SH.1
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上传日期:2007-01-18
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文件大小:7k
- .TH SH 1
- .SH NAME
- sh, ., break, case, cd, continue, eval, exec, exit, export, for, if, read, readonly, set, shift, trap, umask, wait, while - shell
- .SH SYNOPSIS
- fBshfR [fB-eiknqstvxufR] [fB-c fIstrfR] fB[fIfilefR]fR
- .br
- .de FL
- .TP
- \fB\$1\fR
- \$2
- ..
- .de EX
- .TP 20
- \fB\$1\fR
- # \$2
- ..
- .SH OPTIONS
- .FL "-c" "Execute the commands in fIstrfR"
- .FL "-e" "Quit on error"
- .FL "-i" "Interactive mode; ignore QUIT, TERMINATE, INTERRUPT"
- .FL "-k" "Look for name=value everywhere on command line"
- .FL "-n" "Do not execute commands"
- .FL "-q" "Change qflag from sig_ign to sig_del"
- .FL "-s" "Read commands from standard input"
- .FL "-t" "Exit after reading and executing one command"
- .FL "-v" "Echo input lines as they are read"
- .FL "-x" "Trace"
- .FL "-u" "Unset variables"
- .SH EXAMPLES
- .EX "sh script" "Run a shell script"
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- .PP
- .I Sh
- is the shell, which forms the user's main interface with the system.
- On startup, the shell reads /etc/profile and $HOME/.profile, if they exist,
- and executes any commands they contain. The Minix shell has most of the
- features of the V7 (Bourne) shell, including redirection of input and output,
- pipes, magic characters, background processes, and shell scripts. A brief
- summary follows, but whole books have been written on shell programming alone.
- .LP
- Some of the more common notations are:
- .PP
- .in +2.45i
- .ta 2i 2.2i
- .ti -2.2i
- date # Regular command
- .ti -2.2i
- sort <file # Redirect fIstdinfR (standard input)
- .ti -2.2i
- sort <file1 >file2 # Redirect fIstdinfR and fIstdoutfR
- .ti -2.2i
- cc file.c 2>error # Redirect fIstderrfR
- .ti -2.2i
- a.out >f 2>&1 # Combine standard output and standard error
- .ti -2.2i
- sort <file1 >>file2 # Append output to fIfile2fR
- .ti -2.2i
- sort <file1 >file2 & # Background job
- .ti -2.2i
- (ls -l; a.out) & # Run two background commands sequentially
- .ti -2.2i
- sort <file | wc # Two-process pipeline
- .ti -2.2i
- sort <f | uniq | wc # Three-process pipeline
- .ti -2.2i
- ls -l *.c # List all files ending in fI.cfR
- .ti -2.2i
- ls -l [fIa-cfR]* # List all files beginning with fIafR, fIbfR, or fIcfR
- .ti -2.2i
- ls -l ? # List all one-character file names
- .ti -2.2i
- ls e? # List the file whose name is question mark
- .ti -2.2i
- ls (fm???(fm # List the file whose name is three question marks
- .ti -2.2i
- v=/usr/ast # Set shell variable fIvfR
- .ti -2.2i
- ls -l $v # Use shell variable fIvfR
- .ti -2.2i
- PS1=(fmHi! (fm # Change the primary prompt to fIHi!fR
- .ti -2.2i
- PS2=(fmMore: (fm # Change the secondary prompt to fIMore:fR
- .ti -2.2i
- ls -l $HOME # List the home directory
- .ti -2.2i
- echo $PATH # Echo the search path
- .ti -2.2i
- echo $? # Echo exit status of previous command in decimal
- .ti -2.2i
- echo $$ # Echo shell's pid in decimal
- .ti -2.2i
- echo $! # Echo PID of last background process
- .ti -2.2i
- echo $# # Echo number of parameters (shell script)
- .ti -2.2i
- echo $2 # Echo second parameter (shell script)
- .ti -2.2i
- echo "$2" # Echo second parameter without expanding spaces
- .ti -2.2i
- echo $* # Echo all parameters (shell script)
- .ti -2.2i
- echo $@ # Echo all parameters (shell script)
- .ti -2.2i
- echo "$@" # Echo all parameters without expanding spaces
- .in -2.45i
- .LP
- The shell uses the following variables for specific purposes:
- .PP
- .in +2.25i
- .ta 2i
- .ti -2i
- SHELL the path of the current shell
- .ti -2i
- HOME the default value for the cd(1) command
- .ti -2i
- PATH the directories to be searched to find commands
- .ti -2i
- IFS the internal field separators for command strings
- .ti -2i
- PS1 the primary shell prompt
- .ti -2i
- PS2 the secondary shell prompt
- .in -2.25i
- .LP
- There are various forms of substitution on the shell command line:
- .PP
- .in +2.25i
- .ta 2i
- .ti -2i
- `...` Command string between back-quotes is replaced by its output
- .ti -2i
- "..." Permits variable substitution between quotes
- .ti -2i
- &'...' Inhibits variable substitution between quotes
- .ti -2i
- $VAR Replaced by contents of variable VAR
- .ti -2i
- ${VAR} Delimits variable VAR from any following string
- .in -2.25i
- .LP
- The expressions below depend on whether or not VAR has ever been set.
- If VAR has been set, they give:
- .PP
- .in +2.25i
- .ta 2i
- .ti -2i
- ${VAR-str} Replace expression by VAR, else by str
- .ti -2i
- ${VAR=str} Replace expression by VAR, else by str and set VAR to str
- .ti -2i
- ${VAR?str} Replace expression by VAR, else print str and exit shell
- .ti -2i
- ${VAR+str} Replace expression by str, else by null string
- .in -2.25i
- .LP
- If a colon is placed after VAR, the expressions depend on whether or not
- VAR is currently set and non-null.
- .LP
- The shell has a number of built-in commands:
- .PP
- .in +2.25i
- .ta 2i
- .ti -2i
- : return true status
- .ti -2i
- &. fn execute shell script fn on current path
- .ti -2i
- break [n] break from a for, until or while loop; exit n levels
- .ti -2i
- continue [n] continue a for, until or while loop; resume nth loop
- .ti -2i
- cd [dir] change current working directory; move to $HOME
- .ti -2i
- eval cmd rescan cmd, performing substitutions
- .ti -2i
- eval rescan the current command line
- .ti -2i
- exec cmd execute cmd without creating a new process
- .ti -2i
- exec <|> with no command name, modify shell I/O
- .ti -2i
- exit [n] exit a shell program, with exit value n
- .ti -2i
- export [var] export var to shell's children; list exported variables
- .ti -2i
- pwd print the name of the current working directory
- .ti -2i
- read var read a line from stdin and assign to var
- .ti -2i
- readonly [var] make var readonly; list readonly variables
- .ti -2i
- set -f set shell flag (+f unsets flag)
- .ti -2i
- set str set positional parameter to str
- .ti -2i
- set show the current shell variables
- .ti -2i
- shift reassign positional parameters (except ${0}) one left
- .ti -2i
- times print accumulated user and system times for processes
- .ti -2i
- trap arg sigs trap signals sigs and run arg on receipt
- .ti -2i
- trap list trapped signals
- .ti -2i
- umask [n] set the user file creation mask; show the current umask
- .ti -2i
- wait [n] wait for process pid n; wait for all processes
- .in -2.25i
- .LP
- The shell also contains a programming language, which has the following
- operators and flow control statements:
- .PP
- .in +3.50i
- .ta 2i 3.25i
- .ti -3.25i
- # Comment The rest of the line is ignored
- .ti -3.25i
- = Assignment Set a shell variable
- .ti -3.25i
- && Logical AND Execute second command only if first succeeds
- .ti -3.25i
- || Logical OR Execute second command only if first fails
- .ti -3.25i
- (...) Group Execute enclosed commands before continuing
- .in -3.50i
- .PP
- .in +2.25i
- .ta 2i
- .ti -2i
- for For loop (for ... in ... do ... done)
- .ti -2i
- case Case statement ((case ... ) ... ;; ... esac)
- .ti -2i
- esac Case statement end
- .ti -2i
- while While loop (while ... do ... done)
- .ti -2i
- do Do/For/While loop start (do ... until ...)
- .ti -2i
- done For/While loop end
- .ti -2i
- if Conditional statement (if ... else ... elif ... fi)
- .ti -2i
- in For loop selection
- .ti -2i
- then Conditional statement start
- .ti -2i
- else Conditional statement alternative
- .ti -2i
- elif Conditional statement end
- .ti -2i
- until Do loop end
- .ti -2i
- fi Conditional statement end
- .in -2.25i
- .SH "SEE ALSO"
- .BR echo (1),
- .BR expr (1),
- .BR pwd (1),
- .BR true (1).