HD.4
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- HD(4) Minix Programmer's Manual HD(4)
- NAME
- hd - winchester hard disk
- DESCRIPTION
- The hd* family of devices refer to the Winchester hard disk drivers for
- the IBM XT, AT and PS/2 machines, but may also refer to the generic (and
- slower) BIOS based hard disk driver. These disks are arrays of 512 byte
- sectors, although Minix always works with two sectors at a time due to
- its 1024 byte block size. You can read or write any number of bytes
- however, Minix takes care of cutting and pasting incomplete blocks
- together.
- The devices may be divided into three classes:
- The devices with a minor device number that is a multiple of 5, i.e.
- hd0 or hd5, refer to the whole hard disk 0 and 1. Through these
- devices one has access to any block on the hard disk. Most notably
- the partition table, that can be found in the first sector of the
- disk.
- The devices with a minor device number that is not a multiple of 5,
- i.e. hd1, hd2, ..., hd6, ..., refer to primary partitions of the
- lower numbered whole hard disk device. These devices normally
- contain MS-DOS or Minix file systems. /dev/hd1 is often the MS-DOS
- C: drive.
- Minor devices from 128 up may refer to Minix subpartitions within
- primary partitions if a subpartition table has been placed in a
- Minix primary partition. The subpartitions of hd3 for instance, are
- named hd3a through hd3d. Their minor device numbers may be
- calculated as 128 + 16*drive + 4*partition + subpartition, counting
- the partitions from zero.
- If a primary partition is an extended partition then up to four logical
- partitions can be accessed as subpartitions of that extended partition.
- This allows one to access foreign file systems of other operating
- systems, Minix file systems are not normally placed in logical
- partitions.
- PARTITIONING
- The first sector of a drive (or partition for subpartitioning) contains
- the partition table at byte offset 446. This is what each of the four
- entries looks like as defined in <ibm/partition.h>:
- /* Description of entry in the partition table. */
- struct part_entry {
- unsigned char bootind; /* boot indicator 0/ACTIVE_FLAG */
- unsigned char start_head; /* head value for first sector */
- unsigned char start_sec; /* sector value + high 2 cyl bits */
- 1
- HD(4) Minix Programmer's Manual HD(4)
- unsigned char start_cyl; /* low 8 cylinder bits */
- unsigned char sysind; /* system indicator */
- unsigned char last_head; /* h/s/c for the last sector */
- unsigned char last_sec;
- unsigned char last_cyl;
- unsigned long lowsec; /* logical first sector */
- unsigned long size; /* size of partition in sectors */
- };
- #define ACTIVE_FLAG 0x80 /* value for active in bootind field */
- #define NR_PARTITIONS 4 /* number of entries in table */
- #define PART_TABLE_OFF 0x1BE /* offset of table in boot sector */
- /* Partition types (sysind). */
- #define MINIX_PART 0x81 /* Minix partition type */
- #define NO_PART 0x00 /* unused entry */
- #define OLD_MINIX_PART 0x80 /* created before 1.4b, obsolete */
- #define EXT_PART 0x05 /* extended partition */
- The cylinder numbers are encoded in a very strange way, bits 8 and 9 are
- in the high two bits of the sector number. The sector numbers count from
- 1, not 0! More useful are the lowsec and size fields however, they
- simply give the location of the partition as an absolute sector offset
- and length within the drive.
- The partition table entry defined above is specific to IBM type disks.
- The device drivers use another partition entry structure to pass
- information on a partition. This is what <minix/partition.h> looks like:
- struct partition {
- u64_t base; /* byte offset to the partition start */
- u64_t size; /* number of bytes in the partition */
- unsigned cylinders; /* disk geometry for partitioning */
- unsigned heads;
- unsigned sectors;
- };
- The base and size fields are the byte offset and length of a partition.
- (These are 64 bit numbers under Minix-vmd, but only 32 bit numbers under
- standard Minix.) The geometry of the disk is also given for the benefit
- of partition table editors. This information can be obtained from an
- open disk device with the call:
- ioctl(fd, DIOCGETP, &entry);
- One can change the placement of the device to the lowsec and size fields
- of entry by using the DIOCSETP call instead. Only the base and size
- fields are used for DIOCSETP.
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- HD(4) Minix Programmer's Manual HD(4)
- The partition tables when read from disk by the driver are checked and
- truncated to fit within the primary partition or drive. The first sector
- should be left free for the partition table.
- The partition tables are read when the in-use count (opens and mounts)
- changes from 0 to 1. So an idle disk is automatically repartitioned on
- the next access. This means that repartitioning programs only have
- effect if a disk stays in use, unless they reload a changed partition
- table.
- FILES
- /dev/hd[0-9], /dev/hd[1-46-9][a-d]
- SEE ALSO
- ioctl(2), int64(3), part(8), repartition(8).
- BUGS
- The subpartitioning is incompatible with the MS-DOS method of extended
- partitions. The latter does not map well to the sparse minor device
- number space.
- The primary partition table is sorted by lowsec like MS-DOS does,
- subpartition tables are not. Just think about what happens when you
- delete a partition in the MS-DOS scheme.
- Don't move a partition that is mounted or kept open by some process. The
- file system may write cached blocks to the new location.
- The BIOS driver is not slow at all on a buffered disk.
- Some IDE disks send an interrupt when they spin down under hardware power
- management. The driver acknowledges the interrupt as it is supposed to
- do by reading the status register. The disk then spins up again... You
- have to disable the spin down in the computer setup to fix the problem.
- AUTHOR
- Kees J. Bot (kjb@cs.vu.nl)
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