HD.4
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上传日期:2007-01-18
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- .TH HD 4
- .SH NAME
- hd - winchester hard disk
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- The
- .B hd*
- family of devices refer to the Winchester hard disk drivers for
- the IBM XT, AT and PS/2 machines, but may also refer to the generic (and
- slower) BIOS based hard disk driver. These disks are arrays of 512 byte
- sectors, although Minix always works with two sectors at a time due to its
- 1024 byte block size. You can read or write any number of bytes however,
- Minix takes care of cutting and pasting incomplete blocks together.
- .PP
- The devices may be divided into three classes:
- .sp
- .RS
- The devices with a minor device number that is a multiple of 5, i.e.
- .B hd0
- or
- .BR hd5 ,
- refer to the whole hard disk 0 and 1. Through these devices one has access
- to any block on the hard disk. Most notably the partition table, that can
- be found in the first sector of the disk.
- .sp
- The devices with a minor device number that is not a multiple of 5, i.e.
- .BR hd1 ,
- .BR hd2 ,
- &...,
- .BR hd6 ,
- &..., refer to primary partitions of the lower numbered whole hard disk
- device. These devices normally contain MS-DOS or Minix file systems.
- /dev/hd1 is often the MS-DOS C: drive.
- .sp
- Minor devices from 128 up may refer to Minix subpartitions within primary
- partitions if a subpartition table has been placed in a Minix primary
- partition. The subpartitions of
- .B hd3
- for instance, are named
- .B hd3a
- through
- .BR hd3d .
- Their minor device numbers may be calculated as
- 128 + 16*drive + 4*partition + subpartition, counting the partitions
- from zero.
- .PP
- If a primary partition is an extended partition then up to four logical
- partitions can be accessed as subpartitions of that extended partition.
- This allows one to access foreign file systems of other operating systems,
- Minix file systems are not normally placed in logical partitions.
- .SH PARTITIONING
- The first sector of a drive (or partition for subpartitioning) contains the
- partition table at byte offset 446. This is what each of the four entries
- looks like as defined in <ibm/partition.h>:
- .sp
- .nf
- .ta +2n +29n +37n
- /* Description of entry in the partition table. */
- struct part_entry {
- unsigned char bootind; /* boot indicator 0/ACTIVE_FLAG */
- unsigned char start_head; /* head value for first sector */
- unsigned char start_sec; /* sector value + high 2 cyl bits */
- unsigned char start_cyl; /* low 8 cylinder bits */
- unsigned char sysind; /* system indicator */
- unsigned char last_head; /* h/s/c for the last sector */
- unsigned char last_sec;
- unsigned char last_cyl;
- unsigned long lowsec; /* logical first sector */
- unsigned long size; /* size of partition in sectors */
- };
- .ta +24n +7n +37n
- #define ACTIVE_FLAG 0x80 /* value for active in bootind field */
- #define NR_PARTITIONS 4 /* number of entries in table */
- #define PART_TABLE_OFF 0x1BE /* offset of table in boot sector */
- /* Partition types (sysind). */
- #define MINIX_PART 0x81 /* Minix partition type */
- #define NO_PART 0x00 /* unused entry */
- #define OLD_MINIX_PART 0x80 /* created before 1.4b, obsolete */
- #define EXT_PART 0x05 /* extended partition */
- .fi
- .PP
- The cylinder numbers are encoded in a very strange way, bits 8 and 9 are
- in the high two bits of the sector number. The sector numbers count from 1,
- not 0! More useful are the lowsec and size fields however, they simply give
- the location of the partition as an absolute sector offset and length within
- the drive.
- .PP
- The partition table entry defined above is specific to IBM type disks. The
- device drivers use another partition entry structure to pass information on
- a partition. This is what <minix/partition.h> looks like:
- .sp
- .nf
- .ta +2n +25n
- struct partition {
- u64_t base; /* byte offset to the partition start */
- u64_t size; /* number of bytes in the partition */
- unsigned cylinders; /* disk geometry for partitioning */
- unsigned heads;
- unsigned sectors;
- };
- .fi
- .PP
- The base and size fields are the byte offset and length of a partition.
- (These are 64 bit numbers under Minix-vmd, but only 32 bit numbers under
- standard Minix.) The geometry of the disk is also given for the benefit of
- partition table editors. This information can be obtained from an open disk
- device with the call:
- .sp
- .RS
- .ft B
- ioctl(fIfdfP, DIOCGETP, &fIentryfP);
- .ft R
- .RE
- .sp
- One can change the placement of the device to the lowsec and size fields of
- .I entry
- by using the
- .B DIOCSETP
- call instead. Only the base and size fields are used for
- .BR DIOCSETP .
- .PP
- The partition tables when read from disk by the driver are checked and
- truncated to fit within the primary partition or drive. The first sector
- should be left free for the partition table.
- .PP
- The partition tables are read when the in-use count (opens and mounts)
- changes from 0 to 1. So an idle disk is automatically repartitioned on the
- next access. This means that repartitioning programs only have effect if a
- disk stays in use, unless they reload a changed partition table.
- .SH FILES
- /dev/hd[0-9], /dev/hd[1-46-9][a-d]
- .SH "SEE ALSO"
- .BR ioctl (2),
- .BR int64 (3),
- .BR part (8),
- .BR repartition (8).
- .SH BUGS
- The subpartitioning is incompatible with the MS-DOS method of extended
- partitions. The latter does not map well to the sparse minor device number
- space.
- .PP
- The primary partition table is sorted by lowsec like MS-DOS does, subpartition
- tables are not. Just think about what happens when you delete a partition in
- the MS-DOS scheme.
- .PP
- Don't move a partition that is mounted or kept open by some process. The
- file system may write cached blocks to the new location.
- .PP
- The BIOS driver is not slow at all on a buffered disk.
- .PP
- Some IDE disks send an interrupt when they spin down under hardware power
- management. The driver acknowledges the interrupt as it is supposed to do by
- reading the status register. The disk then spins up again... You have to
- disable the spin down in the computer setup to fix the problem.
- .SH AUTHOR
- Kees J. Bot (kjb@cs.vu.nl)