INSTALLB.8
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- INSTALLBOOT(8) Minix Programmer's Manual INSTALLBOOT(8)
- NAME
- installboot - make a device bootable
- SYNOPSIS
- installboot -i(mage) image [label:]kernel mm fs ... init
- installboot -(e)x(tract) image
- installboot -d(evice) device bootblock boot [[label:]image ...]
- installboot -b(oot) device bootblock boot [label:]image ...
- installboot -m(aster) [fix] device masterboot
- DESCRIPTION
- Installboot may be used to make a device bootable by constructing a
- kernel image and installing bootstrap code into the boot block of a Minix
- file system. To understand how this can be done one first has to know
- what happens when a PC is booted.
- When the power is turned on the typical PC will try to read the first
- sector from the first floppy disk or from the first hard disk into memory
- and execute it. The code obtained from the hard disk (from the so-called
- master boot sector) will immediately replace itself by the code found in
- the first sector of the active partition. Thus the PC is now executing
- the bootstrap code found in the first sector of /dev/fd0, /dev/hd1,
- /dev/hd2, /dev/hd3, or /dev/hd4. The bootstrap will locate the operating
- system on the device it itself was loaded from, load it, and execute it.
- To make a Minix file system /dev/fd0 mounted on /mnt bootable, enter the
- following:
- cp /usr/mdec/boot /mnt/boot
- installboot -i /mnt/minix kernel mm fs init
- installboot -d /dev/fd0 /usr/mdec/bootblock boot
- The "boot" program in the example is named the "boot monitor". It is
- loaded by the bootblock code placed in the boot sector of /dev/fd0 and it
- will take care of loading the kernel image "minix" from the root
- directory of the file system. See monitor(8) for a description of the
- boot monitor. Note that boot is a name in the file system on /dev/fd0 in
- this example, the same file as /mnt/boot. Making /mnt/minix is normally
- not necessary, there is usually a kernel image in the tools directory.
- OPTIONS
- -i(mage) image [label:]kernel mm fs ... init
- The -image option (or the -i shorthand) combines the executable
- files needed to run Minix in one file. Only the names and a few
- zero bytes are inserted into the image. The name is for
- identification and the zeros are used to pad separate pieces to
- sector boundaries for fast loading.
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- INSTALLBOOT(8) Minix Programmer's Manual INSTALLBOOT(8)
- An executable may be prefixed by a label. The monitor may be
- instructed to load processes by label. So more than one kernel
- process may be included in the image, each with a different
- winchester driver for instance. So if you have compiled two
- different kernels with an AT or XT driver then
- installboot -i image AT:at_kernel XT:xt_kernel mm fs init
- will make an image with two different labeled kernels and one
- unlabeled set of the other binaries.
- -(e)x(tract) image
- Extract the binaries from image under the names stored in the image.
- (The name includes the optional label.)
- -d(evice) device bootblock boot [[label:]image ...]
- Installs bootblock in the boot sector of device together with the
- disk addresses to boot. These disk addresses are needed to load
- boot from the file system at boot time. The argument boot is first
- searched in the file system on device. If it is not found then it
- is read as a normal file and added at the end of the file system.
- The file system should be smaller than the device it is on to allow
- this. Any extra images are also added to the end as described under
- -boot. (Make sure you understand all this.)
- The device need not be mounted when installboot is run, nor does it
- matter if it is.
- Installboot needs to be run again if boot is rewritten, because it
- will then occupy a new place on the disk.
- Old boot parameters are kept if there are no images added.
- -b(oot) device bootblock boot [label:]image ...
- This option fills a blank floppy in device with boot code and kernel
- images. This "boot disk" does not have a root file system, only the
- boot monitor and Minix kernels. The boot parameters sector is
- filled with code that enables menu options for selecting an image.
- After loading an image, the monitor will ask you to insert a root
- file system diskette before starting Minix.
- The labels used on the images should match those on the executables
- used inside the image. You can put a comma separated list of labels
- on an image for each label used within the image. For the image
- created earlier one would create a boot floppy like this:
- installboot -b /dev/fd0 bootblock boot AT,XT:image
- If a label-list is omitted on an image, then that image will be
- selected by default. (Like in the normal one image, no labels
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- INSTALLBOOT(8) Minix Programmer's Manual INSTALLBOOT(8)
- case.)
- Note that -device and -boot together allow you to make a boot floppy
- with or without a root file system. With the boot code in the file
- system, attached to the end of it, or after the boot block. And
- with one or more kernel images in the file system or at the end of
- the device. Somewhat confusing.
- -m(aster) [fix] device masterboot
- This option installs the masterboot program into the boot sector of
- the given device. If another device is given instead of masterboot
- then its bootstrap code is copied to device. The master bootstrap
- on a hard disk boots the active partition on that disk at boot time.
- The MS-DOS fdisk command normally puts a master bootstrap on the
- hard disk. Minix has two bootstraps that can be used as a master
- bootstrap. A fairly normal one named masterboot that works as
- follows:
- If the ALT key is held down while booting then '/dev/hd?'
- appears and you are expected to type a number key (0 - 9) to
- select the device to boot.
- If fix (a small number) is given then the bootstrap is locked
- into booting the /dev/hdfix disk or primary partition. This is
- needed if 'boot *hdN' is used from the monitor to boot an O.S.
- that needs the active flag set.
- If installed on a Minix floppy then it will try to boot the
- next floppy or the first hard disk. Ideal for floppies with
- just data on it, they will no longer obstruct the boot process
- if left in the drive. Also a very useful trick to boot from
- floppy drive 1.
- If installed on a hard disk then the active partition is
- selected and booted as usual, unless none of the partitions is
- marked active, then it will boot the next disk. The latter is
- useful if you want to boot an operating system from the second
- disk by default.
- The second bootstrap is named extboot. It has only one function, to
- boot the logical partition named by fix. Fix is not optional for
- extboot and must be a number-letter pair, like 2c for /dev/hd2c.
- Extboot or masterboot with a fix key need not be installed in the
- hard disk master bootstrap per se if you don't want to mess with the
- DOS master bootstrap, or if you want keep the active flag
- functioning. An extended partition or a non-root Minix partition
- are better candidates. It seems logical to put extboot in the
- extended partition boot block.
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- INSTALLBOOT(8) Minix Programmer's Manual INSTALLBOOT(8)
- A backup copy of the current master bootstrap (including the
- partition table) can be made with:
- dd if=device of=backup-file count=1
- A simple 'cat backup-file > device' will put it back. You can also
- use fdisk /mbr under MS-DOS 5.0 (or newer) to restore the master
- bootstrap.
- FILES
- /usr/mdec/bootblock Minix bootstrap for the Minix root device. To
- be placed in the boot sector.
- /usr/mdec/boot Minix Boot Monitor. Can usually be found in the
- root directory of a bootable device.
- /usr/mdec/masterboot Master bootstrap. Can be placed in the first
- sector of a disk to select the active partition.
- In a Minix primary partition it selects the
- active subpartition.
- /usr/mdec/extboot Extended partition bootstrap.
- SEE ALSO
- part(8), monitor(8).
- DIAGNOSTICS
- Boot doesn't fit on device
- If there is no space on the device to add the boot code. This
- usually means that there is no boot code in the file system you use
- installboot -device on.
- Image doesn't fit on device
- If the device is too small for all the images you try to put on it.
- BUGS
- It has four more options than the SunOS installboot program it is modeled
- after.
- The bootblock code has been crunched to such ugliness that you can use it
- to scare little kids out of your garden.
- AUTHOR
- Kees J. Bot (kjb@cs.vu.nl)
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