pcre.3
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- .TH PCRE 3
- .SH NAME
- pcre - Perl-compatible regular expressions.
- .SH SYNOPSIS
- .B #include <pcre.h>
- .PP
- .SM
- .br
- .B pcre *pcre_compile(const char *fIpatternfR, int fIoptionsfR,
- .ti +5n
- .B const char **fIerrptrfR, int *fIerroffsetfR,
- .ti +5n
- .B const unsigned char *fItableptrfR);
- .PP
- .br
- .B pcre_extra *pcre_study(const pcre *fIcodefR, int fIoptionsfR,
- .ti +5n
- .B const char **fIerrptrfR);
- .PP
- .br
- .B int pcre_exec(const pcre *fIcodefR, "const pcre_extra *fIextrafR,"
- .ti +5n
- .B "const char *fIsubjectfR," int fIlengthfR, int fIstartoffsetfR,
- .ti +5n
- .B int fIoptionsfR, int *fIovectorfR, int fIovecsizefR);
- .PP
- .br
- .B int pcre_copy_substring(const char *fIsubjectfR, int *fIovectorfR,
- .ti +5n
- .B int fIstringcountfR, int fIstringnumberfR, char *fIbufferfR,
- .ti +5n
- .B int fIbuffersizefR);
- .PP
- .br
- .B int pcre_get_substring(const char *fIsubjectfR, int *fIovectorfR,
- .ti +5n
- .B int fIstringcountfR, int fIstringnumberfR,
- .ti +5n
- .B const char **fIstringptrfR);
- .PP
- .br
- .B int pcre_get_substring_list(const char *fIsubjectfR,
- .ti +5n
- .B int *fIovectorfR, int fIstringcountfR, "const char ***fIlistptrfR);"
- .PP
- .br
- .B void pcre_free_substring(const char *fIstringptrfR);
- .PP
- .br
- .B void pcre_free_substring_list(const char **fIstringptrfR);
- .PP
- .br
- .B const unsigned char *pcre_maketables(void);
- .PP
- .br
- .B int pcre_fullinfo(const pcre *fIcodefR, "const pcre_extra *fIextrafR,"
- .ti +5n
- .B int fIwhatfR, void *fIwherefR);
- .PP
- .br
- .B int pcre_info(const pcre *fIcodefR, int *fIoptptrfR, int
- .B *fIfirstcharptrfR);
- .PP
- .br
- .B char *pcre_version(void);
- .PP
- .br
- .B void *(*pcre_malloc)(size_t);
- .PP
- .br
- .B void (*pcre_free)(void *);
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- The PCRE library is a set of functions that implement regular expression
- pattern matching using the same syntax and semantics as Perl 5, with just a few
- differences (see below). The current implementation corresponds to Perl 5.005,
- with some additional features from later versions. This includes some
- experimental, incomplete support for UTF-8 encoded strings. Details of exactly
- what is and what is not supported are given below.
- PCRE has its own native API, which is described in this document. There is also
- a set of wrapper functions that correspond to the POSIX regular expression API.
- These are described in the fBpcreposixfR documentation.
- The native API function prototypes are defined in the header file fBpcre.hfR,
- and on Unix systems the library itself is called fBlibpcre.afR, so can be
- accessed by adding fB-lpcrefR to the command for linking an application which
- calls it. The header file defines the macros PCRE_MAJOR and PCRE_MINOR to
- contain the major and minor release numbers for the library. Applications can
- use these to include support for different releases.
- The functions fBpcre_compile()fR, fBpcre_study()fR, and fBpcre_exec()fR
- are used for compiling and matching regular expressions. A sample program that
- demonstrates the simplest way of using them is given in the file
- fIpcredemo.cfR. The last section of this man page describes how to run it.
- The functions fBpcre_copy_substring()fR, fBpcre_get_substring()fR, and
- fBpcre_get_substring_list()fR are convenience functions for extracting
- captured substrings from a matched subject string; fBpcre_free_substring()fR
- and fBpcre_free_substring_list()fR are also provided, to free the memory used
- for extracted strings.
- The function fBpcre_maketables()fR is used (optionally) to build a set of
- character tables in the current locale for passing to fBpcre_compile()fR.
- The function fBpcre_fullinfo()fR is used to find out information about a
- compiled pattern; fBpcre_info()fR is an obsolete version which returns only
- some of the available information, but is retained for backwards compatibility.
- The function fBpcre_version()fR returns a pointer to a string containing the
- version of PCRE and its date of release.
- The global variables fBpcre_mallocfR and fBpcre_freefR initially contain
- the entry points of the standard fBmalloc()fR and fBfree()fR functions
- respectively. PCRE calls the memory management functions via these variables,
- so a calling program can replace them if it wishes to intercept the calls. This
- should be done before calling any PCRE functions.
- .SH MULTI-THREADING
- The PCRE functions can be used in multi-threading applications, with the
- proviso that the memory management functions pointed to by fBpcre_mallocfR
- and fBpcre_freefR are shared by all threads.
- The compiled form of a regular expression is not altered during matching, so
- the same compiled pattern can safely be used by several threads at once.
- .SH COMPILING A PATTERN
- The function fBpcre_compile()fR is called to compile a pattern into an
- internal form. The pattern is a C string terminated by a binary zero, and
- is passed in the argument fIpatternfR. A pointer to a single block of memory
- that is obtained via fBpcre_mallocfR is returned. This contains the compiled
- code and related data. The fBpcrefR type is defined for the returned block;
- this is a typedef for a structure whose contents are not externally defined. It
- is up to the caller to free the memory when it is no longer required.
- Although the compiled code of a PCRE regex is relocatable, that is, it does not
- depend on memory location, the complete fBpcrefR data block is not
- fully relocatable, because it contains a copy of the fItableptrfR argument,
- which is an address (see below).
- The size of a compiled pattern is roughly proportional to the length of the
- pattern string, except that each character class (other than those containing
- just a single character, negated or not) requires 33 bytes, and repeat
- quantifiers with a minimum greater than one or a bounded maximum cause the
- relevant portions of the compiled pattern to be replicated.
- The fIoptionsfR argument contains independent bits that affect the
- compilation. It should be zero if no options are required. Some of the options,
- in particular, those that are compatible with Perl, can also be set and unset
- from within the pattern (see the detailed description of regular expressions
- below). For these options, the contents of the fIoptionsfR argument specifies
- their initial settings at the start of compilation and execution. The
- PCRE_ANCHORED option can be set at the time of matching as well as at compile
- time.
- If fIerrptrfR is NULL, fBpcre_compile()fR returns NULL immediately.
- Otherwise, if compilation of a pattern fails, fBpcre_compile()fR returns
- NULL, and sets the variable pointed to by fIerrptrfR to point to a textual
- error message. The offset from the start of the pattern to the character where
- the error was discovered is placed in the variable pointed to by
- fIerroffsetfR, which must not be NULL. If it is, an immediate error is given.
- If the final argument, fItableptrfR, is NULL, PCRE uses a default set of
- character tables which are built when it is compiled, using the default C
- locale. Otherwise, fItableptrfR must be the result of a call to
- fBpcre_maketables()fR. See the section on locale support below.
- This code fragment shows a typical straightforward call to fBpcre_compile()fR:
- pcre *re;
- const char *error;
- int erroffset;
- re = pcre_compile(
- "^A.*Z", /* the pattern */
- 0, /* default options */
- &error, /* for error message */
- &erroffset, /* for error offset */
- NULL); /* use default character tables */
- The following option bits are defined in the header file:
- PCRE_ANCHORED
- If this bit is set, the pattern is forced to be "anchored", that is, it is
- constrained to match only at the start of the string which is being searched
- (the "subject string"). This effect can also be achieved by appropriate
- constructs in the pattern itself, which is the only way to do it in Perl.
- PCRE_CASELESS
- If this bit is set, letters in the pattern match both upper and lower case
- letters. It is equivalent to Perl's /i option.
- PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY
- If this bit is set, a dollar metacharacter in the pattern matches only at the
- end of the subject string. Without this option, a dollar also matches
- immediately before the final character if it is a newline (but not before any
- other newlines). The PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY option is ignored if PCRE_MULTILINE is
- set. There is no equivalent to this option in Perl.
- PCRE_DOTALL
- If this bit is set, a dot metacharater in the pattern matches all characters,
- including newlines. Without it, newlines are excluded. This option is
- equivalent to Perl's /s option. A negative class such as [^a] always matches a
- newline character, independent of the setting of this option.
- PCRE_EXTENDED
- If this bit is set, whitespace data characters in the pattern are totally
- ignored except when escaped or inside a character class, and characters between
- an unescaped # outside a character class and the next newline character,
- inclusive, are also ignored. This is equivalent to Perl's /x option, and makes
- it possible to include comments inside complicated patterns. Note, however,
- that this applies only to data characters. Whitespace characters may never
- appear within special character sequences in a pattern, for example within the
- sequence (?( which introduces a conditional subpattern.
- PCRE_EXTRA
- This option was invented in order to turn on additional functionality of PCRE
- that is incompatible with Perl, but it is currently of very little use. When
- set, any backslash in a pattern that is followed by a letter that has no
- special meaning causes an error, thus reserving these combinations for future
- expansion. By default, as in Perl, a backslash followed by a letter with no
- special meaning is treated as a literal. There are at present no other features
- controlled by this option. It can also be set by a (?X) option setting within a
- pattern.
- PCRE_MULTILINE
- By default, PCRE treats the subject string as consisting of a single "line" of
- characters (even if it actually contains several newlines). The "start of line"
- metacharacter (^) matches only at the start of the string, while the "end of
- line" metacharacter ($) matches only at the end of the string, or before a
- terminating newline (unless PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY is set). This is the same as
- Perl.
- When PCRE_MULTILINE it is set, the "start of line" and "end of line" constructs
- match immediately following or immediately before any newline in the subject
- string, respectively, as well as at the very start and end. This is equivalent
- to Perl's /m option. If there are no "\n" characters in a subject string, or
- no occurrences of ^ or $ in a pattern, setting PCRE_MULTILINE has no
- effect.
- PCRE_UNGREEDY
- This option inverts the "greediness" of the quantifiers so that they are not
- greedy by default, but become greedy if followed by "?". It is not compatible
- with Perl. It can also be set by a (?U) option setting within the pattern.
- PCRE_UTF8
- This option causes PCRE to regard both the pattern and the subject as strings
- of UTF-8 characters instead of just byte strings. However, it is available only
- if PCRE has been built to include UTF-8 support. If not, the use of this option
- provokes an error. Support for UTF-8 is new, experimental, and incomplete.
- Details of exactly what it entails are given below.
- .SH STUDYING A PATTERN
- When a pattern is going to be used several times, it is worth spending more
- time analyzing it in order to speed up the time taken for matching. The
- function fBpcre_study()fR takes a pointer to a compiled pattern as its first
- argument, and returns a pointer to a fBpcre_extrafR block (another typedef
- for a structure with hidden contents) containing additional information about
- the pattern; this can be passed to fBpcre_exec()fR. If no additional
- information is available, NULL is returned.
- The second argument contains option bits. At present, no options are defined
- for fBpcre_study()fR, and this argument should always be zero.
- The third argument for fBpcre_study()fR is a pointer to an error message. If
- studying succeeds (even if no data is returned), the variable it points to is
- set to NULL. Otherwise it points to a textual error message.
- This is a typical call to fBpcre_studyfR():
- pcre_extra *pe;
- pe = pcre_study(
- re, /* result of pcre_compile() */
- 0, /* no options exist */
- &error); /* set to NULL or points to a message */
- At present, studying a pattern is useful only for non-anchored patterns that do
- not have a single fixed starting character. A bitmap of possible starting
- characters is created.
- .SH LOCALE SUPPORT
- PCRE handles caseless matching, and determines whether characters are letters,
- digits, or whatever, by reference to a set of tables. The library contains a
- default set of tables which is created in the default C locale when PCRE is
- compiled. This is used when the final argument of fBpcre_compile()fR is NULL,
- and is sufficient for many applications.
- An alternative set of tables can, however, be supplied. Such tables are built
- by calling the fBpcre_maketables()fR function, which has no arguments, in the
- relevant locale. The result can then be passed to fBpcre_compile()fR as often
- as necessary. For example, to build and use tables that are appropriate for the
- French locale (where accented characters with codes greater than 128 are
- treated as letters), the following code could be used:
- setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "fr");
- tables = pcre_maketables();
- re = pcre_compile(..., tables);
- The tables are built in memory that is obtained via fBpcre_mallocfR. The
- pointer that is passed to fBpcre_compilefR is saved with the compiled
- pattern, and the same tables are used via this pointer by fBpcre_study()fR
- and fBpcre_exec()fR. Thus for any single pattern, compilation, studying and
- matching all happen in the same locale, but different patterns can be compiled
- in different locales. It is the caller's responsibility to ensure that the
- memory containing the tables remains available for as long as it is needed.
- .SH INFORMATION ABOUT A PATTERN
- The fBpcre_fullinfo()fR function returns information about a compiled
- pattern. It replaces the obsolete fBpcre_info()fR function, which is
- nevertheless retained for backwards compability (and is documented below).
- The first argument for fBpcre_fullinfo()fR is a pointer to the compiled
- pattern. The second argument is the result of fBpcre_study()fR, or NULL if
- the pattern was not studied. The third argument specifies which piece of
- information is required, while the fourth argument is a pointer to a variable
- to receive the data. The yield of the function is zero for success, or one of
- the following negative numbers:
- PCRE_ERROR_NULL the argument fIcodefR was NULL
- the argument fIwherefR was NULL
- PCRE_ERROR_BADMAGIC the "magic number" was not found
- PCRE_ERROR_BADOPTION the value of fIwhatfR was invalid
- Here is a typical call of fBpcre_fullinfo()fR, to obtain the length of the
- compiled pattern:
- int rc;
- unsigned long int length;
- rc = pcre_fullinfo(
- re, /* result of pcre_compile() */
- pe, /* result of pcre_study(), or NULL */
- PCRE_INFO_SIZE, /* what is required */
- &length); /* where to put the data */
- The possible values for the third argument are defined in fBpcre.hfR, and are
- as follows:
- PCRE_INFO_OPTIONS
- Return a copy of the options with which the pattern was compiled. The fourth
- argument should point to an fBunsigned long intfR variable. These option bits
- are those specified in the call to fBpcre_compile()fR, modified by any
- top-level option settings within the pattern itself, and with the PCRE_ANCHORED
- bit forcibly set if the form of the pattern implies that it can match only at
- the start of a subject string.
- PCRE_INFO_SIZE
- Return the size of the compiled pattern, that is, the value that was passed as
- the argument to fBpcre_malloc()fR when PCRE was getting memory in which to
- place the compiled data. The fourth argument should point to a fBsize_tfR
- variable.
- PCRE_INFO_CAPTURECOUNT
- Return the number of capturing subpatterns in the pattern. The fourth argument
- should point to an fbintfR variable.
- PCRE_INFO_BACKREFMAX
- Return the number of the highest back reference in the pattern. The fourth
- argument should point to an fBintfR variable. Zero is returned if there are
- no back references.
- PCRE_INFO_FIRSTCHAR
- Return information about the first character of any matched string, for a
- non-anchored pattern. If there is a fixed first character, e.g. from a pattern
- such as (cat|cow|coyote), it is returned in the integer pointed to by
- fIwherefR. Otherwise, if either
- (a) the pattern was compiled with the PCRE_MULTILINE option, and every branch
- starts with "^", or
- (b) every branch of the pattern starts with ".*" and PCRE_DOTALL is not set
- (if it were set, the pattern would be anchored),
- -1 is returned, indicating that the pattern matches only at the start of a
- subject string or after any "\n" within the string. Otherwise -2 is returned.
- For anchored patterns, -2 is returned.
- PCRE_INFO_FIRSTTABLE
- If the pattern was studied, and this resulted in the construction of a 256-bit
- table indicating a fixed set of characters for the first character in any
- matching string, a pointer to the table is returned. Otherwise NULL is
- returned. The fourth argument should point to an fBunsigned char *fR
- variable.
- PCRE_INFO_LASTLITERAL
- For a non-anchored pattern, return the value of the rightmost literal character
- which must exist in any matched string, other than at its start. The fourth
- argument should point to an fBintfR variable. If there is no such character,
- or if the pattern is anchored, -1 is returned. For example, for the pattern
- /a\d+z\d+/ the returned value is 'z'.
- The fBpcre_info()fR function is now obsolete because its interface is too
- restrictive to return all the available data about a compiled pattern. New
- programs should use fBpcre_fullinfo()fR instead. The yield of
- fBpcre_info()fR is the number of capturing subpatterns, or one of the
- following negative numbers:
- PCRE_ERROR_NULL the argument fIcodefR was NULL
- PCRE_ERROR_BADMAGIC the "magic number" was not found
- If the fIoptptrfR argument is not NULL, a copy of the options with which the
- pattern was compiled is placed in the integer it points to (see
- PCRE_INFO_OPTIONS above).
- If the pattern is not anchored and the fIfirstcharptrfR argument is not NULL,
- it is used to pass back information about the first character of any matched
- string (see PCRE_INFO_FIRSTCHAR above).
- .SH MATCHING A PATTERN
- The function fBpcre_exec()fR is called to match a subject string against a
- pre-compiled pattern, which is passed in the fIcodefR argument. If the
- pattern has been studied, the result of the study should be passed in the
- fIextrafR argument. Otherwise this must be NULL.
- Here is an example of a simple call to fBpcre_exec()fR:
- int rc;
- int ovector[30];
- rc = pcre_exec(
- re, /* result of pcre_compile() */
- NULL, /* we didn't study the pattern */
- "some string", /* the subject string */
- 11, /* the length of the subject string */
- 0, /* start at offset 0 in the subject */
- 0, /* default options */
- ovector, /* vector for substring information */
- 30); /* number of elements in the vector */
- The PCRE_ANCHORED option can be passed in the fIoptionsfR argument, whose
- unused bits must be zero. However, if a pattern was compiled with
- PCRE_ANCHORED, or turned out to be anchored by virtue of its contents, it
- cannot be made unachored at matching time.
- There are also three further options that can be set only at matching time:
- PCRE_NOTBOL
- The first character of the string is not the beginning of a line, so the
- circumflex metacharacter should not match before it. Setting this without
- PCRE_MULTILINE (at compile time) causes circumflex never to match.
- PCRE_NOTEOL
- The end of the string is not the end of a line, so the dollar metacharacter
- should not match it nor (except in multiline mode) a newline immediately before
- it. Setting this without PCRE_MULTILINE (at compile time) causes dollar never
- to match.
- PCRE_NOTEMPTY
- An empty string is not considered to be a valid match if this option is set. If
- there are alternatives in the pattern, they are tried. If all the alternatives
- match the empty string, the entire match fails. For example, if the pattern
- a?b?
- is applied to a string not beginning with "a" or "b", it matches the empty
- string at the start of the subject. With PCRE_NOTEMPTY set, this match is not
- valid, so PCRE searches further into the string for occurrences of "a" or "b".
- Perl has no direct equivalent of PCRE_NOTEMPTY, but it does make a special case
- of a pattern match of the empty string within its fBsplit()fR function, and
- when using the /g modifier. It is possible to emulate Perl's behaviour after
- matching a null string by first trying the match again at the same offset with
- PCRE_NOTEMPTY set, and then if that fails by advancing the starting offset (see
- below) and trying an ordinary match again.
- The subject string is passed as a pointer in fIsubjectfR, a length in
- fIlengthfR, and a starting offset in fIstartoffsetfR. Unlike the pattern
- string, the subject may contain binary zero characters. When the starting
- offset is zero, the search for a match starts at the beginning of the subject,
- and this is by far the most common case.
- A non-zero starting offset is useful when searching for another match in the
- same subject by calling fBpcre_exec()fR again after a previous success.
- Setting fIstartoffsetfR differs from just passing over a shortened string and
- setting PCRE_NOTBOL in the case of a pattern that begins with any kind of
- lookbehind. For example, consider the pattern
- \Biss\B
- which finds occurrences of "iss" in the middle of words. (\B matches only if
- the current position in the subject is not a word boundary.) When applied to
- the string "Mississipi" the first call to fBpcre_exec()fR finds the first
- occurrence. If fBpcre_exec()fR is called again with just the remainder of the
- subject, namely "issipi", it does not match, because \B is always false at the
- start of the subject, which is deemed to be a word boundary. However, if
- fBpcre_exec()fR is passed the entire string again, but with fIstartoffsetfR
- set to 4, it finds the second occurrence of "iss" because it is able to look
- behind the starting point to discover that it is preceded by a letter.
- If a non-zero starting offset is passed when the pattern is anchored, one
- attempt to match at the given offset is tried. This can only succeed if the
- pattern does not require the match to be at the start of the subject.
- In general, a pattern matches a certain portion of the subject, and in
- addition, further substrings from the subject may be picked out by parts of the
- pattern. Following the usage in Jeffrey Friedl's book, this is called
- "capturing" in what follows, and the phrase "capturing subpattern" is used for
- a fragment of a pattern that picks out a substring. PCRE supports several other
- kinds of parenthesized subpattern that do not cause substrings to be captured.
- Captured substrings are returned to the caller via a vector of integer offsets
- whose address is passed in fIovectorfR. The number of elements in the vector
- is passed in fIovecsizefR. The first two-thirds of the vector is used to pass
- back captured substrings, each substring using a pair of integers. The
- remaining third of the vector is used as workspace by fBpcre_exec()fR while
- matching capturing subpatterns, and is not available for passing back
- information. The length passed in fIovecsizefR should always be a multiple of
- three. If it is not, it is rounded down.
- When a match has been successful, information about captured substrings is
- returned in pairs of integers, starting at the beginning of fIovectorfR, and
- continuing up to two-thirds of its length at the most. The first element of a
- pair is set to the offset of the first character in a substring, and the second
- is set to the offset of the first character after the end of a substring. The
- first pair, fIovector[0]fR and fIovector[1]fR, identify the portion of the
- subject string matched by the entire pattern. The next pair is used for the
- first capturing subpattern, and so on. The value returned by fBpcre_exec()fR
- is the number of pairs that have been set. If there are no capturing
- subpatterns, the return value from a successful match is 1, indicating that
- just the first pair of offsets has been set.
- Some convenience functions are provided for extracting the captured substrings
- as separate strings. These are described in the following section.
- It is possible for an capturing subpattern number fIn+1fR to match some
- part of the subject when subpattern fInfR has not been used at all. For
- example, if the string "abc" is matched against the pattern (a|(z))(bc)
- subpatterns 1 and 3 are matched, but 2 is not. When this happens, both offset
- values corresponding to the unused subpattern are set to -1.
- If a capturing subpattern is matched repeatedly, it is the last portion of the
- string that it matched that gets returned.
- If the vector is too small to hold all the captured substrings, it is used as
- far as possible (up to two-thirds of its length), and the function returns a
- value of zero. In particular, if the substring offsets are not of interest,
- fBpcre_exec()fR may be called with fIovectorfR passed as NULL and
- fIovecsizefR as zero. However, if the pattern contains back references and
- the fIovectorfR isn't big enough to remember the related substrings, PCRE has
- to get additional memory for use during matching. Thus it is usually advisable
- to supply an fIovectorfR.
- Note that fBpcre_info()fR can be used to find out how many capturing
- subpatterns there are in a compiled pattern. The smallest size for
- fIovectorfR that will allow for fInfR captured substrings in addition to
- the offsets of the substring matched by the whole pattern is (fInfR+1)*3.
- If fBpcre_exec()fR fails, it returns a negative number. The following are
- defined in the header file:
- PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH (-1)
- The subject string did not match the pattern.
- PCRE_ERROR_NULL (-2)
- Either fIcodefR or fIsubjectfR was passed as NULL, or fIovectorfR was
- NULL and fIovecsizefR was not zero.
- PCRE_ERROR_BADOPTION (-3)
- An unrecognized bit was set in the fIoptionsfR argument.
- PCRE_ERROR_BADMAGIC (-4)
- PCRE stores a 4-byte "magic number" at the start of the compiled code, to catch
- the case when it is passed a junk pointer. This is the error it gives when the
- magic number isn't present.
- PCRE_ERROR_UNKNOWN_NODE (-5)
- While running the pattern match, an unknown item was encountered in the
- compiled pattern. This error could be caused by a bug in PCRE or by overwriting
- of the compiled pattern.
- PCRE_ERROR_NOMEMORY (-6)
- If a pattern contains back references, but the fIovectorfR that is passed to
- fBpcre_exec()fR is not big enough to remember the referenced substrings, PCRE
- gets a block of memory at the start of matching to use for this purpose. If the
- call via fBpcre_malloc()fR fails, this error is given. The memory is freed at
- the end of matching.
- .SH EXTRACTING CAPTURED SUBSTRINGS
- Captured substrings can be accessed directly by using the offsets returned by
- fBpcre_exec()fR in fIovectorfR. For convenience, the functions
- fBpcre_copy_substring()fR, fBpcre_get_substring()fR, and
- fBpcre_get_substring_list()fR are provided for extracting captured substrings
- as new, separate, zero-terminated strings. A substring that contains a binary
- zero is correctly extracted and has a further zero added on the end, but the
- result does not, of course, function as a C string.
- The first three arguments are the same for all three functions: fIsubjectfR
- is the subject string which has just been successfully matched, fIovectorfR
- is a pointer to the vector of integer offsets that was passed to
- fBpcre_exec()fR, and fIstringcountfR is the number of substrings that
- were captured by the match, including the substring that matched the entire
- regular expression. This is the value returned by fBpcre_execfR if it
- is greater than zero. If fBpcre_exec()fR returned zero, indicating that it
- ran out of space in fIovectorfR, the value passed as fIstringcountfR should
- be the size of the vector divided by three.
- The functions fBpcre_copy_substring()fR and fBpcre_get_substring()fR
- extract a single substring, whose number is given as fIstringnumberfR. A
- value of zero extracts the substring that matched the entire pattern, while
- higher values extract the captured substrings. For fBpcre_copy_substring()fR,
- the string is placed in fIbufferfR, whose length is given by
- fIbuffersizefR, while for fBpcre_get_substring()fR a new block of memory is
- obtained via fBpcre_mallocfR, and its address is returned via
- fIstringptrfR. The yield of the function is the length of the string, not
- including the terminating zero, or one of
- PCRE_ERROR_NOMEMORY (-6)
- The buffer was too small for fBpcre_copy_substring()fR, or the attempt to get
- memory failed for fBpcre_get_substring()fR.
- PCRE_ERROR_NOSUBSTRING (-7)
- There is no substring whose number is fIstringnumberfR.
- The fBpcre_get_substring_list()fR function extracts all available substrings
- and builds a list of pointers to them. All this is done in a single block of
- memory which is obtained via fBpcre_mallocfR. The address of the memory block
- is returned via fIlistptrfR, which is also the start of the list of string
- pointers. The end of the list is marked by a NULL pointer. The yield of the
- function is zero if all went well, or
- PCRE_ERROR_NOMEMORY (-6)
- if the attempt to get the memory block failed.
- When any of these functions encounter a substring that is unset, which can
- happen when capturing subpattern number fIn+1fR matches some part of the
- subject, but subpattern fInfR has not been used at all, they return an empty
- string. This can be distinguished from a genuine zero-length substring by
- inspecting the appropriate offset in fIovectorfR, which is negative for unset
- substrings.
- The two convenience functions fBpcre_free_substring()fR and
- fBpcre_free_substring_list()fR can be used to free the memory returned by
- a previous call of fBpcre_get_substring()fR or
- fBpcre_get_substring_list()fR, respectively. They do nothing more than call
- the function pointed to by fBpcre_freefR, which of course could be called
- directly from a C program. However, PCRE is used in some situations where it is
- linked via a special interface to another programming language which cannot use
- fBpcre_freefR directly; it is for these cases that the functions are
- provided.
- .SH LIMITATIONS
- There are some size limitations in PCRE but it is hoped that they will never in
- practice be relevant.
- The maximum length of a compiled pattern is 65539 (sic) bytes.
- All values in repeating quantifiers must be less than 65536.
- There maximum number of capturing subpatterns is 65535.
- There is no limit to the number of non-capturing subpatterns, but the maximum
- depth of nesting of all kinds of parenthesized subpattern, including capturing
- subpatterns, assertions, and other types of subpattern, is 200.
- The maximum length of a subject string is the largest positive number that an
- integer variable can hold. However, PCRE uses recursion to handle subpatterns
- and indefinite repetition. This means that the available stack space may limit
- the size of a subject string that can be processed by certain patterns.
- .SH DIFFERENCES FROM PERL
- The differences described here are with respect to Perl 5.005.
- 1. By default, a whitespace character is any character that the C library
- function fBisspace()fR recognizes, though it is possible to compile PCRE with
- alternative character type tables. Normally fBisspace()fR matches space,
- formfeed, newline, carriage return, horizontal tab, and vertical tab. Perl 5
- no longer includes vertical tab in its set of whitespace characters. The \v
- escape that was in the Perl documentation for a long time was never in fact
- recognized. However, the character itself was treated as whitespace at least
- up to 5.002. In 5.004 and 5.005 it does not match \s.
- 2. PCRE does not allow repeat quantifiers on lookahead assertions. Perl permits
- them, but they do not mean what you might think. For example, (?!a){3} does
- not assert that the next three characters are not "a". It just asserts that the
- next character is not "a" three times.
- 3. Capturing subpatterns that occur inside negative lookahead assertions are
- counted, but their entries in the offsets vector are never set. Perl sets its
- numerical variables from any such patterns that are matched before the
- assertion fails to match something (thereby succeeding), but only if the
- negative lookahead assertion contains just one branch.
- 4. Though binary zero characters are supported in the subject string, they are
- not allowed in a pattern string because it is passed as a normal C string,
- terminated by zero. The escape sequence "\0" can be used in the pattern to
- represent a binary zero.
- 5. The following Perl escape sequences are not supported: \l, \u, \L, \U,
- \E, \Q. In fact these are implemented by Perl's general string-handling and
- are not part of its pattern matching engine.
- 6. The Perl \G assertion is not supported as it is not relevant to single
- pattern matches.
- 7. Fairly obviously, PCRE does not support the (?{code}) and (?p{code})
- constructions. However, there is some experimental support for recursive
- patterns using the non-Perl item (?R).
- 8. There are at the time of writing some oddities in Perl 5.005_02 concerned
- with the settings of captured strings when part of a pattern is repeated. For
- example, matching "aba" against the pattern /^(a(b)?)+$/ sets $2 to the value
- "b", but matching "aabbaa" against /^(aa(bb)?)+$/ leaves $2 unset. However, if
- the pattern is changed to /^(aa(b(b))?)+$/ then $2 (and $3) are set.
- In Perl 5.004 $2 is set in both cases, and that is also true of PCRE. If in the
- future Perl changes to a consistent state that is different, PCRE may change to
- follow.
- 9. Another as yet unresolved discrepancy is that in Perl 5.005_02 the pattern
- /^(a)?(?(1)a|b)+$/ matches the string "a", whereas in PCRE it does not.
- However, in both Perl and PCRE /^(a)?a/ matched against "a" leaves $1 unset.
- 10. PCRE provides some extensions to the Perl regular expression facilities:
- (a) Although lookbehind assertions must match fixed length strings, each
- alternative branch of a lookbehind assertion can match a different length of
- string. Perl 5.005 requires them all to have the same length.
- (b) If PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY is set and PCRE_MULTILINE is not set, the $ meta-
- character matches only at the very end of the string.
- (c) If PCRE_EXTRA is set, a backslash followed by a letter with no special
- meaning is faulted.
- (d) If PCRE_UNGREEDY is set, the greediness of the repetition quantifiers is
- inverted, that is, by default they are not greedy, but if followed by a
- question mark they are.
- (e) PCRE_ANCHORED can be used to force a pattern to be tried only at the start
- of the subject.
- (f) The PCRE_NOTBOL, PCRE_NOTEOL, and PCRE_NOTEMPTY options for
- fBpcre_exec()fR have no Perl equivalents.
- (g) The (?R) construct allows for recursive pattern matching (Perl 5.6 can do
- this using the (?p{code}) construct, which PCRE cannot of course support.)
- .SH REGULAR EXPRESSION DETAILS
- The syntax and semantics of the regular expressions supported by PCRE are
- described below. Regular expressions are also described in the Perl
- documentation and in a number of other books, some of which have copious
- examples. Jeffrey Friedl's "Mastering Regular Expressions", published by
- O'Reilly (ISBN 1-56592-257), covers them in great detail.
- The description here is intended as reference documentation. The basic
- operation of PCRE is on strings of bytes. However, there is the beginnings of
- some support for UTF-8 character strings. To use this support you must
- configure PCRE to include it, and then call fBpcre_compile()fR with the
- PCRE_UTF8 option. How this affects the pattern matching is described in the
- final section of this document.
- A regular expression is a pattern that is matched against a subject string from
- left to right. Most characters stand for themselves in a pattern, and match the
- corresponding characters in the subject. As a trivial example, the pattern
- The quick brown fox
- matches a portion of a subject string that is identical to itself. The power of
- regular expressions comes from the ability to include alternatives and
- repetitions in the pattern. These are encoded in the pattern by the use of
- fImeta-charactersfR, which do not stand for themselves but instead are
- interpreted in some special way.
- There are two different sets of meta-characters: those that are recognized
- anywhere in the pattern except within square brackets, and those that are
- recognized in square brackets. Outside square brackets, the meta-characters are
- as follows:
- \ general escape character with several uses
- ^ assert start of subject (or line, in multiline mode)
- $ assert end of subject (or line, in multiline mode)
- . match any character except newline (by default)
- [ start character class definition
- | start of alternative branch
- ( start subpattern
- ) end subpattern
- ? extends the meaning of (
- also 0 or 1 quantifier
- also quantifier minimizer
- * 0 or more quantifier
- + 1 or more quantifier
- { start min/max quantifier
- Part of a pattern that is in square brackets is called a "character class". In
- a character class the only meta-characters are:
- \ general escape character
- ^ negate the class, but only if the first character
- - indicates character range
- ] terminates the character class
- The following sections describe the use of each of the meta-characters.
- .SH BACKSLASH
- The backslash character has several uses. Firstly, if it is followed by a
- non-alphameric character, it takes away any special meaning that character may
- have. This use of backslash as an escape character applies both inside and
- outside character classes.
- For example, if you want to match a "*" character, you write "\*" in the
- pattern. This applies whether or not the following character would otherwise be
- interpreted as a meta-character, so it is always safe to precede a
- non-alphameric with "\" to specify that it stands for itself. In particular,
- if you want to match a backslash, you write "\\".
- If a pattern is compiled with the PCRE_EXTENDED option, whitespace in the
- pattern (other than in a character class) and characters between a "#" outside
- a character class and the next newline character are ignored. An escaping
- backslash can be used to include a whitespace or "#" character as part of the
- pattern.
- A second use of backslash provides a way of encoding non-printing characters
- in patterns in a visible manner. There is no restriction on the appearance of
- non-printing characters, apart from the binary zero that terminates a pattern,
- but when a pattern is being prepared by text editing, it is usually easier to
- use one of the following escape sequences than the binary character it
- represents:
- \a alarm, that is, the BEL character (hex 07)
- \cx "control-x", where x is any character
- \e escape (hex 1B)
- \f formfeed (hex 0C)
- \n newline (hex 0A)
- \r carriage return (hex 0D)
- \t tab (hex 09)
- \xhh character with hex code hh
- \ddd character with octal code ddd, or backreference
- The precise effect of "\cx" is as follows: if "x" is a lower case letter, it
- is converted to upper case. Then bit 6 of the character (hex 40) is inverted.
- Thus "\cz" becomes hex 1A, but "\c{" becomes hex 3B, while "\c;" becomes hex
- 7B.
- After "\x", up to two hexadecimal digits are read (letters can be in upper or
- lower case).
- After "\0" up to two further octal digits are read. In both cases, if there
- are fewer than two digits, just those that are present are used. Thus the
- sequence "\0\x\07" specifies two binary zeros followed by a BEL character.
- Make sure you supply two digits after the initial zero if the character that
- follows is itself an octal digit.
- The handling of a backslash followed by a digit other than 0 is complicated.
- Outside a character class, PCRE reads it and any following digits as a decimal
- number. If the number is less than 10, or if there have been at least that many
- previous capturing left parentheses in the expression, the entire sequence is
- taken as a fIback referencefR. A description of how this works is given
- later, following the discussion of parenthesized subpatterns.
- Inside a character class, or if the decimal number is greater than 9 and there
- have not been that many capturing subpatterns, PCRE re-reads up to three octal
- digits following the backslash, and generates a single byte from the least
- significant 8 bits of the value. Any subsequent digits stand for themselves.
- For example:
- \040 is another way of writing a space
- \40 is the same, provided there are fewer than 40
- previous capturing subpatterns
- \7 is always a back reference
- \11 might be a back reference, or another way of
- writing a tab
- \011 is always a tab
- \0113 is a tab followed by the character "3"
- \113 is the character with octal code 113 (since there
- can be no more than 99 back references)
- \377 is a byte consisting entirely of 1 bits
- \81 is either a back reference, or a binary zero
- followed by the two characters "8" and "1"
- Note that octal values of 100 or greater must not be introduced by a leading
- zero, because no more than three octal digits are ever read.
- All the sequences that define a single byte value can be used both inside and
- outside character classes. In addition, inside a character class, the sequence
- "\b" is interpreted as the backspace character (hex 08). Outside a character
- class it has a different meaning (see below).
- The third use of backslash is for specifying generic character types:
- \d any decimal digit
- \D any character that is not a decimal digit
- \s any whitespace character
- \S any character that is not a whitespace character
- \w any "word" character
- \W any "non-word" character
- Each pair of escape sequences partitions the complete set of characters into
- two disjoint sets. Any given character matches one, and only one, of each pair.
- A "word" character is any letter or digit or the underscore character, that is,
- any character which can be part of a Perl "word". The definition of letters and
- digits is controlled by PCRE's character tables, and may vary if locale-
- specific matching is taking place (see "Locale support" above). For example, in
- the "fr" (French) locale, some character codes greater than 128 are used for
- accented letters, and these are matched by \w.
- These character type sequences can appear both inside and outside character
- classes. They each match one character of the appropriate type. If the current
- matching point is at the end of the subject string, all of them fail, since
- there is no character to match.
- The fourth use of backslash is for certain simple assertions. An assertion
- specifies a condition that has to be met at a particular point in a match,
- without consuming any characters from the subject string. The use of
- subpatterns for more complicated assertions is described below. The backslashed
- assertions are
- \b word boundary
- \B not a word boundary
- \A start of subject (independent of multiline mode)
- \Z end of subject or newline at end (independent of multiline mode)
- \z end of subject (independent of multiline mode)
- These assertions may not appear in character classes (but note that "\b" has a
- different meaning, namely the backspace character, inside a character class).
- A word boundary is a position in the subject string where the current character
- and the previous character do not both match \w or \W (i.e. one matches
- \w and the other matches \W), or the start or end of the string if the
- first or last character matches \w, respectively.
- The \A, \Z, and \z assertions differ from the traditional circumflex and
- dollar (described below) in that they only ever match at the very start and end
- of the subject string, whatever options are set. They are not affected by the
- PCRE_NOTBOL or PCRE_NOTEOL options. If the fIstartoffsetfR argument of
- fBpcre_exec()fR is non-zero, \A can never match. The difference between \Z
- and \z is that \Z matches before a newline that is the last character of the
- string as well as at the end of the string, whereas \z matches only at the
- end.
- .SH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOLLAR
- Outside a character class, in the default matching mode, the circumflex
- character is an assertion which is true only if the current matching point is
- at the start of the subject string. If the fIstartoffsetfR argument of
- fBpcre_exec()fR is non-zero, circumflex can never match. Inside a character
- class, circumflex has an entirely different meaning (see below).
- Circumflex need not be the first character of the pattern if a number of
- alternatives are involved, but it should be the first thing in each alternative
- in which it appears if the pattern is ever to match that branch. If all
- possible alternatives start with a circumflex, that is, if the pattern is
- constrained to match only at the start of the subject, it is said to be an
- "anchored" pattern. (There are also other constructs that can cause a pattern
- to be anchored.)
- A dollar character is an assertion which is true only if the current matching
- point is at the end of the subject string, or immediately before a newline
- character that is the last character in the string (by default). Dollar need
- not be the last character of the pattern if a number of alternatives are
- involved, but it should be the last item in any branch in which it appears.
- Dollar has no special meaning in a character class.
- The meaning of dollar can be changed so that it matches only at the very end of
- the string, by setting the PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY option at compile or matching
- time. This does not affect the \Z assertion.
- The meanings of the circumflex and dollar characters are changed if the
- PCRE_MULTILINE option is set. When this is the case, they match immediately
- after and immediately before an internal "\n" character, respectively, in
- addition to matching at the start and end of the subject string. For example,
- the pattern /^abc$/ matches the subject string "def\nabc" in multiline mode,
- but not otherwise. Consequently, patterns that are anchored in single line mode
- because all branches start with "^" are not anchored in multiline mode, and a
- match for circumflex is possible when the fIstartoffsetfR argument of
- fBpcre_exec()fR is non-zero. The PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY option is ignored if
- PCRE_MULTILINE is set.
- Note that the sequences \A, \Z, and \z can be used to match the start and
- end of the subject in both modes, and if all branches of a pattern start with
- \A it is always anchored, whether PCRE_MULTILINE is set or not.
- .SH FULL STOP (PERIOD, DOT)
- Outside a character class, a dot in the pattern matches any one character in
- the subject, including a non-printing character, but not (by default) newline.
- If the PCRE_DOTALL option is set, dots match newlines as well. The handling of
- dot is entirely independent of the handling of circumflex and dollar, the only
- relationship being that they both involve newline characters. Dot has no
- special meaning in a character class.
- .SH SQUARE BRACKETS
- An opening square bracket introduces a character class, terminated by a closing
- square bracket. A closing square bracket on its own is not special. If a
- closing square bracket is required as a member of the class, it should be the
- first data character in the class (after an initial circumflex, if present) or
- escaped with a backslash.
- A character class matches a single character in the subject; the character must
- be in the set of characters defined by the class, unless the first character in
- the class is a circumflex, in which case the subject character must not be in
- the set defined by the class. If a circumflex is actually required as a member
- of the class, ensure it is not the first character, or escape it with a
- backslash.
- For example, the character class [aeiou] matches any lower case vowel, while
- [^aeiou] matches any character that is not a lower case vowel. Note that a
- circumflex is just a convenient notation for specifying the characters which
- are in the class by enumerating those that are not. It is not an assertion: it
- still consumes a character from the subject string, and fails if the current
- pointer is at the end of the string.
- When caseless matching is set, any letters in a class represent both their
- upper case and lower case versions, so for example, a caseless [aeiou] matches
- "A" as well as "a", and a caseless [^aeiou] does not match "A", whereas a
- caseful version would.
- The newline character is never treated in any special way in character classes,
- whatever the setting of the PCRE_DOTALL or PCRE_MULTILINE options is. A class
- such as [^a] will always match a newline.
- The minus (hyphen) character can be used to specify a range of characters in a
- character class. For example, [d-m] matches any letter between d and m,
- inclusive. If a minus character is required in a class, it must be escaped with
- a backslash or appear in a position where it cannot be interpreted as
- indicating a range, typically as the first or last character in the class.
- It is not possible to have the literal character "]" as the end character of a
- range. A pattern such as [W-]46] is interpreted as a class of two characters
- ("W" and "-") followed by a literal string "46]", so it would match "W46]" or
- "-46]". However, if the "]" is escaped with a backslash it is interpreted as
- the end of range, so [W-\]46] is interpreted as a single class containing a
- range followed by two separate characters. The octal or hexadecimal
- representation of "]" can also be used to end a range.
- Ranges operate in ASCII collating sequence. They can also be used for
- characters specified numerically, for example [\000-\037]. If a range that
- includes letters is used when caseless matching is set, it matches the letters
- in either case. For example, [W-c] is equivalent to [][\^_`wxyzabc], matched
- caselessly, and if character tables for the "fr" locale are in use,
- [\xc8-\xcb] matches accented E characters in both cases.
- The character types \d, \D, \s, \S, \w, and \W may also appear in a
- character class, and add the characters that they match to the class. For
- example, [\dABCDEF] matches any hexadecimal digit. A circumflex can
- conveniently be used with the upper case character types to specify a more
- restricted set of characters than the matching lower case type. For example,
- the class [^\W_] matches any letter or digit, but not underscore.
- All non-alphameric characters other than \, -, ^ (at the start) and the
- terminating ] are non-special in character classes, but it does no harm if they
- are escaped.
- .SH POSIX CHARACTER CLASSES
- Perl 5.6 (not yet released at the time of writing) is going to support the
- POSIX notation for character classes, which uses names enclosed by [: and :]
- within the enclosing square brackets. PCRE supports this notation. For example,
- [01[:alpha:]%]
- matches "0", "1", any alphabetic character, or "%". The supported class names
- are
- alnum letters and digits
- alpha letters
- ascii character codes 0 - 127
- cntrl control characters
- digit decimal digits (same as \d)
- graph printing characters, excluding space
- lower lower case letters
- print printing characters, including space
- punct printing characters, excluding letters and digits
- space white space (same as \s)
- upper upper case letters
- word "word" characters (same as \w)
- xdigit hexadecimal digits
- The names "ascii" and "word" are Perl extensions. Another Perl extension is
- negation, which is indicated by a ^ character after the colon. For example,
- [12[:^digit:]]
- matches "1", "2", or any non-digit. PCRE (and Perl) also recognize the POSIX
- syntax [.ch.] and [=ch=] where "ch" is a "collating element", but these are not
- supported, and an error is given if they are encountered.
- .SH VERTICAL BAR
- Vertical bar characters are used to separate alternative patterns. For example,
- the pattern
- gilbert|sullivan
- matches either "gilbert" or "sullivan". Any number of alternatives may appear,
- and an empty alternative is permitted (matching the empty string).
- The matching process tries each alternative in turn, from left to right,
- and the first one that succeeds is used. If the alternatives are within a
- subpattern (defined below), "succeeds" means matching the rest of the main
- pattern as well as the alternative in the subpattern.
- .SH INTERNAL OPTION SETTING
- The settings of PCRE_CASELESS, PCRE_MULTILINE, PCRE_DOTALL, and PCRE_EXTENDED
- can be changed from within the pattern by a sequence of Perl option letters
- enclosed between "(?" and ")". The option letters are
- i for PCRE_CASELESS
- m for PCRE_MULTILINE
- s for PCRE_DOTALL
- x for PCRE_EXTENDED
- For example, (?im) sets caseless, multiline matching. It is also possible to
- unset these options by preceding the letter with a hyphen, and a combined
- setting and unsetting such as (?im-sx), which sets PCRE_CASELESS and
- PCRE_MULTILINE while unsetting PCRE_DOTALL and PCRE_EXTENDED, is also
- permitted. If a letter appears both before and after the hyphen, the option is
- unset.
- The scope of these option changes depends on where in the pattern the setting
- occurs. For settings that are outside any subpattern (defined below), the
- effect is the same as if the options were set or unset at the start of
- matching. The following patterns all behave in exactly the same way:
- (?i)abc
- a(?i)bc
- ab(?i)c
- abc(?i)
- which in turn is the same as compiling the pattern abc with PCRE_CASELESS set.
- In other words, such "top level" settings apply to the whole pattern (unless
- there are other changes inside subpatterns). If there is more than one setting
- of the same option at top level, the rightmost setting is used.
- If an option change occurs inside a subpattern, the effect is different. This
- is a change of behaviour in Perl 5.005. An option change inside a subpattern
- affects only that part of the subpattern that follows it, so
- (a(?i)b)c
- matches abc and aBc and no other strings (assuming PCRE_CASELESS is not used).
- By this means, options can be made to have different settings in different
- parts of the pattern. Any changes made in one alternative do carry on
- into subsequent branches within the same subpattern. For example,
- (a(?i)b|c)
- matches "ab", "aB", "c", and "C", even though when matching "C" the first
- branch is abandoned before the option setting. This is because the effects of
- option settings happen at compile time. There would be some very weird
- behaviour otherwise.
- The PCRE-specific options PCRE_UNGREEDY and PCRE_EXTRA can be changed in the
- same way as the Perl-compatible options by using the characters U and X
- respectively. The (?X) flag setting is special in that it must always occur
- earlier in the pattern than any of the additional features it turns on, even
- when it is at top level. It is best put at the start.
- .SH SUBPATTERNS
- Subpatterns are delimited by parentheses (round brackets), which can be nested.
- Marking part of a pattern as a subpattern does two things:
- 1. It localizes a set of alternatives. For example, the pattern
- cat(aract|erpillar|)
- matches one of the words "cat", "cataract", or "caterpillar". Without the
- parentheses, it would match "cataract", "erpillar" or the empty string.
- 2. It sets up the subpattern as a capturing subpattern (as defined above).
- When the whole pattern matches, that portion of the subject string that matched
- the subpattern is passed back to the caller via the fIovectorfR argument of
- fBpcre_exec()fR. Opening parentheses are counted from left to right (starting
- from 1) to obtain the numbers of the capturing subpatterns.
- For example, if the string "the red king" is matched against the pattern
- the ((red|white) (king|queen))
- the captured substrings are "red king", "red", and "king", and are numbered 1,
- 2, and 3, respectively.
- The fact that plain parentheses fulfil two functions is not always helpful.
- There are often times when a grouping subpattern is required without a
- capturing requirement. If an opening parenthesis is followed by "?:", the
- subpattern does not do any capturing, and is not counted when computing the
- number of any subsequent capturing subpatterns. For example, if the string "the
- white queen" is matched against the pattern
- the ((?:red|white) (king|queen))
- the captured substrings are "white queen" and "queen", and are numbered 1 and
- 2. The maximum number of captured substrings is 99, and the maximum number of
- all subpatterns, both capturing and non-capturing, is 200.
- As a convenient shorthand, if any option settings are required at the start of
- a non-capturing subpattern, the option letters may appear between the "?" and
- the ":". Thus the two patterns
- (?i:saturday|sunday)
- (?:(?i)saturday|sunday)
- match exactly the same set of strings. Because alternative branches are tried
- from left to right, and options are not reset until the end of the subpattern
- is reached, an option setting in one branch does affect subsequent branches, so
- the above patterns match "SUNDAY" as well as "Saturday".
- .SH REPETITION
- Repetition is specified by quantifiers, which can follow any of the following
- items:
- a single character, possibly escaped
- the . metacharacter
- a character class
- a back reference (see next section)
- a parenthesized subpattern (unless it is an assertion - see below)
- The general repetition quantifier specifies a minimum and maximum number of
- permitted matches, by giving the two numbers in curly brackets (braces),
- separated by a comma. The numbers must be less than 65536, and the first must
- be less than or equal to the second. For example:
- z{2,4}
- matches "zz", "zzz", or "zzzz". A closing brace on its own is not a special
- character. If the second number is omitted, but the comma is present, there is
- no upper limit; if the second number and the comma are both omitted, the
- quantifier specifies an exact number of required matches. Thus
- [aeiou]{3,}
- matches at least 3 successive vowels, but may match many more, while
- \d{8}
- matches exactly 8 digits. An opening curly bracket that appears in a position
- where a quantifier is not allowed, or one that does not match the syntax of a
- quantifier, is taken as a literal character. For example, {,6} is not a
- quantifier, but a literal string of four characters.
- The quantifier {0} is permitted, causing the expression to behave as if the
- previous item and the quantifier were not present.
- For convenience (and historical compatibility) the three most common
- quantifiers have single-character abbreviations:
- * is equivalent to {0,}
- + is equivalent to {1,}
- ? is equivalent to {0,1}
- It is possible to construct infinite loops by following a subpattern that can
- match no characters with a quantifier that has no upper limit, for example:
- (a?)*
- Earlier versions of Perl and PCRE used to give an error at compile time for
- such patterns. However, because there are cases where this can be useful, such
- patterns are now accepted, but if any repetition of the subpattern does in fact
- match no characters, the loop is forcibly broken.
- By default, the quantifiers are "greedy", that is, they match as much as
- possible (up to the maximum number of permitted times), without causing the
- rest of the pattern to fail. The classic example of where this gives problems
- is in trying to match comments in C programs. These appear between the
- sequences /* and */ and within the sequence, individual * and / characters may
- appear. An attempt to match C comments by applying the pattern
- /\*.*\*/
- to the string
- /* first command */ not comment /* second comment */
- fails, because it matches the entire string owing to the greediness of the .*
- item.
- However, if a quantifier is followed by a question mark, it ceases to be
- greedy, and instead matches the minimum number of times possible, so the
- pattern
- /\*.*?\*/
- does the right thing with the C comments. The meaning of the various
- quantifiers is not otherwise changed, just the preferred number of matches.
- Do not confuse this use of question mark with its use as a quantifier in its
- own right. Because it has two uses, it can sometimes appear doubled, as in
- \d??\d
- which matches one digit by preference, but can match two if that is the only
- way the rest of the pattern matches.
- If the PCRE_UNGREEDY option is set (an option which is not available in Perl),
- the quantifiers are not greedy by default, but individual ones can be made
- greedy by following them with a question mark. In other words, it inverts the
- default behaviour.
- When a parenthesized subpattern is quantified with a minimum repeat count that
- is greater than 1 or with a limited maximum, more store is required for the
- compiled pattern, in proportion to the size of the minimum or maximum.
- If a pattern starts with .* or .{0,} and the PCRE_DOTALL option (equivalent
- to Perl's /s) is set, thus allowing the . to match newlines, the pattern is
- implicitly anchored, because whatever follows will be tried against every
- character position in the subject string, so there is no point in retrying the
- overall match at any position after the first. PCRE treats such a pattern as
- though it were preceded by \A. In cases where it is known that the subject
- string contains no newlines, it is worth setting PCRE_DOTALL when the pattern
- begins with .* in order to obtain this optimization, or alternatively using ^
- to indicate anchoring explicitly.
- When a capturing subpattern is repeated, the value captured is the substring
- that matched the final iteration. For example, after
- (tweedle[dume]{3}\s*)+
- has matched "tweedledum tweedledee" the value of the captured substring is
- "tweedledee". However, if there are nested capturing subpatterns, the
- corresponding captured values may have been set in previous iterations. For
- example, after
- /(a|(b))+/
- matches "aba" the value of the second captured substring is "b".
- .SH BACK REFERENCES
- Outside a character class, a backslash followed by a digit greater than 0 (and
- possibly further digits) is a back reference to a capturing subpattern earlier
- (i.e. to its left) in the pattern, provided there have been that many previous
- capturing left parentheses.
- However, if the decimal number following the backslash is less than 10, it is
- always taken as a back reference, and causes an error only if there are not
- that many capturing left parentheses in the entire pattern. In other words, the
- parentheses that are referenced need not be to the left of the reference for
- numbers less than 10. See the section entitled "Backslash" above for further
- details of the handling of digits following a backslash.
- A back reference matches whatever actually matched the capturing subpattern in
- the current subject string, rather than anything matching the subpattern
- itself. So the pattern
- (sens|respons)e and \1ibility
- matches "sense and sensibility" and "response and responsibility", but not
- "sense and responsibility". If caseful matching is in force at the time of the
- back reference, the case of letters is relevant. For example,
- ((?i)rah)\s+\1
- matches "rah rah" and "RAH RAH", but not "RAH rah", even though the original
- capturing subpattern is matched caselessly.
- There may be more than one back reference to the same subpattern. If a
- subpattern has not actually been used in a particular match, any back
- references to it always fail. For example, the pattern
- (a|(bc))\2
- always fails if it starts to match "a" rather than "bc". Because there may be
- up to 99 back references, all digits following the backslash are taken
- as part of a potential back reference number. If the pattern continues with a
- digit character, some delimiter must be used to terminate the back reference.
- If the PCRE_EXTENDED option is set, this can be whitespace. Otherwise an empty
- comment can be used.
- A back reference that occurs inside the parentheses to which it refers fails
- when the subpattern is first used, so, for example, (a\1) never matches.
- However, such references can be useful inside repeated subpatterns. For
- example, the pattern
- (a|b\1)+
- matches any number of "a"s and also "aba", "ababbaa" etc. At each iteration of
- the subpattern, the back reference matches the character string corresponding
- to the previous iteration. In order for this to work, the pattern must be such
- that the first iteration does not need to match the back reference. This can be
- done using alternation, as in the example above, or by a quantifier with a
- minimum of zero.
- .SH ASSERTIONS
- An assertion is a test on the characters following or preceding the current
- matching point that does not actually consume any characters. The simple
- assertions coded as \b, \B, \A, \Z, \z, ^ and $ are described above. More
- complicated assertions are coded as subpatterns. There are two kinds: those
- that look ahead of the current position in the subject string, and those that
- look behind it.
- An assertion subpattern is matched in the normal way, except that it does not
- cause the current matching position to be changed. Lookahead assertions start
- with (?= for positive assertions and (?! for negative assertions. For example,
- \w+(?=;)
- matches a word followed by a semicolon, but does not include the semicolon in
- the match, and
- foo(?!bar)
- matches any occurrence of "foo" that is not followed by "bar". Note that the
- apparently similar pattern
- (?!foo)bar
- does not find an occurrence of "bar" that is preceded by something other than
- "foo"; it finds any occurrence of "bar" whatsoever, because the assertion
- (?!foo) is always true when the next three characters are "bar". A
- lookbehind assertion is needed to achieve this effect.
- Lookbehind assertions start with (?<= for positive assertions and (?<! for
- negative assertions. For example,
- (?<!foo)bar
- does find an occurrence of "bar" that is not preceded by "foo". The contents of
- a lookbehind assertion are restricted such that all the strings it matches must
- have a fixed length. However, if there are several alternatives, they do not
- all have to have the same fixed length. Thus
- (?<=bullock|donkey)
- is permitted, but
- (?<!dogs?|cats?)
- causes an error at compile time. Branches that match different length strings
- are permitted only at the top level of a lookbehind assertion. This is an
- extension compared with Perl 5.005, which requires all branches to match the
- same length of string. An assertion such as
- (?<=ab(c|de))
- is not permitted, because its single top-level branch can match two different
- lengths, but it is acceptable if rewritten to use two top-level branches:
- (?<=abc|abde)
- The implementation of lookbehind assertions is, for each alternative, to
- temporarily move the current position back by the fixed width and then try to
- match. If there are insufficient characters before the current position, the
- match is deemed to fail. Lookbehinds in conjunction with once-only subpatterns
- can be particularly useful for matching at the ends of strings; an example is
- given at the end of the section on once-only subpatterns.
- Several assertions (of any sort) may occur in succession. For example,
- (?<=\d{3})(?<!999)foo
- matches "foo" preceded by three digits that are not "999". Notice that each of
- the assertions is applied independently at the same point in the subject
- string. First there is a check that the previous three characters are all
- digits, and then there is a check that the same three characters are not "999".
- This pattern does fInotfR match "foo" preceded by six characters, the first
- of which are digits and the last three of which are not "999". For example, it
- doesn't match "123abcfoo". A pattern to do that is
- (?<=\d{3}...)(?<!999)foo
- This time the first assertion looks at the preceding six characters, checking
- that the first three are digits, and then the second assertion checks that the
- preceding three characters are not "999".
- Assertions can be nested in any combination. For example,
- (?<=(?<!foo)bar)baz
- matches an occurrence of "baz" that is preceded by "bar" which in turn is not
- preceded by "foo", while
- (?<=\d{3}(?!999)...)foo
- is another pattern which matches "foo" preceded by three digits and any three
- characters that are not "999".
- Assertion subpatterns are not capturing subpatterns, and may not be repeated,
- because it makes no sense to assert the same thing several times. If any kind
- of assertion contains capturing subpatterns within it, these are counted for
- the purposes of numbering the capturing subpatterns in the whole pattern.
- However, substring capturing is carried out only for positive assertions,
- because it does not make sense for negative assertions.
- Assertions count towards the maximum of 200 parenthesized subpatterns.
- .SH ONCE-ONLY SUBPATTERNS
- With both maximizing and minimizing repetition, failure of what follows
- normally causes the repeated item to be re-evaluated to see if a different
- number of repeats allows the rest of the pattern to match. Sometimes it is
- useful to prevent this, either to change the nature of the match, or to cause
- it fail earlier than it otherwise might, when the author of the pattern knows
- there is no point in carrying on.
- Consider, for example, the pattern \d+foo when applied to the subject line
- 123456bar
- After matching all 6 digits and then failing to match "foo", the normal
- action of the matcher is to try again with only 5 digits matching the \d+
- item, and then with 4, and so on, before ultimately failing. Once-only
- subpatterns provide the means for specifying that once a portion of the pattern
- has matched, it is not to be re-evaluated in this way, so the matcher would
- give up immediately on failing to match "foo" the first time. The notation is
- another kind of special parenthesis, starting with (?> as in this example:
- (?>\d+)bar
- This kind of parenthesis "locks up" the part of the pattern it contains once
- it has matched, and a failure further into the pattern is prevented from
- backtracking into it. Backtracking past it to previous items, however, works as
- normal.
- An alternative description is that a subpattern of this type matches the string
- of characters that an identical standalone pattern would match, if anchored at
- the current point in the subject string.
- Once-only subpatterns are not capturing subpatterns. Simple cases such as the
- above example can be thought of as a maximizing repeat that must swallow
- everything it can. So, while both \d+ and \d+? are prepared to adjust the
- number of digits they match in order to make the rest of the pattern match,
- (?>\d+) can only match an entire sequence of digits.
- This construction can of course contain arbitrarily complicated subpatterns,
- and it can be nested.
- Once-only subpatterns can be used in conjunction with lookbehind assertions to
- specify efficient matching at the end of the subject string. Consider a simple
- pattern such as
- abcd$
- when applied to a long string which does not match. Because matching proceeds
- from left to right, PCRE will look for each "a" in the subject and then see if
- what follows matches the rest of the pattern. If the pattern is specified as
- ^.*abcd$
- the initial .* matches the entire string at first, but when this fails (because
- there is no following "a"), it backtracks to match all but the last character,
- then all but the last two characters, and so on. Once again the search for "a"
- covers the entire string, from right to left, so we are no better off. However,
- if the pattern is written as
- ^(?>.*)(?<=abcd)
- there can be no backtracking for the .* item; it can match only the entire
- string. The subsequent lookbehind assertion does a single test on the last four
- characters. If it fails, the match fails immediately. For long strings, this
- approach makes a significant difference to the processing time.
- When a pattern contains an unlimited repeat inside a subpattern that can itself
- be repeated an unlimited number of times, the use of a once-only subpattern is
- the only way to avoid some failing matches taking a very long time indeed.
- The pattern
- (\D+|<\d+>)*[!?]
- matches an unlimited number of substrings that either consist of non-digits, or
- digits enclosed in <>, followed by either ! or ?. When it matches, it runs
- quickly. However, if it is applied to
- aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
- it takes a long time before reporting failure. This is because the string can
- be divided between the two repeats in a large number of ways, and all have to
- be tried. (The example used [!?] rather than a single character at the end,
- because both PCRE and Perl have an optimization that allows for fast failure
- when a single character is used. They remember the last single character that
- is required for a match, and fail early if it is not present in the string.)
- If the pattern is changed to
- ((?>\D+)|<\d+>)*[!?]
- sequences of non-digits cannot be broken, and failure happens quickly.
- .SH CONDITIONAL SUBPATTERNS
- It is possible to cause the matching process to obey a subpattern
- conditionally or to choose between two alternative subpatterns, depending on
- the result of an assertion, or whether a previous capturing subpattern matched
- or not. The two possible forms of conditional subpattern are
- (?(condition)yes-pattern)
- (?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)
- If the condition is satisfied, the yes-pattern is used; otherwise the
- no-pattern (if present) is used. If there are more than two alternatives in the
- subpattern, a compile-time error occurs.
- There are two kinds of condition. If the text between the parentheses consists
- of a sequence of digits, the condition is satisfied if the capturing subpattern
- of that number has previously matched. The number must be greater than zero.
- Consider the following pattern, which contains non-significant white space to
- make it more readable (assume the PCRE_EXTENDED option) and to divide it into
- three parts for ease of discussion:
- ( \( )? [^()]+ (?(1) \) )
- The first part matches an optional opening parenthesis, and if that
- character is present, sets it as the first captured substring. The second part
- matches one or more characters that are not parentheses. The third part is a
- conditional subpattern that tests whether the first set of parentheses matched
- or not. If they did, that is, if subject started with an opening parenthesis,
- the condition is true, and so the yes-pattern is executed and a closing
- parenthesis is required. Otherwise, since no-pattern is not present, the
- subpattern matches nothing. In other words, this pattern matches a sequence of
- non-parentheses, optionally enclosed in parentheses.
- If the condition is not a sequence of digits, it must be an assertion. This may
- be a positive or negative lookahead or lookbehind assertion. Consider this
- pattern, again containing non-significant white space, and with the two
- alternatives on the second line:
- (?(?=[^a-z]*[a-z])
- \d{2}-[a-z]{3}-\d{2} | \d{2}-\d{2}-\d{2} )
- The condition is a positive lookahead assertion that matches an optional
- sequence of non-letters followed by a letter. In other words, it tests for the
- presence of at least one letter in the subject. If a letter is found, the
- subject is matched against the first alternative; otherwise it is matched
- against the second. This pattern matches strings in one of the two forms
- dd-aaa-dd or dd-dd-dd, where aaa are letters and dd are digits.
- .SH COMMENTS
- The sequence (?# marks the start of a comment which continues up to the next
- closing parenthesis. Nested parentheses are not permitted. The characters
- that make up a comment play no part in the pattern matching at all.
- If the PCRE_EXTENDED option is set, an unescaped # character outside a
- character class introduces a comment that continues up to the next newline
- character in the pattern.
- .SH RECURSIVE PATTERNS
- Consider the problem of matching a string in parentheses, allowing for
- unlimited nested parentheses. Without the use of recursion, the best that can
- be done is to use a pattern that matches up to some fixed depth of nesting. It
- is not possible to handle an arbitrary nesting depth. Perl 5.6 has provided an
- experimental facility that allows regular expressions to recurse (amongst other
- things). It does this by interpolating Perl code in the expression at run time,
- and the code can refer to the expression itself. A Perl pattern to solve the
- parentheses problem can be created like this:
- $re = qr{\( (?: (?>[^()]+) | (?p{$re}) )* \)}x;
- The (?p{...}) item interpolates Perl code at run time, and in this case refers
- recursively to the pattern in which it appears. Obviously, PCRE cannot support
- the interpolation of Perl code. Instead, the special item (?R) is provided for
- the specific case of recursion. This PCRE pattern solves the parentheses
- problem (assume the PCRE_EXTENDED option is set so that white space is
- ignored):
- \( ( (?>[^()]+) | (?R) )* \)
- First it matches an opening parenthesis. Then it matches any number of
- substrings which can either be a sequence of non-parentheses, or a recursive
- match of the pattern itself (i.e. a correctly parenthesized substring). Finally
- there is a closing parenthesis.
- This particular example pattern contains nested unlimited repeats, and so the
- use of a once-only subpattern for matching strings of non-parentheses is
- important when applying the pattern to strings that do not match. For example,
- when it is applied to
- (aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa()
- it yields "no match" quickly. However, if a once-only subpattern is not used,
- the match runs for a very long time indeed because there are so many different
- ways the + and * repeats can carve up the subject, and all have to be tested
- before failure can be reported.
- The values set for any capturing subpatterns are those from the outermost level
- of the recursion at which the subpattern value is set. If the pattern above is
- matched against
- (ab(cd)ef)
- the value for the capturing parentheses is "ef", which is the last value taken
- on at the top level. If additional parentheses are added, giving
- \( ( ( (?>[^()]+) | (?R) )* ) \)
- ^ ^
- ^ ^
- the string they capture is "ab(cd)ef", the contents of the top level
- parentheses. If there are more than 15 capturing parentheses in a pattern, PCRE
- has to obtain extra memory to store data during a recursion, which it does by
- using fBpcre_mallocfR, freeing it via fBpcre_freefR afterwards. If no
- memory can be obtained, it saves data for the first 15 capturing parentheses
- only, as there is no way to give an out-of-memory error from within a
- recursion.
- .SH PERFORMANCE
- Certain items that may appear in patterns are more efficient than others. It is
- more efficient to use a character class like [aeiou] than a set of alternatives
- such as (a|e|i|o|u). In general, the simplest construction that provides the
- required behaviour is usually the most efficient. Jeffrey Friedl's book
- contains a lot of discussion about optimizing regular expressions for efficient
- performance.
- When a pattern begins with .* and the PCRE_DOTALL option is set, the pattern is
- implicitly anchored by PCRE, since it can match only at the start of a subject
- string. However, if PCRE_DOTALL is not set, PCRE cannot make this optimization,
- because the . metacharacter does not then match a newline, and if the subject
- string contains newlines, the pattern may match from the character immediately
- following one of them instead of from the very start. For example, the pattern
- (.*) second
- matches the subject "first\nand second" (where \n stands for a newline
- character) with the first captured substring being "and". In order to do this,
- PCRE has to retry the match starting after every newline in the subject.
- If you are using such a pattern with subject strings that do not contain
- newlines, the best performance is obtained by setting PCRE_DOTALL, or starting
- the pattern with ^.* to indicate explicit anchoring. That saves PCRE from
- having to scan along the subject looking for a newline to restart at.
- Beware of patterns that contain nested indefinite repeats. These can take a
- long time to run when applied to a string that does not match. Consider the
- pattern fragment
- (a+)*
- This can match "aaaa" in 33 different ways, and this number increases very
- rapidly as the string gets longer. (The * repeat can match 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4
- times, and for each of those cases other than 0, the + repeats can match
- different numbers of times.) When the remainder of the pattern is such that the
- entire match is going to fail, PCRE has in principle to try every possible
- variation, and this can take an extremely long time.
- An optimization catches some of the more simple cases such as
- (a+)*b
- where a literal character follows. Before embarking on the standard matching
- procedure, PCRE checks that there is a "b" later in the subject string, and if
- there is not, it fails the match immediately. However, when there is no
- following literal this optimization cannot be used. You can see the difference
- by comparing the behaviour of
- (a+)*\d
- with the pattern above. The former gives a failure almost instantly when
- applied to a whole line of "a" characters, whereas the latter takes an
- appreciable time with strings longer than about 20 characters.
- .SH UTF-8 SUPPORT
- Starting at release 3.3, PCRE has some support for character strings encoded
- in the UTF-8 format. This is incomplete, and is regarded as experimental. In
- order to use it, you must configure PCRE to include UTF-8 support in the code,
- and, in addition, you must call fBpcre_compile()fR with the PCRE_UTF8 option
- flag. When you do this, both the pattern and any subject strings that are
- matched against it are treated as UTF-8 strings instead of just strings of
- bytes, but only in the cases that are mentioned below.
- If you compile PCRE with UTF-8 support, but do not use it at run time, the
- library will be a bit bigger, but the additional run time overhead is limited
- to testing the PCRE_UTF8 flag in several places, so should not be very large.
- PCRE assumes that the strings it is given contain valid UTF-8 codes. It does
- not diagnose invalid UTF-8 strings. If you pass invalid UTF-8 strings to PCRE,
- the results are undefined.
- Running with PCRE_UTF8 set causes these changes in the way PCRE works:
- 1. In a pattern, the escape sequence \x{...}, where the contents of the braces
- is a string of hexadecimal digits, is interpreted as a UTF-8 character whose
- code number is the given hexadecimal number, for example: \x{1234}. This
- inserts from one to six literal bytes into the pattern, using the UTF-8
- encoding. If a non-hexadecimal digit appears between the braces, the item is
- not recognized.
- 2. The original hexadecimal escape sequence, \xhh, generates a two-byte UTF-8
- character if its value is greater than 127.
- 3. Repeat quantifiers are NOT correctly handled if they follow a multibyte
- character. For example, \x{100}* and \xc3+ do not work. If you want to
- repeat such characters, you must enclose them in non-capturing parentheses,
- for example (?:\x{100}), at present.
- 4. The dot metacharacter matches one UTF-8 character instead of a single byte.
- 5. Unlike literal UTF-8 characters, the dot metacharacter followed by a
- repeat quantifier does operate correctly on UTF-8 characters instead of
- single bytes.
- 4. Although the \x{...} escape is permitted in a character class, characters
- whose values are greater than 255 cannot be included in a class.
- 5. A class is matched against a UTF-8 character instead of just a single byte,
- but it can match only characters whose values are less than 256. Characters
- with greater values always fail to match a class.
- 6. Repeated classes work correctly on multiple characters.
- 7. Classes containing just a single character whose value is greater than 127
- (but less than 256), for example, [\x80] or [^\x{93}], do not work because
- these are optimized into single byte matches. In the first case, of course,
- the class brackets are just redundant.
- 8. Lookbehind assertions move backwards in the subject by a fixed number of
- characters instead of a fixed number of bytes. Simple cases have been tested
- to work correctly, but there may be hidden gotchas herein.
- 9. The character types such as \d and \w do not work correctly with UTF-8
- characters. They continue to test a single byte.
- 10. Anything not explicitly mentioned here continues to work in bytes rather
- than in characters.
- The following UTF-8 features of Perl 5.6 are not implemented:
- 1. The escape sequence \C to match a single byte.
- 2. The use of Unicode tables and properties and escapes \p, \P, and \X.
- .SH SAMPLE PROGRAM
- The code below is a simple, complete demonstration program, to get you started
- with using PCRE. This code is also supplied in the file fIpcredemo.cfR in the
- PCRE distribution.
- The program compiles the regular expression that is its first argument, and
- matches it against the subject string in its second argument. No options are
- set, and default character tables are used. If matching succeeds, the program
- outputs the portion of the subject that matched, together with the contents of
- any captured substrings.
- On a Unix system that has PCRE installed in fI/usr/localfR, you can compile
- the demonstration program using a command like this:
- gcc -o pcredemo pcredemo.c -I/usr/local/include -L/usr/local/lib -lpcre
- Then you can run simple tests like this:
- ./pcredemo 'cat|dog' 'the cat sat on the mat'
- Note that there is a much more comprehensive test program, called
- fBpcretestfR, which supports many more facilities for testing regular
- expressions. The fBpcredemofR program is provided as a simple coding example.
- On some operating systems (e.g. Solaris) you may get an error like this when
- you try to run fBpcredemofR:
- ld.so.1: a.out: fatal: libpcre.so.0: open failed: No such file or directory
- This is caused by the way shared library support works on those systems. You
- need to add
- -R/usr/local/lib
- to the compile command to get round this problem. Here's the code:
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #include <pcre.h>
- #define OVECCOUNT 30 /* should be a multiple of 3 */
- int main(int argc, char **argv)
- {
- pcre *re;
- const char *error;
- int erroffset;
- int ovector[OVECCOUNT];
- int rc, i;
- if (argc != 3)
- {
- printf("Two arguments required: a regex and a "
- "subject string\n");
- return 1;
- }
- /* Compile the regular expression in the first argument */
- re = pcre_compile(
- argv[1], /* the pattern */
- 0, /* default options */
- &error, /* for error message */
- &erroffset, /* for error offset */
- NULL); /* use default character tables */
- /* Compilation failed: print the error message and exit */
- if (re == NULL)
- {
- printf("PCRE compilation failed at offset %d: %s\n",
- erroffset, error);
- return 1;
- }
- /* Compilation succeeded: match the subject in the second
- argument */
- rc = pcre_exec(
- re, /* the compiled pattern */
- NULL, /* we didn't study the pattern */
- argv[2], /* the subject string */
- (int)strlen(argv[2]), /* the length of the subject */
- 0, /* start at offset 0 in the subject */
- 0, /* default options */
- ovector, /* vector for substring information */
- OVECCOUNT); /* number of elements in the vector */
- /* Matching failed: handle error cases */
- if (rc < 0)
- {
- switch(rc)
- {
- case PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH: printf("No match\n"); break;
- /*
- Handle other special cases if you like
- */
- default: printf("Matching error %d\n", rc); break;
- }
- return 1;
- }
- /* Match succeded */
- printf("Match succeeded\n");
- /* The output vector wasn't big enough */
- if (rc == 0)
- {
- rc = OVECCOUNT/3;
- printf("ovector only has room for %d captured "
- substrings\n", rc - 1);
- }
- /* Show substrings stored in the output vector */
- for (i = 0; i < rc; i++)
- {
- char *substring_start = argv[2] + ovector[2*i];
- int substring_length = ovector[2*i+1] - ovector[2*i];
- printf("%2d: %.*s\n", i, substring_length,
- substring_start);
- }
- return 0;
- }
- .SH AUTHOR
- Philip Hazel <ph10@cam.ac.uk>
- .br
- University Computing Service,
- .br
- New Museums Site,
- .br
- Cambridge CB2 3QG, England.
- .br
- Phone: +44 1223 334714
- Last updated: 15 August 2001
- .br
- Copyright (c) 1997-2001 University of Cambridge.