PASSWD.5
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上传日期:2007-01-18
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- .TH PASSWD 5
- .SH NAME
- passwd, group, shadow - user and group databases, shadow passwords
- .SH SYNOPSIS
- .B /etc/passwd
- .br
- .B /etc/group
- .br
- .B /etc/shadow
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- .B /etc/passwd
- lists all the users of the system, and
- .B /etc/group
- lists all the groups the users may belong to. Both files also contain
- encrypted passwords, numeric ID's etc. Encrypted passwords may be hidden
- in the file
- .B /etc/shadow
- if extra protection is warranted.
- .PP
- Each file is an text file containing one line per user or group. The data
- fields on a line are separated by colons. Each line in the password file
- has the following form:
- .PP
- .RS
- .I name:passwd:uid:gid:gecos:dir:shell
- .RE
- .PP
- The
- .I name
- field is the login name of a user, it is up to 8 letters or numbers long
- starting with a letter. The login name must be unique.
- The
- .I password
- field is either empty (no password), a 13 character encrypted password as
- returned by
- .BR crypt (3),
- or a login name preceded by two number signs (#) to index the shadow
- password file. Anything else (usually (**) is invalid.
- The
- .I uid
- and
- .I gid
- fields are two numbers indicating the users user-id and group-id. These
- id's do not have to be unique, there may be more than one name with the same
- id's.
- The
- .I gecos
- field can be set by the user. It is expected to be a comma separated list
- of personal data where the first item is the full name of the user.
- The
- .I dir
- field
- is the path name of the users home directory.
- Lastly the
- .I shell
- field is the path name of the users login shell, it may be empty to indicate
- .BR /bin/sh .
- A Minix specific extension allows the shell field to contain extra space
- separated arguments for the shell.
- .PP
- Lines in the group file consist of four fields:
- .PP
- .RS
- .I name:passwd:gid:mem
- .RE
- .PP
- The
- .I name
- field is the name of the group, same restrictions as a login name.
- The
- .I passwd
- field may be used to let users change groups.
- The
- .I gid
- field is a number telling the group-id. The group-id is unique for a group.
- The
- .I mem
- field is a comma separated list of login names that are special members of
- the group. If a system supports supplementary group id's then a user's set
- of supplementary group id's is set to all the groups they are a member of.
- If a system allows one to change groups then one can change to a group one
- is a member of without using the group's password.
- .PP
- The shadow password file has precisely the same form as the password file,
- except that only the
- .I name
- or
- .I passwd
- fields are used as yet. The other fields are zero or empty. A password in
- the password file may have the form
- .BI "##" user
- to indicate the entry
- .I user
- in the shadow password file. The password in this entry is then used for
- authentication of the user. The shadow file can only be read by the
- privileged utility
- .BR pwdauth (8),
- so that the encrypted passwords in the shadow file are kept secret, and thus
- safe from a dictionary attack.
- .SS "Special password and group file entries"
- There are several entries in the password and group files that are
- preallocated for current or future use. All id's less than 10 are reserved.
- The special password file entries are:
- .PP
- .RS
- .nf
- root:##root:0:0:Big Brother:/usr/src:
- daemon:*:1:1:The Deuce:/etc:
- bin:##root:2:0:Binaries:/usr/src:
- uucp:*:5:5:UNIX to UNIX copy:/usr/spool/uucp:/usr/sbin/uucico
- news:*:6:6:Usenet news:/usr/spool/news:
- ftp:*:7:7:Anonymous FTP:/usr/ftp:
- nobody:*:9999:99::/tmp:
- ast:*:8:3:Andrew S. Tanenbaum:/usr/ast:
- .fi
- .RE
- .PP
- The
- .B root
- id is of course the super user.
- The
- .B daemon
- id is used by some daemons. Some devices are protected so that only those
- daemons can access them.
- The
- .B bin
- id owns all sources and most binaries.
- The
- .BR uucp ,
- .BR news
- and
- .BR ftp
- id's are for serial line data transfer, usenet news, or ftp if so needed.
- The
- .B nobody
- id is used in those cases that a program may not have any privileges at all.
- The
- .B ast
- id is the honorary home directory for Andrew S. Tanenbaum, the creator of
- Minix. You can also find the initial contents for a new home directory
- there.
- .PP
- The special group file entries are:
- .PP
- .RS
- .nf
- operator:*:0:
- daemon:*:1:
- bin:*:2:
- other:*:3:
- tty:*:4:
- uucp:*:5:
- news:*:6:
- ftp:*:7:
- kmem:*:8:
- nogroup:*:99:
- .fi
- .RE
- .PP
- Groups with the same name as special user id are used with those id's.
- The
- .B operator
- group is for the administrators of the system. Users in this group are
- granted special privileges.
- The
- .B other
- group is for ordinary users.
- The
- .B tty
- group is for terminal devices, and associated set-gid commands.
- Same thing with the
- .B kmem
- group and memory devices.
- .SH FILES
- .TP 15n
- .B /etc/passwd
- The user database.
- .TP
- .B /etc/group
- The group database.
- .TP
- .B /etc/shadow
- The shadow password file.
- .SH "SEE ALSO"
- .BR login (1),
- .BR passwd (1),
- .BR su (1),
- .BR crypt (3),
- .BR getpwent (3),
- .BR getgrent (3),
- .BR pwdauth (8).
- .SH NOTES
- The
- .B nobody
- and
- .B nogroup
- id's are likely to be renumbered to the highest possible id's once it is
- figured out what they are.
- .SH AUTHOR
- Kees J. Bot (kjb@cs.vu.nl)