UWB_analysis.m
上传用户:asli888
上传日期:2013-05-03
资源大小:7045k
文件大小:11k
- %UWB-Run from editor debug(F5)-PPM(pulse position modulation)and link analysis of
- %UWB monocycle and doublet waveforms.
- %This m file plots the time and frequency waveforms for PPM 1st and 2nd derivative
- %equations used in UWB system analysis. Fudge factors are required to
- %correct for inaccuracies in the 1st and 2nd derivative equations.
- %Tail to tail on the time wave forms must be considered as the actual pulse width.
- %7*PW1 has about 99.9% of the signal power. The frequency spreads and center
- %frequencies(fc=center of the spread)are correct as you can verify(fc~1/pw1).
- %Change pw(fudge factor)and t for other entered(pw1) pulse widths and
- %zooming in on the waveforms.A basic correlation receiver is constructed
- %showing the demodulated output information from a comparator(10101). Perfect sync
- %is assumed in the correlation receiver.
- %See SETUP and other info at end of program.
- %The program is not considered to be the ultimate in UWB link analysis, but is
- %configured to show basic concepts of the new technology.
- %================================================
- pw1=.5e-9;%pulse width in nanosec,change to desired width
- pw=pw1/2.5;%Fudge factor for inaccurate PWs(approx. 4-5 for 1st der. and
- %approx. 2-3 for 2nd der.)
- Fs=100e9;%sample frequency
- Fn=Fs/2;%Nyquist frequency
- t=-1e-9:1/Fs:20e-9;%time vector sampled at Fs Hertz. zoom in/out using (-1e-9:1/Fs:xxxx)
- A=1;
- %================================================
- % EQUATIONS
- %================================================
- %y=A*(t/pw).*exp(-(t/pw).^2);%1st derivative of Gaussian pulse=Gaussian monocycle
- y =A*(1 - 4*pi.*((t)/pw).^2).* exp(-2*pi.*((t)/pw).^2);%2nd derivative of Gaussian
- %pulse=doublet(two zero crossings)
- % y=y.*sin((2*pi*t*4.5e9).^2)%spectrum notches(multipath)
- %================================================
- %This series of pulses sets the pulse recurring frequency(PRF)
- %at 400MHz(waveform repeats every 2.5e-9 sec)and a
- %modulated bit stream(info bit rate=200MHz) of 10101 (5 pulses,can add more)
- %using 0.2e-9 as the time delay PPM where a delay = a 0 bit and no delay = a 1 bit.
- %One could expand the # of pulses and modulate for a series of
- %111111000000111111000000111111 which would give a lower bit rate. You could just
- %change the PRF also.This series of redundent pulses also improves the processing gain
- %of the receiver by giving more voltage out of the integrator in a correlation
- %receiver. For loops or some other method could be used to generate these pulses but for
- %myself, I would get lost. This is a brute force method and I can easily copy and paste.
- %I will leave that for more energetic souls. Since we basically have the transmitter
- %implemented it's time to move on to the correlation receiver design
- %and and add interference, multipath and noise with BER capability to
- %see if we can demodulate and get 10101 bits out at the 200MHz information bit rate.
- % (changed pattern from previous file to 10101)
- %==================================================
- % 1ST DERIVATIVE MONOCYCLE(PPM WITH 5 PULSES)
- %==================================================
- %yp=y+ ...
- %A*((t-2.5e-9-.2e-9)/pw).*exp(-((t-2.5e-9-.2e-9)/pw).^2)+A*((t-5e-9)/pw).*exp(-((t-5e-9)/pw).^2)+ ...
- %A*((t-7.5e-9-.2e-9)/pw).*exp(-((t-7.5e-9-.2e-9)/pw).^2)+A*((t-10e-9)/pw).*exp(-((t-10e-9)/pw).^2);
- %==================================================
- % 2ND DERIVATIVE DOUBLET(PPM WITH 5 PULSES)
- %==================================================
- %modulated doublet
- yp=y+ ...
- A*(1-4*pi.*((t-2.5e-9-.2e-9)/pw).^2).*exp(-2*pi.*((t-2.5e-9-.2e-9)/pw).^2)+ ...
- A*(1-4*pi.*((t-5.0e-9)/pw).^2).*exp(-2*pi.*((t-5.0e-9)/pw).^2)+ ...
- A*(1-4*pi.*((t-7.5e-9-.2e-9)/pw).^2).*exp(-2*pi.*((t-7.5e-9-.2e-9)/pw).^2)+ ...
- A*(1-4*pi.*((t-10e-9)/pw).^2).*exp(-2*pi.*((t-10e-9)/pw).^2);
- %unmodulated doublet
- B=1;%This shows how the anplitude matching of templet and modulated signal
- %plays an important part. Would require AGC on first LNA to hold modulated
- %sig constant within an expected multipath range.(B=.4 to .5 causes errors).
- yum=B*y+ ...
- B*(1-4*pi.*((t-2.5e-9)/pw).^2).*exp(-2*pi.*((t-2.5e-9)/pw).^2)+ ...
- B*(1-4*pi.*((t-5.0e-9)/pw).^2).*exp(-2*pi.*((t-5.0e-9)/pw).^2)+ ...
- B*(1-4*pi.*((t-7.5e-9)/pw).^2).*exp(-2*pi.*((t-7.5e-9)/pw).^2)+ ...
- B*(1-4*pi.*((t-10e-9)/pw).^2).*exp(-2*pi.*((t-10e-9)/pw).^2);
- yc=yp.*yum;%yc(correlated output)=yp(modulated)times yum(unmodulated) doublet.
- %This is where the correlation occurs in the receiver and would be the
- %first mixer in the receiver.
- %==================================================
- % FFT
- %==================================================
- %new FFT for modulated doublet
- y=yp;%y=modulated doublet
- NFFY=2.^(ceil(log(length(y))/log(2)));
- FFTY=fft(y,NFFY);%pad with zeros
- NumUniquePts=ceil((NFFY+1)/2);
- FFTY=FFTY(1:NumUniquePts);
- MY=abs(FFTY);
- MY=MY*2;
- MY(1)=MY(1)/2;
- MY(length(MY))=MY(length(MY))/2;
- MY=MY/length(y);
- f=(0:NumUniquePts-1)*2*Fn/NFFY;
- %new fft for unmodulated doublet
- y1=yum;%unmodulated doublet
- NFFY1=2.^(ceil(log(length(y1))/log(2)));
- FFTY1=fft(y1,NFFY1);%pad with zeros
- NumUniquePts=ceil((NFFY1+1)/2);
- FFTY1=FFTY1(1:NumUniquePts);
- MY1=abs(FFTY1);
- MY1=MY1*2;
- MY1(1)=MY1(1)/2;
- MY1(length(MY1))=MY1(length(MY1))/2;
- MY1=MY1/length(y1);
- f=(0:NumUniquePts-1)*2*Fn/NFFY1;
- %new fft for correlated yc
- y2=yc;%y2 is the time domain signal output of the multiplier
- %(modulated times unmodulated) in the correlation receiver. Plots
- %in the time domain show that a simple comparator instead of high speed A/D's
- %could be used to recover the 10101 signal depending on integrator design.
- %I have not included an integrator in the program but it would be a properly
- %constructed low pass filter in an actual receiver.
- NFFY2=2.^(ceil(log(length(y2))/log(2)));
- FFTY2=fft(y2,NFFY2);%pad with zeros
- NumUniquePts=ceil((NFFY2+1)/2);
- FFTY2=FFTY2(1:NumUniquePts);
- MY2=abs(FFTY2);
- MY2=MY2*2;
- MY2(1)=MY2(1)/2;
- MY2(length(MY2))=MY2(length(MY2))/2;
- MY2=MY2/length(y2);
- f=(0:NumUniquePts-1)*2*Fn/NFFY2;
- %===================================================
- % PLOTS
- %===================================================
- %plots for modulated doublet
- figure(1)
- subplot(2,2,1); plot(t,y);xlabel('TIME');ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
- title('Modulated pulse train');
- grid on;
- axis([-1e-9,10e-9 -1 1])
- subplot(2,2,2); plot(f,MY);xlabel('FREQUENCY');ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
- %axis([0 10e9 0 .1]);%zoom in/out
- grid on;
- subplot(2,2,3); plot(f,20*log10(MY));xlabel('FREQUENCY');ylabel('20LOG10=DB');
- %axis([0 20e9 -120 0]);
- grid on;
- %plots for unmodulated doublet
- figure(2)
- subplot(2,2,1); plot(t,y1);xlabel('TIME');ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
- title('Unmodulated pulse train');
- grid on;
- axis([-1e-9,10e-9 -1 1])
- subplot(2,2,2); plot(f,MY1);xlabel('FREQUENCY');ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
- %axis([0 10e9 0 .1]);%zoom in/out
- grid on;
- subplot(2,2,3); plot(f,20*log10(MY1));xlabel('FREQUENCY');ylabel('20LOG10=DB');
- %axis([0 20e9 -120 0]);
- grid on;
- %plots for correlated yc
- figure(3)
- subplot(2,2,1); plot(t,y2);xlabel('TIME');ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
- title('Receiver correlator output');
- grid on;
- axis([-1e-9,10e-9 -1 1])
- subplot(2,2,2); plot(f,MY2);xlabel('FREQUENCY');ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
- axis([0 7e9 0 .025]);%zoom in/out
- grid on;
- subplot(2,2,3); plot(f,20*log10(MY2));xlabel('FREQUENCY');ylabel('20LOG10=DB');
- %axis([0 20e9 -120 0]);
- grid on;
- %================================================
- %Comparator
- %================================================
- pt=.5;%sets level where threshhold device comparator triggers
- H=5;%(volts)
- L=0;%(volts)
- LEN=length(y2);
- for ii=1:LEN;
- if y2(ii)>=pt;%correlated output(y2) going above pt threshold setting
- pv(ii)=H;%pulse voltage
- else;
- pv(ii)=L;
- end;
- end ;
- po=pv;%pulse out=pulse voltage
- figure(4)
- plot(t,po);
- axis([-1e-9 11e-9 -1 6])
- title('Comparator output');
- xlabel('Frequency');
- ylabel('Voltage');
- grid on;
- %===================================================
- %SETUP and INFO
- %===================================================
- %Enter desired pulse width in pw1(.5e-9).
- %Change t=-1e-9:1/Fs:(xxxx) to 1e-9.
- %Press F5 or run.
- %With waveform in plot 2,2,1, set pulse width with fudge factor to .5e-9
- %using #s corresponding to chosen waveform. Set from tail to tail.
- %Change t=-1e-9:1/Fs:(xxx) to something like 20e-9.Zoom out. I would
- %comment in all plot axis and use them for zooming in and out.
- %Press F5 and observe waveforms. Print waveforms to compare with next set of
- %wave forms.
- %Pick another waveform by commenting out existing waveform and repeat as above.
- %When you compare the waveforms you will see that the second derivative
- %doublet has a center frequency in the spread twice that of the first
- %derivative monocycle.
- %You would expect this on a second derivative. Picking a doublet waveform
- %for transmission (by choice of UWB antenna design) pushes the fc center frequency
- %spread out by (two) allowing relief from the difficult design of narrower pulse
- %generating circuits in transmitters and receivers. If you chose a monocycle, you would
- %need to design your pulse circuits with a much narrower(factor of two)pulse width to
- %meet the tough FCC spectral mask from ~3 to 10GHz at-40Dbm. I would guess a
- %pulse width of ~ 0.4 to 0.45 nanosec using a doublet at the proper amplitude(A)
- %would meet the requirements. The antenna choice at the receiver could
- %integrate the doublet to a monocycle so a wave form for the modulated
- %monocycle is included. You woud need to construct an unmodulated version
- %of the monocycle. Also an unmodulated monocycle template could correlate with a
- %modulated doublet extracting the information but the proper sense of the
- %monocycle would be required along with proper information delay setup in
- %the equations.
-
- %You can zoom in on the waveforms of plot 2,2,1 to see the PPM
- %delays generating 10101. Use axis on plot 2,,2,1 for better
- %zooming.Comment in the axis.
- %Processing gains of greater than 20DB can be achieved by selection of the
- %PRF and integrator using high information bit rates. This, when doing a
- %link budget, should give enough link margin for multipath conditions with
- %a fixed transmitter power at ranges of 3 to 10 meters.
- %I didn't include BER checking with noise in the program because I beleive many more
- %pulses would be required to get the true picture.
- %Perfect sync is assumed in the correlation receiver. You could delay the
- %unmodulated doublet waveform and check the correlation properties of the
- %waveforms at the receiver and observe how the S/N(or output signal since no noise has been
- %added to the program) degrades when not in perfect sync.
- %Things to add
- %A.more pulses
- %B.integrator
- %C.noise
- %D.BER