TTY.4
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- .TH TTY 4
- .SH NAME
- tty, termios - terminals
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- The
- .B tty
- driver family takes care of all user input and output. It governs the
- keyboard, the console, the serial lines, and pseudo ttys. Input on any of
- these devices undergoes "input processing", and output undergoes "output
- processing" according to the standard termios terminal interface.
- .SS "Input processing"
- Each terminal device has an input queue. This queue is used to store
- preprocessed input characters, and to perform the backspacing and erase
- functions. Some special characters like a newline make the contents of the
- queue available to a process reading from the terminal. Characters up to
- and including the newline, or another so-called "line break", may be read by
- a process. The process need not read all characters at once. An input line
- may be read byte by byte if one wants to. A line break just makes
- characters available for reading, thats all.
- .PP
- When data is made available depends on whether the tty is in canonical mode
- or not. In canonical mode the terminal processes input line by line. A
- line ends with a newline
- .RB ( NL ),
- end-of-file
- .RB ( EOF ),
- or end-of-line
- .RB ( EOL ).
- Characters that have not been delimited by such a line break may be erased
- one by one with the
- .B ERASE
- character or all at once with the
- .B KILL
- character. Once a line break is typed the characters become available to a
- reading process and can no longer be erased. Once read they are removed
- from the input queue. Several lines may be gathered in the input queue if
- no reader is present to read them, but a new reader will only receive one
- line. Two line breaks are never returned in one read call. The input queue
- has a maximum length of
- .B MAX_CANON
- characters. Any more characters are discarded. One must use
- .B ERASE
- or
- .B KILL
- to make the terminal functioning again if the input queue fills up. If
- nonblocking I/O is set then -1 is returned with
- .B errno
- set to
- .B EAGAIN
- if the reader would otherwise be blocked.
- .PP
- In non-canonical mode (raw mode for short) all characters are immediately
- available to the reader in principle. One may however tune the terminal to
- bursty input with the
- .B MIN
- and
- .B TIME
- parameters, see the raw I/O parameters section below. In raw mode no
- characters are discarded if the input queue threatens to overflow if the
- device supports flow control.
- .SS "Output processing"
- Characters written to a terminal device may undergo output processing, which
- is usually just inserting a carriage returns before newlines. A writer
- may return before all characters are output if the characters can be stored
- in the output buffers. If not then the writer may be blocked until space is
- available. If non-blocking I/O is set then only the count of the number of
- bytes that can be processed immediately is returned. If no characters can
- be written at all then -1 is returned with
- .B errno
- set to
- .BR EAGAIN .
- .SS "Special characters"
- Some characters have special functions in some of the terminal modes. These
- characters are as follows, with the Minix defaults shown in parentheses:
- .TP 5
- .BR INTR " (^?)"
- Special input character that is recognized if
- .B ISIG
- is set. (For
- .B ISIG
- and other flags see the various modes sections below.) It causes a
- .B SIGINT
- signal to be sent to all processes in the terminal process group. (See the
- section on session leaders below.)
- .TP
- .BR QUIT " (^e)"
- Special input character if
- .B ISIG
- is set. Causes a
- .B SIGQUIT
- signal to be sent to the terminal process group.
- .TP
- .BR ERASE " (^H)"
- Special input character if
- .B ICANON
- is set. Erases the last character in the current line.
- .TP
- .BR KILL " (^U)"
- Special input character if
- .B ICANON
- is set. Erases the entire line.
- .TP
- .BR EOF " (^D)"
- Special input character if
- .B ICANON
- is set. It is a line break character that is not itself returned to a
- reader. If EOF is typed with no input present then the read returns zero,
- which normally causes the reader to assume that end-of-file is reached.
- .TP
- .BR CR " (^M)"
- Special input character if
- .B IGNCR
- or
- .B ICRNL
- is set. It is a carriage return ('er'). If
- .B IGNCR
- is set then
- .B CR
- is discarded. If
- .B ICRNL
- is set and
- .B IGNCR
- is not set then
- .B CR
- is changed into an
- .B NL
- and has the same function as
- .BR NL.
- .TP
- .BR NL " (^J)"
- Special input character if
- .B ICANON
- is set. It is both a newline ('en') and a line break.
- .br
- Special output character if
- .B OPOST
- and
- .B ONLCR
- are set. A
- .B CR NL
- sequence is output instead of just
- .BR NL .
- (Minix specific, but almost mandatory on any UNIX-like system.)
- .TP
- .BR TAB " (^I)"
- Special character on output if
- .B OPOST
- and
- .B XTABS
- are set. It is transformed into the number of spaces necessary to reach a
- column position that is a multiple of eight. (Only needed for terminals
- without hardware tabs.)
- .TP
- .BR EOL " (undefined)"
- Special input character if
- .B ICANON
- is set. It is an additional line break.
- .TP
- .BR SUSP " (^Z)"
- Special input character if job control is implemented and
- .B ISIG
- is set. It causes a
- .B SIGTSTP
- signal to be send to the terminal process group. (Minix does not have job
- control.)
- .TP
- .BR STOP " (^S)"
- Special input character if
- .B IXON
- is set. It suspends terminal output and is then discarded.
- .TP
- .BR START " (^Q)"
- Special output character if
- .B IXON
- is set. It starts terminal output if suspended and is then discarded. If
- .B IXANY
- is also set then any other character also starts terminal output, but they
- are not discarded.
- .TP
- .BR REPRINT " (^R)"
- Special input character if
- .B IEXTEN
- and
- .B ECHO
- are set. Reprints the input queue from the last line break onwards. A
- reprint also happens automatically if the echoed input has been messed up by
- other output and
- .B ERASE
- is typed.
- .TP
- .BR LNEXT " (^V)"
- Special input character if
- .B IEXTEN
- is set. It is the "literal next" character that causes the next character
- to be input without any special processing.
- .TP
- .BR DISCARD " (^O)"
- Special input character if
- .B IEXTEN
- is set. Causes output to be discarded until it is typed again. (Implemented
- only under Minix-vmd.)
- .PP
- All of these characters except
- .BR CR ,
- .B NL
- and
- .B TAB
- may be changed or disabled under Minix. (Changes to
- .B START
- and
- .B STOP
- may be ignored under other termios implementations.) The
- .B REPRINT
- and
- .B LNEXT
- characters are Minix extensions that are commonly present in other
- implementations. s-2POSIXs+2 is unclear on whether
- .BR IEXTEN,
- .BR IGNCR
- and
- .BR ICRNL
- should be active in non-canonical mode, but under Minix they are.
- .SS "Terminal attributes"
- The attributes of a terminal, such as whether the mode should be canonical or
- non-canonical, are controlled by routines that use the
- .B termios
- structure as defined in
- .BR <termios.h> :
- .PP
- .RS
- .nf
- .ta +4n +10n +15n
- struct termios {
- tcflag_t c_iflag; /* input modes */
- tcflag_t c_oflag; /* output modes */
- tcflag_t c_cflag; /* control modes */
- tcflag_t c_lflag; /* local modes */
- speed_t c_ispeed; /* input speed */
- speed_t c_ospeed; /* output speed */
- cc_t c_cc[NCCS]; /* control characters */
- };
- .fi
- .RE
- .PP
- The types
- .BR tcflag ,
- .B speed_t
- and
- .B cc_t
- are defined in
- .B <termios.h>
- as unsigned integral types.
- .SS "Input Modes"
- The
- .B c_iflag
- field contains the following single bit flags that control input processing:
- .TP 5
- .B ICRNL
- Map
- .B CR
- to
- .B NL
- on input.
- .TP
- .B IGNCR
- Ignore
- .B CR
- on input. This flag overrides
- .BR ICRNL .
- .TP
- .B INLCR
- Map
- .B NL
- to
- .B CR
- on input. This is done after the
- .B IGNCR
- check.
- .TP
- .B IXON
- Enable start/stop output control.
- .TP
- .B IXOFF
- Enable start/stop input control. (Not implemented.)
- .TP
- .B IXANY
- Allow any character to restart output. (Minix specific.)
- .TP
- .B ISTRIP
- Strip characters to seven bits.
- .TP
- .B IGNPAR
- Ignore characters with parity errors. (Not implemented.)
- .TP
- .B INPCK
- Enable input parity checking. (Not implemented.)
- .TP
- .B PARMRK
- Mark parity errors by preceding the faulty character with 'e377', 'e0'.
- The character 'e377' is preceded by another 'e377' to avoid ambiguity.
- (Not implemented.)
- .TP
- .B BRKINT
- Send the signal
- .B SIGINT
- to the terminal process group when receiving a break condition. (Not
- implemented.)
- .TP
- .B IGNBRK
- Ignore break condition. If neither
- .B BRKINT
- or
- .B IGNBRK
- is set a break is input as a single 'e0', or if
- .B PARMRK
- is set as 'e377', 'e0', 'e0'.
- (Breaks are always ignored.)
- .SS "Output Modes"
- The
- .B c_oflag
- field contains the following single bit flags that control output processing:
- .TP
- .B OPOST
- Perform output processing. This flag is the "main switch" on output
- processing. All other flags are Minix specific.
- .TP
- .B ONLCR
- Transform an
- .B NL
- to a
- .B CR NL
- sequence on output. Note that a key labeled "RETURN" or "ENTER" usually
- sends a
- .BR CR .
- In line oriented mode this is normally transformed into
- .B NL
- by
- .BR ICRNL .
- .B NL
- is the normal UNIX line delimiter ('en'). On output an
- .B NL
- is transformed into the
- .B CR NL
- sequence that is necessary to reach the first column of the next line.
- (This is a common output processing function for UNIX-like systems, but not
- always separately switchable by an
- .B ONLCR
- flag.)
- .TP
- .B XTABS
- Transform a
- .B TAB
- into the number of spaces necessary to reach a column position that is a
- multiple of eight.
- .TP
- .B ONOEOT
- Discard
- .B EOT
- (^D) characters. (Minix-vmd only.)
- .SS "Control Modes"
- The
- .B c_cflag
- field contains the following single bit flags and bit field for basic
- hardware control:
- .TP
- .B CLOCAL
- Ignore modem status lines.
- .TP
- .B CREAD
- Enable receiver. (The receiver is always enabled.)
- .TP
- .B CSIZE
- Number of bits per byte.
- .B CSIZE
- masks off the values
- .BR CS5 ,
- .BR CS6 ,
- .BR CS7
- and
- .BR CS8
- that indicate that 5, 6, 7 or 8 bits are used.
- .TP
- .B CSTOPB
- Send two stop bits instead of one. Two stop bits are normally used at 110
- baud or less.
- .TP
- .B PARENB
- Enable parity generation.
- .TP
- .B PARODD
- Generate odd parity if parity is generated, otherwise even parity.
- .TP
- .B HUPCL
- Drop the modem control lines on the last close of the terminal line. (Not
- implemented.)
- .SS "Local Modes"
- The
- .B c_lflag
- field contains the following single bit flags that control various functions:
- .TP
- .B ECHO
- Enable echoing of input characters. Most input characters are echoed as
- they are. Control characters are echoed as
- .BI "^" X
- where
- .I X
- is the letter used to say that the control character is
- .BI CTRL- XfR.
- The
- .BR CR ,
- .BR NL
- and
- .BR TAB
- characters are echoed with their normal effect unless they are escaped by
- .BR LNEXT .
- .TP
- .B ECHOE
- If
- .B ICANON
- and
- .B ECHO
- are set then echo
- .B ERASE
- and
- .B KILL
- as one or more backspace-space-backspace sequences to wipe out the last
- character or the entire line, otherwise they are echoed as they are.
- .TP
- .B ECHOK
- If
- .B ICANON
- and
- .B ECHO
- are set and
- .B ECHOE
- is not set then output an
- .B NL
- after the
- .B KILL
- character. (For hardcopy terminals it is best to unset
- .B ECHOE
- and to set
- .BR ECHOK .)
- .TP
- .B ECHONL
- Echo
- .B NL
- even if
- .B ECHO
- is not set, but
- .B ICANON
- is set.
- .TP
- .B ICANON
- Canonical input. This enables line oriented input and erase and kill
- processing.
- .TP
- .B IEXTEN
- Enable implementation defined input extensions.
- .TP
- .B ISIG
- Enable the signal characters
- .BR INTR ,
- .BR QUIT
- and
- .BR SUSP .
- .TP
- .B NOFLSH
- Disable the flushing of the input and output queues that is normally done if
- a signal is sent.
- .TP
- .B TOSTOP
- Send a
- .B SIGTTOU
- signal if job control is implemented and a background process tries to
- write. (Minix has no job control.)
- .SS "Input and output speed"
- The input and output speed are encoded into the
- .B c_ispeed
- and
- .B c_ospeed
- fields.
- .B <termios.h>
- defines the symbols
- .BR B0 ,
- .BR B50 ,
- .BR B75 ,
- .BR B110 ,
- .BR B134 ,
- .BR B150 ,
- .BR B200 ,
- .BR B300 ,
- .BR B600 ,
- .BR B1200 ,
- .BR B1800 ,
- .BR B2400 ,
- .BR B4800 ,
- .BR B9600 ,
- .BR B19200 ,
- .BR B38400 ,
- .BR B57600
- and
- .BR B115200
- as values used to indicate the given baud rates. The zero baud rate,
- .BR B0 ,
- if used for the input speed causes the input speed to be equal to the
- output speed. Setting the output speed to zero hangs up the line. One
- should use the functions
- .BR cfgetispeed() ,
- .BR cfgetospeed() ,
- .BR cfsetispeed()
- and
- .BR cfsetospeed()
- to get or set a speed, because the
- .B c_ispeed
- and
- .B c_ospeed
- fields may not be visible under other implementations. (The
- .B c_ispeed
- and
- .B c_ospeed
- fields and the
- .B B57600
- and
- .B B115200
- symbols are Minix specific.)
- .SS "Special characters"
- The
- .B c_cc
- array contains the special characters that can be modified. The array has
- length
- .B NCCS
- and is subscripted by the symbols
- .BR VEOF ,
- .BR VEOL ,
- .BR VERASE ,
- .BR VINTR ,
- .BR VKILL ,
- .BR VMIN ,
- .BR VQUIT ,
- .BR VTIME ,
- .BR VSUSP ,
- .BR VSTART ,
- .BR VSTOP ,
- .BR VREPRINT ,
- .BR VLNEXT
- and
- .BR VDISCARD .
- All these symbols are defined in
- .BR <termios.h> .
- Some implementations may give the same values to the
- .B VMIN
- and
- .B VTIME
- subscripts and the
- .B VEOF
- and
- .B VEOL
- subscripts respectively, and may ignore changes to
- .B START
- and
- .BR STOP .
- (Under Minix all special characters have there own
- .I c_cc
- slot and can all be modified.)
- .SS "Raw I/O Parameters"
- The
- .B MIN
- and
- .B TIME
- parameters can be used to adjust a raw connection to bursty input.
- .B MIN
- represents a minimum number of bytes that must be received before a read
- call returns.
- .B TIME
- is a timer of 0.1 second granularity that can be used to time out a read.
- Setting either of these parameters to zero has special meaning, which leads
- to the following four possibilities:
- .TP 5
- .B "MIN > 0, TIME > 0"
- .B TIME
- is an inter-byte timer that is started (and restarted) when a byte is
- received. A read succeeds when either the minimum number of characters
- is received or the timer expires. Note that the timer starts
- .B after
- the first character, so the read returns at least one byte.
- .TP
- .B "MIN > 0, TIME = 0"
- Now the timer is disabled, and a reader blocks indefinitely until at least
- .B MIN
- characters are received.
- .TP
- .B "MIN = 0, TIME > 0"
- .B TIME
- is now a read timer that is started when a read is executed. The read will
- return if the read timer expires or if at least one byte is input. (Note
- that a value of zero may be returned to the reader.)
- .TP
- .B "MIN = 0, TIME = 0"
- The bytes currently available are returned. Zero is returned if no bytes
- are available.
- .SS "User Level Functions"
- Termios attributes are set or examined, and special functions can be
- performed by using the functions described in
- .BR termios (2).
- .SS "Session Leaders and Process Groups"
- With the use of the
- .B setsid()
- function can a process become a session leader. A session leader forms a
- process group with a process group id equal to the process id of the session
- leader. If a session leader opens a terminal device file then this terminal
- becomes the controlling tty of the session leader. Unless the terminal is
- already the controlling tty of another process, or unless the
- .B O_NOCTTY
- flag is used to prevent the allocation of a controlling tty. The process
- group of the session leader is now remembered as the terminal process group
- for signals sent by the terminal driver. All the children and grandchildren
- of the session leader inherit the controlling terminal and process group
- until they themselves use
- .BR setsid() .
- .PP
- The controlling tty becomes inaccessible to the children of the session
- leader when the session leader exits, and a hangup signal is sent to all
- the members of the process group. The input and output queues are flushed
- on the last close of a terminal and all attributes are reset to the default
- state.
- .PP
- A special device
- .B /dev/tty
- is a synonym for the controlling tty of a process. It allows a process to
- reach the terminal even when standard input, output and error are
- redirected. Opening this device can also be used as a test to see if a
- process has a controlling tty or not.
- .PP
- For Minix a special write-only device
- .B /dev/log
- exists for processes that want to write messages to the system console.
- Unlike the console this device is still accessible when a session leader
- exits.
- .PP
- Minix-vmd also has a
- .B /dev/log
- device, but this device is read-write. All messages written to the log
- device or to the console when X11 is active can be read from
- .BR /dev/log .
- The system tries to preserve the log buffer over a reboot so that panic
- messages reappear in the log if the system happens to crash.
- .SS "Pseudo Terminals"
- Pseudo ttys allow a process such as a remote login daemon to set up a
- terminal for a remote login session. The login session uses a device like
- .B /dev/ttyp0
- for input and output, and the remote login daemon uses the device
- .B /dev/ptyp0
- to supply input to or take output from the login session and transfer this
- to or from the originating system. So the character flow may be: Local
- user input sent to the remote system is written to
- .B /dev/ptyp0
- by the remote login daemon, undergoes input processing and appears on
- .B /dev/ttyp0
- as input to the login session. Output from the login session to
- .B /dev/ttyp0
- undergoes output processing, is read from
- .B /dev/ptyp0
- by the remote login daemon and is send over to the local system to be
- displayed for the user. (So there are only four data streams to worry about
- in a pseudo terminal.)
- .PP
- A pseudo terminal can be allocated by trying to open all the controlling
- devices
- .BI /dev/pty nn
- one by one until it succeeds. Further opens will fail once a pty is open.
- The process should now fork, the child should become session leader, open
- the tty side of the pty and start a login session.
- .PP
- If the tty side is eventually closed down then reads from the pty side will
- return zero and writes return -1 with
- .B errno
- set to
- .BR EIO .
- If the pty side is closed first then a
- .B SIGHUP
- signal is sent to the session leader and further reads from the tty side
- return zero and writes return -1 with
- .B errno
- set to
- .BR EIO .
- (Special note: A line erase may cause up to three times the size of the
- tty input queue to be sent to the pty reader as backspace overstrikes. Some
- of this output may get lost if the pty reader cannot accept it all at once
- in a single read call.)
- .SS "Backwards compatibility"
- The
- .BR TIOCGETP ,
- .BR TIOCSETP ,
- .BR TIOCGETC
- and
- .BR TIOCSETC
- ioctl functions that are used by the old
- .B sgtty
- terminal interface are still supported by the terminal driver by emulation.
- Note that these old functions cannot control all termios attributes, so the
- terminal must be in a relatively sane state to avoid problems.
- .SH FILES
- The list below shows all devices that Minix and Minix-vmd have. Not all of
- these devices are configured in by default, as indicated by the numbers
- (i/j/k, l/m/n) that tell the minimum, default and maximum possible number of
- these devices for Minix (i/j/k) and Minix-vmd (l/m/n).
- .TP 20
- .B /dev/console
- System console.
- .TP
- .B /dev/ttyc[1-7]
- Virtual consoles. (0/1/7, 0/1/7)
- .TP
- .BR /dev/log
- Console log device.
- .TP
- .B /dev/tty0[0-3]
- Serial lines. (0/2/2, 4/4/4)
- .TP
- .B /dev/tty[p-w][0-f]
- Pseudo ttys. (0/0/64, 1/32/128)
- .TP
- .B /dev/pty[p-w][0-f]
- Associated pseudo tty controllers.
- .SH "SEE ALSO"
- .BR stty (1),
- .BR termios (3),
- .BR setsid (2),
- .BR read (2),
- .BR write (2).
- .SH BUGS
- A fair number of flags are not implemented under Minix (yet). Luckily they
- are very limited utility and only apply to RS-232, not to the user interface.
- .SH AUTHOR
- Kees J. Bot (kjb@cs.vu.nl)