate memory pressure on any zone in the page's node that has fallen below
- its watermark.
- pages_min/pages_low/pages_high/low_on_memory/zone_wake_kswapd: These are
- per-zone fields, used to determine when a zone needs to be balanced. When
- the number of pages falls below pages_min, the hysteric field low_on_memory
- gets set. This stays set till the number of free pages becomes pages_high.
- When low_on_memory is set, page allocation requests will try to free some
- pages in the zone (providing GFP_WAIT is set in the request). Orthogonal
- to this, is the decision to poke kswapd to free some zone pages. That
- decision is not hysteresis based, and is done when the number of free
- pages is below pages_low; in which case zone_wake_kswapd is also set.
- (Good) Ideas that I have heard:
- 1. Dynamic experience should influence balancing: number of failed requests
- for a zone can be tracked and fed into the balancing scheme (jalvo@mbay.net)
- 2. Implement a replace_with_highmem()-like replace_with_regular() to preserve
- dma pages. (lkd@tantalophile.demon.co.uk)