PTRACE.2
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- ." Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California.
- ." All rights reserved. The Berkeley software License Agreement
- ." specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
- ."
- ." @(#)ptrace.2 6.4 (Berkeley) 5/23/86
- ."
- .TH PTRACE 2 "May 23, 1986"
- .UC 4
- .SH NAME
- ptrace - process trace
- .SH SYNOPSIS
- .nf
- .ft B
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <sys/signal.h>
- #include <sys/ptrace.h>
- int ptrace(int fIrequestfP, pid_t fIpidfP, long fIaddrfP, long fIdatafP)
- .ft R
- .fi
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- .ft B
- Note: This manual page has no relation to Minix. Someone who knows ptrace()
- has to check, or rewrite, this page. (kjb)
- .ft R
- .PP
- .B Ptrace
- provides a means by which a parent process
- may control the execution of a child process,
- and examine and change its core image.
- Its primary use is for the implementation of breakpoint debugging.
- There are four arguments whose interpretation
- depends on a
- .I request
- argument.
- Generally,
- .I pid
- is the process ID of the traced process,
- which must be a child (no more distant descendant)
- of the tracing process.
- A process being traced
- behaves normally until it encounters some signal
- whether internally generated
- like *(lqillegal instruction*(rq or externally
- generated like *(lqinterrupt*(rq.
- See
- .BR sigaction (2)
- for the list.
- Then the traced process enters a stopped state
- and its parent is notified via
- .BR wait (2).
- When the child is in the stopped state,
- its core image can be examined and modified
- using
- .BR ptrace .
- If desired, another
- .B ptrace
- request can then cause the child either to terminate
- or to continue, possibly ignoring the signal.
- .PP
- The value of the
- .I request
- argument determines the precise
- action of the call:
- .TP 4
- PT_TRACE_ME
- This request is the only one used by the child process;
- it declares that the process is to be traced by its parent.
- All the other arguments are ignored.
- Peculiar results will ensue
- if the parent does not expect to trace the child.
- .TP 4
- PT_READ_I, PT_READ_D
- The
- word in the child process's address space
- at
- .I addr
- is returned.
- If I and D space are separated (e.g. historically
- on a pdp-11), request PT_READ_I indicates I space,
- PT_READ_D D space.
- .I Addr
- must be even on some machines.
- The child must be stopped.
- The input
- .I data
- is ignored.
- .TP 4
- PT_READ_U
- The word
- of the system's per-process data area corresponding to
- .I addr
- is returned.
- .I Addr
- must be even on some machines and less than 512.
- This space contains the registers and other information about
- the process;
- its layout corresponds to the
- .I user
- structure in the system.
- .TP 4
- PT_WRITE_I, PT_WRITE_D
- The
- given
- .I data
- is written at the word in the process's address space corresponding to
- .I addr,
- which must be even on some machines.
- No useful value is returned.
- If I and D space are separated, request PT_WRITE_I indicates I space,
- PT_WRITE_D D space.
- Attempts to write in pure procedure
- fail if another process is executing the same file.
- .TP 4
- PT_WRITE_U
- The process's system data is written,
- as it is read with request PT_READ_U.
- Only a few locations can be written in this way:
- the general registers,
- the floating point status and registers,
- and certain bits of the processor status word.
- .TP 4
- PT_CONTINUE
- The
- .I data
- argument is taken as a signal number
- and the child's execution continues
- at location
- .I addr
- as if it had incurred that signal.
- Normally the signal number will be
- either 0 to indicate that the signal that caused the stop
- should be ignored,
- or that value fetched out of the
- process's image indicating which signal caused
- the stop.
- If
- .I addr
- is (int *)1 then execution continues from where it stopped.
- .TP 4
- PT_KILL
- The traced process terminates.
- .TP 4
- PT_STEP
- Execution continues as in request PT_CONTINUE;
- however, as soon as possible after execution of at least one instruction,
- execution stops again.
- The signal number from the stop is
- SIGTRAP.
- (On the VAX-11 the T-bit is used and just one instruction
- is executed.)
- This is part of the mechanism for implementing breakpoints.
- .PP
- As indicated,
- these calls
- (except for request PT_TRACE_ME)
- can be used only when the subject process has stopped.
- The
- .B wait
- call is used to determine
- when a process stops;
- in such a case the *(lqtermination*(rq status
- returned by
- .B wait
- has the value 0177 to indicate stoppage rather
- than genuine termination.
- .PP
- To forestall possible fraud,
- .B ptrace
- inhibits the set-user-id and set-group-id facilities
- on subsequent
- .BR execve (2)
- calls.
- If a traced process calls
- .BR execve ,
- it will stop before executing the first instruction of the new image
- showing signal SIGTRAP.
- .PP
- On a VAX-11, *(lqword*(rq also means a 32-bit integer,
- but the *(lqeven*(rq
- restriction does not apply.
- .SH "RETURN VALUE
- A 0 value is returned if the call succeeds. If the call fails
- then a -1 is returned and the global variable fIerrnofP is
- set to indicate the error.
- .SH "ERRORS
- .TP 15
- [EIO]
- The request code is invalid.
- .TP 15
- [ESRCH]
- The specified process does not exist.
- .TP 15
- [EIO]
- The given signal number is invalid.
- .TP 15
- [EIO]
- The specified address is out of bounds.
- .TP 15
- [EPERM]
- The specified process cannot be traced.
- .SH "SEE ALSO"
- .BR wait (2),
- .BR sigaction (2),
- .BR mdb (1).
- .SH BUGS
- .B Ptrace
- is unique and arcane; it should be replaced with a special file that
- can be opened and read and written. The control functions could then
- be implemented with
- .BR ioctl (2)
- calls on this file. This would be simpler to understand and have much
- higher performance.
- .PP
- The request PT_TRACE_ME call should be able to specify
- signals that are to be treated normally and not cause a stop.
- In this way, for example,
- programs with simulated floating point (which
- use *(lqillegal instruction*(rq signals at a very high rate)
- could be efficiently debugged.
- .PP
- The error indication, -1, is a legitimate function value;
- .BR errno ,
- (see
- .BR intro (2)),
- can be used to disambiguate.
- .PP
- It should be possible to stop a process on occurrence of a system
- call;
- in this way a completely controlled environment could
- be provided.