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- HOST(1) Minix Programmer's Manual HOST(1)
- NAME
- host - look up host names using domain server
- SYNOPSIS
- host [-l] [-v] [-w] [-r] [-d] [-t querytype] [-a] host [ server ]
- DESCRIPTION
- Host looks for information about Internet hosts. It gets this
- information from a set of interconnected servers that are spread across
- the country. By default, it simply converts between host names and
- Internet addresses. However with the -t or -a options, it can be used to
- find all of the information about this host that is maintained by the
- domain server.
- The arguments can be either host names or host numbers. The program
- first attempts to interpret them as host numbers. If this fails, it will
- treat them as host names. A host number consists of first decimal
- numbers separated by dots, e.g. 128.6.4.194 A host name consists of names
- separated by dots, e.g. topaz.rutgers.edu. Unless the name ends in a dot,
- the local domain is automatically tacked on the end. Thus a Rutgers user
- can say "host topaz", and it will actually look up "topaz.rutgers.edu".
- If this fails, the name is tried unchanged (in this case, "topaz"). This
- same convention is used for mail and other network utilities. The actual
- suffix to tack on the end is obtained by looking at the results of a
- "hostname" call, and using everything starting at the first dot. (See
- below for a description of how to customize the host name lookup.)
- The first argument is the host name you want to look up. If this is a
- number, an "inverse query" is done, i.e. the domain system looks in a
- separate set of databases used to convert numbers to names.
- The second argument is optional. It allows you to specify a particular
- server to query. If you don't specify this argument, the default server
- (normally the local machine) is used.
- If a name is specified, you may see output of three different kinds.
- Here is an example that shows all of them:
- % host sun4
- sun4.rutgers.edu is a nickname for ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU
- ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU has address 128.6.5.46
- ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU has address 128.6.4.4
- ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU mail is handled by ARAMIS.RUTGERS.EDU
- The user has typed the command "host sun4". The first line indicates
- that the name "sun4.rutgers.edu" is actually a nickname. The official
- host name is "ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU'. The next two lines show the address.
- If a system has more than one network interface, there will be a separate
- address for each. The last line indicates that ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU does
- not receive its own mail. Mail for it is taken by ARAMIS.RUTGERS.EDU.
- There may be more than one such line, since some systems have more than
- one other system that will handle mail for them. Technically, every
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- HOST(1) Minix Programmer's Manual HOST(1)
- system that can receive mail is supposed to have an entry of this kind.
- If the system receives its own mail, there should be an entry the
- mentions the system itself, for example "XXX mail is handled by XXX".
- However many systems that receive their own mail do not bother to mention
- that fact. If a system has a "mail is handled by" entry, but no address,
- this indicates that it is not really part of the Internet, but a system
- that is on the network will forward mail to it. Systems on Usenet,
- Bitnet, and a number of other networks have entries of this kind.
- There are a number of options that can be used before the host name.
- Most of these options are meaningful only to the staff who have to
- maintain the domain database.
- The option -w causes host to wait forever for a response. Normally it
- will time out after around a minute.
- The option -v causes printout to be in a "verbose" format. This is the
- official domain master file format, which is documented in the man page
- for "named". Without this option, output still follows this format in
- general terms, but some attempt is made to make it more intelligible to
- normal users. Without -v, "a", "mx", and "cname" records are written out
- as "has address", "mail is handled by", and "is a nickname for", and TTL
- and class fields are not shown.
- The option -r causes recursion to be turned off in the request. This
- means that the name server will return only data it has in its own
- database. It will not ask other servers for more information.
- The option -d turns on debugging. Network transactions are shown in
- detail.
- The option -t allows you to specify a particular type of information to
- be looked up. The arguments are defined in the man page for "named".
- Currently supported types are a, ns, md, mf, cname, soa, mb, mg, mr,
- null, wks, ptr, hinfo, minfo, mx, uinfo, uid, gid, unspec, and the
- wildcard, which may be written as either "any" or "*". Types must be
- given in lower case. Note that the default is to look first for "a", and
- then "mx", except that if the verbose option is turned on, the default is
- only "a".
- The option -a (for "all") is equivalent to "-v -t any".
- The option -l causes a listing of a complete domain. E.g.
- host -l rutgers.edu
- will give a listing of all hosts in the rutgers.edu domain. The -t
- option is used to filter what information is presented, as you would
- expect. The default is address information, which also include PTR and
- NS records. The command
- host -l -v -t any rutgers.edu
- will give a complete download of the zone data for rutgers.edu, in the
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- HOST(1) Minix Programmer's Manual HOST(1)
- official master file format. (However the SOA record is listed twice,
- for arcane reasons.) NOTE: -l is implemented by doing a complete zone
- transfer and then filtering out the information the you have asked for.
- This command should be used only if it is absolutely necessary.
- CUSTOMIZING HOST NAME LOOKUP
- In general, if the name supplied by the user does not have any dots in
- it, a default domain is appended to the end. This domain can be defined
- in /etc/resolv.conf, but is normally derived by taking the local hostname
- after its first dot. The user can override this, and specify a different
- default domain, using the environment variable LOCALDOMAIN. In addition,
- the user can supply his own abbreviations for host names. They should be
- in a file consisting of one line per abbreviation. Each line contains an
- abbreviation, a space, and then the full host name. This file must be
- pointed to by an environment variable HOSTALIASES, which is the name of
- the file.
- See Also
- named (8)
- BUGS
- Unexpected effects can happen when you type a name that is not part of
- the local domain. Please always keep in mind the fact that the local
- domain name is tacked onto the end of every name, unless it ends in a
- dot. Only if this fails is the name used unchanged.
- The -l option only tries the first name server listed for the domain that
- you have requested. If this server is dead, you may need to specify a
- server manually. E.g. to get a listing of foo.edu, you could try "host -t
- ns foo.edu" to get a list of all the name servers for foo.edu, and then
- try "host -l foo.edu xxx" for all xxx on the list of name servers, until
- you find one that works.
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